3. Communication- த ொடர்பு
Communication means sharing of ideas and feelings in a mood of
mutuality.
It is derived from the Latin word communism meaning common. It
means to establish commonness between the sender and receiver of a
message is termed as communication.
It is a two way or Double way Process
Teaching and learning is the process of communication. The teacher
acts as a catalyst.
4. Definitions
Stevens - Communication is the discriminatory (பொரபட்சமொன) response
of an organism to a stimulus.
Weaver- Communication is all of the procedure by which our mind can
affect another. (த ொடர்பு என
் பது நம் மனம் மற்றவரர
பொதிக்கக்கூடிய அரன ்து தசயல்முரறயொகும்).
5. Purpose of communication
த ொடர்பு நநொக்கம்
⯌ Aristotle-Persuasion (வற்புறு ் ல்)
⯌ Schramm - Immediate reward and delayed reward
⯌ Berlo- Influence (தசல்வொக்கு)
⯌ Festinger- Consummatory and instrumental. (நுகர்வு மற்றும் கருவி)
6. Basic functions of communication
1. Informative - கவல்
2. Command or instructive - கட்டரை
3. Influence or persuasive- தசல்வொக்கு
4. Integrative – ஒருங்கிரைந் .
7. Communication involves(ஈடுபடு ்துகிறது )
Source and his message.
Receiver and his response.
Important element in the communication process is the receiver.
The chief emphasis in communication on Target.
(இலக்கின
் மீ ொன கவல்த ொடர்புக்கொன முக்கிய முக்கிய ்துவம்)
Communication that occurs through body language is 40%.
While communicating verbally, message distorted up to 30%.
8. Fidelity- விசுவொசம்
Faithful performance of communication by all it’s elements.
Noise and fidelity are two sides of the same coin.
ச ் மும் நம்பக ் ன்ரமயும் ஒநர நொைய ்தின் இரு பக்கங்கை்
i.e. eliminating noise increases fidelity and vice-versa.
ச ் ்ர நீ க்குவது நம்பக ் ன
்ரமரய அதிகரிக்கிறது மற்றும்
நநர்மொறொக.
10. Communication gap and Empathy
Communication gap- is the difference between what was
communicated by the extension agent and what has actually been
received by the audience
Empathy- the ability to project ourselves into other peoples
personalities & to understand the other person's internal frame of
mind and reference
கற்பரனயொக மற்றவர் உை்ை ்தில் புகுந்து அவர் உை்ைக் கிைர்ச்சிரய
அறி ல்.
11. Communication Models
Aristotle Model Lass well Model (1948)
The firstbasicpersuasivecommunication model
3 Elements: speaker, speech& audience
The prime goal ofcommunication is (persuasion
வற்புறு ் ல்)
Drawback: Lack of feedback
6 elements
Who says, what, in which channel, to whom, what
circumstances, what effect
Rudimentary (relating to basic fact or principle) model of
communication
This model helped lasswell’s probes into
politicalcommunication,
propaganda and political symbolism
Shannon-Weaver Model (1949) Westley and Maclean (1957)
Mathematical/information theoryof communication
STSRD (Source, Transmitter,Signal, Receiver,
Destination) Noise & electronic media is an
important element in it.
Mass media model of communication
Two-way modelcommunication
Developed from the New Combmodel
Presence of feedback
12. Schramm Model (1961) Leagans Model (1963)
SESDD (Source, Encoder, Signal,Decoder, Destination)
Concept of a field of experience
For the first time process of
feedback
given in the communication model
CMCTAR (Communicator, Message, Channel,
Treatment, Audience, Response)
6 Elements
Best application to field extension work
Rogers and Shoemakers (1971) Berlo Model
SMCRE (Source, Message, Channel,Receiver, Effect)
5 Elements
Father ofcommunication (1960)
SEMCDR (Source, Encoder, Message, Channel, Decoder,
Receiver)- 6 elements
Given the emphasis on behavior (நட ்ர க்கு
முக்கிய ்துவம்)
Linear model- No feedback
Stimulus-Response (SR) / interpersonal communication
model is given by New comb
13. Flow of communication
Downward communication- Takes place from top officials
to lower-level functionaries. eg. Policies (தகொை்ரககை்), procedures,
orders, instructions, or regulations (ஒழுங்குமுரறகை் ).
