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DNA Replication Process

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DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix using the enzyme helicase. On the leading strand, DNA polymerase III continuously adds nucleotides to form the leading strand. On the lagging strand, which is discontinuous, RNA primers are added by primase and DNA polymerase II builds the strand through Okazaki fragments. DNA ligase eventually seals the fragments together to form a complete copy of the original DNA double helix.

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DNA Replication By: Laura Keller
DNA • The DNA double helix refers to the shape of the DNA molecule, or the twisted ladder. It has two intertwining strands made of sugar and phosphate with links across the middle. The rungs of the ladder are base pairs made of four different bases, represented by the letters A, T, G, and C.
5’ 3’ The Enzyme DNA helicase “unzips” or unwinds the double stranded DNA at the origin of replication by breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary strands. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine Hydrogen Bond 3’ 5’ = Cytosine
DNA Helicase Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Helicase Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Helicase Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Helicase Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Helicase Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Key DNA Helicase = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Key = Phosphate DNA Helicase = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Key = Phosphate = Sugar DNA Helicase = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine DNA Helicase = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Helicase = Guanine = Cytosine
Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine licase = Guanine = Cytosine
Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Polymerase III Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Polymerase III Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Polymerase III Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Polymerase III Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Polymerase III Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Leading Strand Lagging Strand Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine lymerase III = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Leading Strand Lagging Strand Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine e III = Cytosine
Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Primase Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Lagging Strand Leading Strand ` Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Lagging Strand Leading Strand DNA Primase Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Lagging Strand Leading Strand DNA Primase Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Primase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
3’ Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Lagging Strand DNA Primase 3’ 5’ Leading Strand 5’ Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine 3’ 5’ 5’
DNA Primase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Primase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Primase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Primase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Primase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. DNA Primase Leading Strand Lagging Strand Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Leading Strand Lagging Strand Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine DNA Primase = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Leading Strand Lagging Strand Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Primase = Guanine = Cytosine
Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. RNA Primer Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Lagging Strand Leading Strand DNA Polymerase II Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. RNA Primer Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Polymerase II Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. RNA Primer Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Polymerase II Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. DNA When the DNA Polymerase II reaches the RNA primer, it turns into DNA. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Polymerase II Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. DNA When the DNA Polymerase II reaches the RNA primer, it turns into DNA. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Polymerase II Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Leading Strand Lagging Strand DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine erase II = Guanine = Cytosine
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Leading Strand Lagging Strand DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine II = Cytosine
Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
Lagging Strand Leading Strand DNA Ligase Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Ligase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Ligase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Ligase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Ligase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Ligase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
DNA Ligase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. Leading Strand Lagging Strand DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine DNA Ligase = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. Leading Strand Lagging Strand DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine A Ligase = Thymine 5’ Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. Leading Strand Lagging Strand DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine ase Okazaki fragments 5’ = Guanine = Cytosine
5’ 3’5’ 3’ Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. Leading Strand Lagging Strand DNA = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments 3’ Key 5’ 3’ 5’ = Guanine = Cytosine
Why Does DNA Need to Replicate? • DNA needs to replicate because when a cell in your body divides, in order for your body to grow or repair itself it must also duplicate the cell's DNA. This is so the cell will then have it's own set of directions to know how to continue replicating.
Where in Mitosis Does DNA Replication Happen? • DNA replication happens in S Phase and also in cytokinesis, or the last phase of mitosis.
Where in the Cell? •DNA replication happens in the nucleus of a cell.
In My Own Words... • Telomeres- keep chromosomes from becoming attached to each other accidentally. • Okazaki Fragment- a section of complimentary strands of DNA formed when the enzyme DNA Ligase is present. • DNA Ligase- an enzyme that “stitches” a new complimentary strand of DNA called an okazaki fragment. • Telomerase- an enzyme that helps a cell maintain the length of their telomeres.
In My Own Words… (Continued) • Cancer- expresses the enzyme telomerase, which helps a tumor to grow. • Transplanted Cells- cells that have been taken, added to, and then given back • Cloning- taking a piece of something and making another copy • Aging- the steady shrinking of cells in the body
Mutations (Mistakes) • If there are any mistakes while replicating DNA, it will result in the mutation of a gene. An organism can only have up to 3 mutations, or it cannot live. Sometimes, mutations are minor, while other times, they can change one’s whole genetic makeup. For example, a mutation can result in the crossing over of a 21st chromosome, resulting in one having Down’s Syndrome.
Works Cited • http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_happens_if_there_ is_a_error_in_DNA_replication?#slide=6 • http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dnareplication-and-causes-of-mutation-409 • http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/aminoac ids/dna6.html • http://www.biology.ewu.edu/aHerr/Genetics/Bio310/ Pages/ch13pges/ch13note.html • http://www.astrochem.org/sci/Nucleobases.php
The End

