This document discusses different types of sentences and how to transform sentences. It describes simple, compound, and complex sentences. Simple sentences have one clause, compound have more than one main clause, and complex have one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. The document then provides examples of how to transform simple sentences into compound or complex by expanding phrases into clauses, and vice versa by reducing clauses. Specific techniques discussed are replacing "too...to" structures with "so...that" and changing affirmative to negative sentences.

2. Types of sentences
 In English, there are mainly three types of sentences.
 Simple sentence
 Compound sentence
 Complex sentence
 A simple sentence has just one clause.
 A complex sentence has one main clause and one or
more subordinate clauses.
 A compound sentence has more than one main clause.

3. Transformation of Sentences
 We can change a simple sentence into a compound
sentence or a complex sentence.
 This is usually done by expanding a word or phrase
into a clause.
 In the same way, we can change a complex or
compound sentence into a simple sentence.
 This is done by reducing a clause into a word or
phrase.

4. Transformation of Sentences
 “It is too late to start a new lesson”.
 As you can see this sentence has just one clause and
therefore it is a simple sentence. The number of clauses
in a sentence is equal to the number of finite verbs in it.
Note that to-infinitives and –ing forms are not finite
verbs.

5. Transformation of Sentences
 The structure too…to can be replaced by the structure
so…that.
 It is so late that we cannot start a new lesson.
 As you can see this sentence has two clauses: one main
clause (It is so late) and one subordinate clause (That
we cannot start a new lesson.) We have already learnt that
a sentence containing one main clause and one or more
subordinate clauses is called a complex sentence.

6. Transformation of Sentences
 He worked hard that he might pass the examination.
 The above sentence is an example of a complex sentence.
It has one main clause (He worked hard) and one
subordinate clause of purpose (That he might pass the
examination). Subordinate clauses of purpose can be
reduced to to-infinitives.
 He worked hard to pass the examination. (Simple
sentence)

7. Transformation of Sentences
 He ordered that the traitor be jailed. (Complex sentence)
 This sentence, too, can be converted into a simple
sentence with the help of a to-infinitive.
 He ordered them to jail the traitor.

8. Transformation-of-Sentences
 Transformation-of-Sentences is done in various ways.
The nature of the sentences can be changed without changing
the meaning of the sentences.
1. Sentences containing the adverb ‘too’:
Example-1:
• My friend is too rich to be my consort.
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentences, containing
the adverb ‘too’, takes place without changing the meaning of
the sentence.
• My friend is so rich that he can not be my consort.

9. Example - 2
 The news is too good to be true.
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentences takes
place into the following version without changing the
meaning of the sentence.
• The news is so good that it can not be true.

10. Example - 3
• He drove too fast for the police to catch.
This sentence can be changed into the following version
without changing the meaning of the sentence.
• He drove so fast that the police can not catch him.
The Transformation-of-Sentences takes place by removing
the adverb ‘too’ and by adding a conjunction ‘so…that’.
In this way, the following sentences have been changed for
your attention.

11. Examples:

• He is too proud to beg.
• He is so proud that he will not beg.
• It is never too late to mend.
• It is not so late that it can not be mended.
• He is too ignorant for the post of a postman.
• He is so ignorant that he is not suitable for the post of a
postman.
• This shirt is too small for me.
• This shirt is so small that it is not suitable for me.
• He speaks too fast to be understood.
• He speaks so fast that he can not be understood.

12. Interchange of affirmative and
negative sentences
The affirmative sentence can be changed into a negative
sentence by using ‘not’.
Example-1:
• Affirmative: I was doubtful whether it was you.
• Negative: I was not sure that it was you.
Example-2:
• Affirmative: Everybody was present.
• Negative: Nobody is absent.
Example-3:
• Affirmative: All cheered.
• Negative: There was no one present who did not cheer.
In this way the negative sentences can be changed into
affirmative sentences as follows.

13.  • Negative: God will not forget the cry of the humble.
• Affirmative: God will heed the cry of the humble.
The ‘not’ in the negative sentences should be removed to
convert them into affirmative sentences.
Example-4:

14. Example-5:
 • Negative: No one could deny that she is pretty.
• Affirmative: Every one accepts that she is pretty.
 As seen above, the Transformation-of-Sentences can be
made in many ways without changing the meaning of the
sentences.
 There are few more ways in which the Transformation-of-
Sentences can be made.

15. Thanks to …
 www.stiba-
malang.ac.id/uploadbank/.../PRACTICAL%20GRAMMAR.pdf
 www.englishgrammar.org/transformation-sentences/
 www2.gsu.edu/~eslhpb/grammar/lecture_9/simple.html