Upward communication- It is conveyed from subordinates to their
superior officers. Eg. Statistics/reports, problems, opinions
(கரு ்துக்கை்).
Horizontal communication- takes place between two or more
functionaries at the same level of the hierarchy.
14. Characteristics of feedback
It is source-oriented
Varies in different communication situations
Affects source or communicator
Exert control over the future message
Affects communication fidelity. -த ொடர்பு நம்பக ் ன
்ரமரய பொதிக்கிறது.
• Maintain the stability and equilibrium of a communication
system
16. Classification of Extension Teaching Methods
Individual
Contact Method
Group Contact Method Mass or Community
Contact Method
Farm and home visit Result Demonstration Broadcast media:
Personal letter Method Demonstration Radio and TV
Office calls or farmers call Media Forum Print media: Farm journals,
Official letter Meeting pamphlets, bulletins, leaflets,
Farm clinic Field Day circular letters, news paper,Posters
Minikit trial Study Tour Screen media: slides, film,
Flag method Role Playing stripes, movie, video
Peripatetic Team Meeting Recordings
Puppet Show Others: Campaign,
Pannel (2-8 Speakers) exhibitions, famers fairs
Symposium (2-5 Speakers)
17. According to Equipments i.e. Projected and Non-Projected
1)Projected Aids: Here projection is controlled by motor and electricity.
Film projector
Slide projector: Slide is of 35 mm. and direct projection.
Overhead projector: It is indirect projection and transparencies areused.
Epidiascope/Opaque projector:
20. Non-Projected Aids
Here no machinery is required
e.g. Flash cards, Graphs,Charts, Leaflets, Folders, Black board.
Classification of Extension Teaching Methods
24. According to Farm
Written Spoken Visual Spoken & Visual
Bulletins Meetings Exhibition Result demonstration
Leaflets Farm & Home visits Poster Method
demonstration
Personal letter Office calls Chart, Slides Television
Circular letter Radio Flash card Movie
Farm journals Flag method
Farm clinic
Bulletin board
Flannel graph
Puppet show
Campaigns
26. Television
The television era in India began on September 15,1959
Krishi Darshan telecasted from New Delhi (1967)
Doordarshan started on April 1, 1976.
SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment) 1975-76
A landmark in the history of television in India is Aug 15,1982
INSAT- 1A launched in 1982. INSAT- 2 launched in 1990
Prasar Bharati 23 Jan 1997. DD- Gyandarshan 26 Jan 2000
DD Kisan channel - 26rd May, 2015.
CAI – Computer Assisted Instruction
27. Radio
Radio broadcasting in India began as a private venture in 1923 and 1924 when three
radio clubs were established in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras (now Chennai).
The Radio Club broadcast the first radio program in India in June1923.
Akashvani -1957; Mobile telephone service introduced in India1995, Farm and home
visit-1966.
Effective delivery in radio is 120-140 words/minute
Mann Ki Baat (Manathin Kural): 1st broadcasted on 3 October 2014; telecasted on
the last Sunday of every month. 30-April-2023- 100th episode.
28. According to sense involved
1) Audio aids 2) Audio-visual aids
Radiotalks TaperecordingsDisc-
recording
Public address systemTelephone
Motion pictures (seat arrangement-
2 & 6 formula) Telecasts
Videorecordings
Sound-synchronized slidesRadio-vision
Drama, Puppet show, Talkingtoll
3) Visual aids
i) Projected ii) Non-projected
Two-dimensional Three-
dimensional
Presentation Display Literature
Films Slides Film stipesOpaque
material Overhead transparencies
Models Specimens&
samples Real objects
Mock-ups Puppets
3-D films
Flashcards Flannel
graphsFlip charts
Maps
Bulletin boards
Photographs Posters
Wall charts Exhibits
Illustrated Leaflets
Comics
29. The linkage between learning, activity, and participant involvement
We tend to remember by Percentage
Reading 10
Hearing 20
Seeing 30
Hearing & Seeing 50
Saying 70
Saying & Doing 90
30. 2017
95. Farm and home units of Akashavani was started in
the year?
A. 1965
B. 1966
C. 1967
D. 1968
31. 2019
91. Which one of the following leaching method is
more time consuming?
A. Exhibition
B. Method demonstration
C. Result demonstration
D. Group forum
32. Sharing of ideas, facts, opinions, information
and understanding are referred as?
a) Relation
b) Coordination
c) Learning
d) Communication
