This is Walden University course (EDUC8101-7) Major Assessment #1: PowerPoint Presentation: What is learning? What is education? It is formatted in APA and includes references. Most universities submit higher-education assignments to turnitin; so, remember to paraphrase. Enjoy your discovery!

2. What is Learning?
What is Education?

3. Three Schools of Thought Presented
•Behaviorism
•Constructionism
•Cognitionism

4. Behaviorism is base on the
theory that people learn
through engaging in real life
situations or naturally
occurring environment.

5. Ivan Pavlov (1927)
Edward L. Thorndike (1901)
John B. Watson (1962)
Burrhus F. Skinner (1953, ‘74)

6. What is Learning?
Ivan Pavlov (1927)
A Russian Psychologist who
introduced the theory of classical
conditioning. He use a bell to
produce saliva, a naturally occurring
stimulus.

7. Similarly, Thorndike (1901)
theorized that learning is the
associative factors between
stimuli and responses, a
transference process.

8. Watson (1962) conducted the Albert
experiment. He conditioned Albert to
become fearful every time he saw
something resembling a white furry
rat. This was evidence of classical
conditioning in humans. Watson
concluded that learning is a matter of
conditioning.

9. In Contrast, Skinner agreed
that learning results from
responses to stimuli, but that
targeted responses could be
achieved through negative or
positive reinforcements.

10. 1. Positive → rewards
2. Negative → removal of
desired item or stimuli that
evokes a response
3. Punishment → administered
in physical or emotional
ways
4. Extinction → ability to
ignore all negative responses

11. Some researchers such as Atherton (2011), complained that ,
“ In educational settings, behaviorism implies the dominance
of the teacher, as in behavior modification programmed”
(p.1). This inference is suggestive of pedagogy concept.

12. That is, teaching methods and curriculum designs used to
teach children. It originated in cathedral schools during the
seventh century. Teachers were given sole responsibility for
(a) deciding what courses of study should be taught, (b)
when the learning process should commence, (c) and when
and how materials were presented.

13. Some basic assumptions are:
• Children are dependent on teachers for guidance
and instructions.
• Personal experiences are not relevant to learning.
• And, all learning is subject oriented and requires
extrinsic motivation (Chan, 2010).

14. In part—because learning styles vary—some elements
of this design is still used in both children and adults’
curriculum. Likewise, Skinner’s reward and
punishment principles dominate major sectors of society
(e.g., academic, legal, socioeconomic, and
employment).

15. In the late 1900s, Jean
Piaget played a major role
in popularizing the theory
of Cognitivism.

16. Although cognitive theorists accepted behaviorists
reinforcement theory ,they theorized that learning
has to do more with cognitive processes than
behavior modifications.

17. This theory consists of
many cognitive factors;
however some of its
primary principles includes:
 Cognitive structures that
acts internally to
compare, combine,
extend, or alter existing
information.
This process is called
schema.
A three-stage information
processing system—
whereas
(1) input first enters a
sensory register, (2) then
moves to short-term
memory, (3) from there to
long-term memory (Good
& Brophy, 1990).

18. Constructivist Models Overview
F. C. Bartlett (1932) laid the
foundation for the
constructivist theory.

19. According to this theory,
learning is a construction of
learners’ experiences.

20. In other words, through experiences—learners create their
own learning. Learning, therefore, is the result of prior
experiences, beliefs, and cognitive development. All of which
are used to analyze and interpret life (Good & Brophy, 1990).

21. Research suggests, education is knowledge acquired through learning; it’s passed
generational in formal and informal settings (Angert, 2005; Croix, 2004).

22. Based on the literature, behaviorism, Cognitivism, and constructivism are
scientifically based theories that explain how humans learn and develop. As
such, an ideal learning environment would be inclusive of all. Education, on
the other hand, is knowledge gained through participating in formal and/ or
informal academic settings.

23. Angert, B. L. (2005). Education defined…police or pupils passionately
pursuing personal growth. Retrieved from
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.
Atherton J. S. (2011). Learning and teaching: Behaviorism [On-line: UK]
retrieved 15 May 2012 from http://www.learningandteaching. info/
learning/behaviour.htm
Bruning, R. H., Schraw, G. J., Ronning, R. R. (1999). Cognitive psychology
and instruction (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Merill/Prentice
Hall.

24. Chan, S. (2010). Applications of andragogy in multi-disciplined
teaching and learning. Journal of Adult Education, 39(2), 25-
35. Retrieved April 13, 2012, from ProQuest Education Journals
Croix, D. L., & Doepke, M. (2004, April ). Public versus private education when
differential fertility matters. Journal of Development Economics. (73) 2, 607-
629). Retrieved from: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1rr392gk

25. Good, T. L., Brophy, J. E. (1990). Educational psychology: A realistic approach. (4th
ed.).White Plains, NY: Longman
Nagowah, L., & Nagowah, S. (2009). A Reflection on the dominant learning theories:
Behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism. International Journal Of Learning,
16(2), 279-285. Retrieved from :http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/
pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=15&sid=dff79d1a-64d6-402c-82ec-a9c66112
85e4%40sessionmgr12

26. Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan.
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York: Alfred Knopf.
Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal intelligence. New York: Macmillan.
Watson, J. P. (1962). Behaviorism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.