2. Extension Education
● The term ‘University extension’ or ‘Extension of the university’-1880
● Incorporated into proposals -Royal Commission on the University and College of Oxford (1852).
● In 1871, James Stuart, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, approached to the authorities in the University of
Cambridge and appealed to them to organized centers for extension lectures under the University’s supervision.
● Cambridge formally adopted the system in 1873, followed by London University in 1876 and Oxford University in
1878.
● The word ‘extension’ is derived from the Latin roots ‘ex’ meaning ‘out’ and ‘tensio’ meaning ‘stretching’.
● The literal meaning of extension is ‘Stretching out’.
● Extension is type of education which is stretching out to people in the rural areas far and near, beyond the limits of
educational institutions to which the formal type of education is usually confined.
3. ● Extension is an integral part of education.
● Because of the fact that extension is pursued in agriculture and in many other disciplines to educate,
motivates and changes the behavior of the people, this particular branch of science is known as
Extension Education.
Education
Education is the process of bringing desirable changes in to the behavior of human beings.
There are three types of education:
● Informal
● Formal
● Non-formal.
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4. Informal Education:
It is the lifelong process by which every person acquires and accumulates
knowledge, skills, attitudes and insights from daily experiences and exposure to the
environment at home, at work, at play, etc.
Formal Education:
It is the highly institutionalized, chronologically graded and hierarchically
structured, ‘education system’, spanning lower primary school and upper reaches
of the University.
Non-Formal Education:
It is an organized, systematic, educational activity carried on outside the
framework of the formal system to provide selected type of learning to
particular sub-groups in the population, adults as well as children according
to their need. Ex. Agricultural and Veterinary Extension.
6. Key elements of non formal education
In non formal education six key elements have been identified by Etling,
Radhakrisnan and Bowen (1993). These are:
● Non-formal education is learners-centered.
● Flexibility in curriculum.
● Informal human relations are essential.
● Reliance on local resources.
● Educational content and methodology directly related to learners’ life style.
● Less bureaucratic control, more decentralized.
7. Objective of Extension
The fundamental objective of extension is to develop the rural people economically,
socially and culturally by means of education.
1.To assist people to analyse problem
2.To develop leadership
3.To disseminate research information
4.To help in utilizing resources
5.To collect and feed back information
8. The Philosophy of Extension
● Philosophy is the pursuit of wisdom, a body of general principles or law of field of knowledge.
● It is knowledge of things and their causes, both theoretical and practical. It is also defined as
moral wisdom.
● According to Kelsey and Hearne (1967) the basic philosophy of extension education is to teach
people how to think, not what to think. Extension is an educational, co-operative, collaborative,
democratic, persuasive and never-ending process that generates harmony, leadership, effective
communication, participation and involvement of the people in organizing self-help activities
and projects.
Horton, 1952, describes four principles which make the philosophy of extension. These are
● The individual is supreme in democracy.
● The home is fundamental unit in civilization.
● The family is the first training group of the human race and
● The foundation of the any permanent civilization must rest on the partnership of land and man.
9. Levels of Extension
Two levels:
1.Extension education: Performed by the learning institute to
educate.
2.Extension service: Dissemination of information. Provided by
the state departments like agriculture, vety. Etc.
10. Function of Extension
● The function of extension is to bring about desirable change in human behavior by
means of education. Change may be brought about by their knowledge, skill, attitudes,
understandings, goals, action and confidence.
● Change in knowledge means change in what people know.
● Change in skill means change in technique of doing the things.
● Change in attitudes involves change in the feeling on reaction towards certain things.
● Change in understanding means change in comprehension.
● Change in goal is distance in any given direction one is expected to go during a given
period.
● Change in action means change in performance in doing things.
● Change in confidence involves change in self-reliance.
11. Scope of Extension
● Extensions appears to have unlimited scope in situations were there is need
for creating awareness amongst the people and changing their behavior.
● Efficiency in agricultural production.
● Efficiency in marketing, distribution and utilization.
● Conservation, development, and use of natural resources.
● Management on the farm and in the home.
● Family living.
● Youth development.
● Leadership development.
● Community development and rural area development.
● Public affairs.