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DNA Replication Process

  • 2. DNA • The DNA double helix refers to the shape of the DNA molecule, or the twisted ladder. It has two intertwining strands made of sugar and phosphate with links across the middle. The rungs of the ladder are base pairs made of four different bases, represented by the letters A, T, G, and C.
  • 3. 5’ 3’ The Enzyme DNA helicase “unzips” or unwinds the double stranded DNA at the origin of replication by breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary strands. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine Hydrogen Bond 3’ 5’ = Cytosine
  • 4. DNA Helicase Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 5. DNA Helicase Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 6. DNA Helicase Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 7. DNA Helicase Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 8. DNA Helicase Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 9. Key DNA Helicase = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 10. Key = Phosphate DNA Helicase = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 11. Key = Phosphate = Sugar DNA Helicase = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 12. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine DNA Helicase = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 13. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Helicase = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 14. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine licase = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 15. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 16. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 17. Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 18. DNA Polymerase III Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 19. DNA Polymerase III Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 20. DNA Polymerase III Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 21. DNA Polymerase III Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 22. DNA Polymerase III Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 23. Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Leading Strand Lagging Strand Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine lymerase III = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 24. Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Leading Strand Lagging Strand Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine e III = Cytosine
  • 25. Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 26. DNA Primase Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Lagging Strand Leading Strand ` Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 27. Lagging Strand Leading Strand DNA Primase Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 28. Lagging Strand Leading Strand DNA Primase Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 29. DNA Primase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 30. 3’ Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Lagging Strand DNA Primase 3’ 5’ Leading Strand 5’ Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine 3’ 5’ 5’
  • 31. DNA Primase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 32. DNA Primase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 33. DNA Primase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 34. DNA Primase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 35. DNA Primase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 36. Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. DNA Primase Leading Strand Lagging Strand Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 37. Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Leading Strand Lagging Strand Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine DNA Primase = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 38. Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Leading Strand Lagging Strand Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Primase = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 39. Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. RNA Primer Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 40. Lagging Strand Leading Strand DNA Polymerase II Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. RNA Primer Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 41. DNA Polymerase II Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. RNA Primer Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 42. DNA Polymerase II Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. DNA When the DNA Polymerase II reaches the RNA primer, it turns into DNA. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 43. DNA Polymerase II Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. DNA When the DNA Polymerase II reaches the RNA primer, it turns into DNA. Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 44. DNA Polymerase II Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 45. Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Leading Strand Lagging Strand DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine erase II = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 46. Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. Leading Strand Lagging Strand DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine = Guanine II = Cytosine
  • 47. Lagging Strand Leading Strand Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 48. Lagging Strand Leading Strand DNA Ligase Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 49. DNA Ligase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 50. DNA Ligase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 51. DNA Ligase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 52. DNA Ligase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 53. DNA Ligase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 54. DNA Ligase Lagging Strand Leading Strand Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 55. Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. Leading Strand Lagging Strand DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine DNA Ligase = Thymine Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 56. Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. Leading Strand Lagging Strand DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine A Ligase = Thymine 5’ Okazaki fragments = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 57. Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. Leading Strand Lagging Strand DNA Key = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine ase Okazaki fragments 5’ = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 58. 5’ 3’5’ 3’ Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments. Leading Strand Lagging Strand DNA = Phosphate = Sugar = Adenine = Thymine Okazaki fragments 3’ Key 5’ 3’ 5’ = Guanine = Cytosine
  • 59. Why Does DNA Need to Replicate? • DNA needs to replicate because when a cell in your body divides, in order for your body to grow or repair itself it must also duplicate the cell's DNA. This is so the cell will then have it's own set of directions to know how to continue replicating.
  • 60. Where in Mitosis Does DNA Replication Happen? • DNA replication happens in S Phase and also in cytokinesis, or the last phase of mitosis.
  • 61. Where in the Cell? •DNA replication happens in the nucleus of a cell.
  • 62. In My Own Words... • Telomeres- keep chromosomes from becoming attached to each other accidentally. • Okazaki Fragment- a section of complimentary strands of DNA formed when the enzyme DNA Ligase is present. • DNA Ligase- an enzyme that “stitches” a new complimentary strand of DNA called an okazaki fragment. • Telomerase- an enzyme that helps a cell maintain the length of their telomeres.
  • 63. In My Own Words… (Continued) • Cancer- expresses the enzyme telomerase, which helps a tumor to grow. • Transplanted Cells- cells that have been taken, added to, and then given back • Cloning- taking a piece of something and making another copy • Aging- the steady shrinking of cells in the body
  • 64. Mutations (Mistakes) • If there are any mistakes while replicating DNA, it will result in the mutation of a gene. An organism can only have up to 3 mutations, or it cannot live. Sometimes, mutations are minor, while other times, they can change one’s whole genetic makeup. For example, a mutation can result in the crossing over of a 21st chromosome, resulting in one having Down’s Syndrome.
  • 65. Works Cited • http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_happens_if_there_ is_a_error_in_DNA_replication?#slide=6 • http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dnareplication-and-causes-of-mutation-409 • http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/aminoac ids/dna6.html • http://www.biology.ewu.edu/aHerr/Genetics/Bio310/ Pages/ch13pges/ch13note.html • http://www.astrochem.org/sci/Nucleobases.php