1. CARNATION
Dianthus caryophyllus Caryophyllaceae
Dias Anthos – “Flower of the god”
- Excellent keeping quality
- Wide range of forms
- With stand transport
- Ability for rehydration after continuous shipping
- World 1st exported cut flowers.
- 7000 ha in world.
Temperate region :Grown in glass house
Tropical region : Open or green house
Exporters : Columbia, Holland, Israel.
Importers : Germany, France
2. USES
• Used as cut flower, flower beds, potted plants, borders and in
rockeries.
• In China, leaves used in earthworm production.
• Concrete and absolute are extracted from flowers.
• High demand during Easter, Valentine's day and mother’s day in
Western countries.
• White, Red and Pink flowers are in great demand.
• Mostly standard types are preferred than spray types.
3. ORIGIN AND HISTORY
• Origin – Mediterranaean
• Parents of present species – D. carophyllus x D.chinensis
• William Sim produced in 1938 by William Sim of USA is
the greatest contribution.
• Cultivated in Italy, Spain, Colombia, Kenya, Sri Lanka,
Canary Islands, France, Holland, Germany and U.S.A.
• In India – Bangalore, Pune, Delhi, Trivandrum and Andhra
Pradesh.
4. INDIAN STATUS
• Recently initiated cultivation.
• Chances to increase more production.
• To compete with other countries a minimum of 200 acre required,
• Poras Masani - leading farmer exports to Europe from Nasik.
Potential areas
• Kashmir, Kulu valley, Kalimpong, Bangalore and hills of Tamil Nadu
(1200-2200 m MSL)
• Himalayan Region having suitable soil, water and climatic conditions.
5. Suitable localities
Delhi, Chandigarh, Ludhiana,
Jammu and Kashmir Gangtok, Kalimpong,
Varanasi, Patna, Simla,
Nainital Kulu Valley Jaipur,
Udaipur, Nasik, Pune
Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore
Nilgiris.
6. SPECIES AND CULTIVARS
Species - 250 spp
Major species
• D. caryophyllus
• D. barbatus
• D. chinensis
Other species
• D. alpinus D.deltoides
• D. grandiflorus D. nobilis
• D. giganteus D. hybridus
20. Two major groups
Standard type Spray type
1. Large single blooms Smaller, more in a stem
2. Longer flower stalk Shorter
3. Exported as cut flower. Grown in cool climate condition
Grown in full sunshine
4. Extensively grown in Columbia Grown world widely
5. Cultivars :
Dusty Sim Sona, Chabaud giant Inland densy
Shocking pink Lady’s Sim, Marguerette fantasy
White Sim William Sim Malmaison giant
Scania Arthur Sim Dwarf spray
Dusty yellow Carans.
24. Carnations for pot culture
• Spider type - Purple rain (Purple)
• Pot carnations : Maldeves (Pink)
White sunny (White)
Cerratop (Fancy)
Charmptop (Red)
Pinky (Red)
Da Vinci (Pink)
26. Environment
- Plenty of sunshine high temp
- Optimum Night temperature - spring - 12.7oC during
(10 -15o C) summer - 13-15.4oC flowering
winter - 10-11oC causes
abnormal
Day temperature - 18.3oC flower opening
+ calyx splitting
- Initially long day favours flower development.
- Carnations are long day plants, short day delay flower initiation.
- Critical photoperiod is 13 hours (standard & spray).
- Light intensity : 10 – 15 foot candle
- R H of 50-60% favours growth & flower production.
- Co2 enrichment would increase the production - 500ppm.
30. Propagation
• Seeds, stem cutting, tissue culture.
• Rooted cuttings - for Perpetual types
• Terminal cuttings -5-10 cm (before flower bud) with 4 pairs of leaf.
- Treated with 500ppm NAA for 5 minutes.
- To reduce fungal disease, immense cuttings in carbendazim (2g/l)
- Seed
• In Plains July / August to October
• In Hills - August to October and March to April
• At four-leaf stage, pricking or transplanting
• Sowing at a temperature of 20oC gave the maximum germination.
31. Grafting
• 65 to 70 % success
• Union was completed in 15 days.
Micro-propagation
• All parts used as explants except the root.
VITRIFICATION in carnation
• Formation of abnormal leaves and stem with thickened and
translucent structures.
• Shoots with such abnormal leaves usually turn brown and failed
to root in the rooting medium.
• Vitrification in carnation tissues, accompanied by decreased
lignin content.
32. CARNATION PROPAGATION IN INDIGENOUS CHAMBER
HARDENING OF ROOTED
CUTTINGS
PROPAGATION IN MIST
CHAMBER
35. Soil
• Well drained, aerated, sandy loam.
• Hilly areas of Kodaikanal having the suitable soil type.
• Soil pH is between 6.0 to 7.0.
Media and Bed preparation
• Media – plants grown in perlite (2.5 or 3.6 l/plant) or
a perlite / rockwool mixture at 3:1 or 1:1 (2.5 l/plant).
• Soil mixed with organic matter – pH 6.0 to 7.0
• Soil mixture – sand 50%, loam 30%, clay 20%.
• Beds treated with methyl bromide or formaldehyde
• Raised beds of 30cm height, 1m width.
36. Planting
• Spacing of 20cm x 15cm → 30 plants/m2.
• Spacing depends on type of carnation.
• Avoid deep planting to reduce stem/foot rot incidence.
• Soil temperature should not exceed 150C for first few weeks.
Irrigation
• Initial establishment – misting found more effective.
• Irrigation through drip after 3 weeks from planting.
• Water requirements 4-5 l/m2/day.
• Check the pH, EC and Chloride in water.
• Avoid water stagnation in beds.
• Frequency of watering depends on the soil type.
37.
38. Nutrient management
Regular supply of nutrients is essential.
• Carnations accumulate N and utilized during flowering.
• Good EC is 1.2 in the initial period & 1.5 at generative stage.
• Nutrient requirements varies due to soil and climatic
condition.
• Low N & B resulted in Calyx splitting.
• No chemical fertilizers are applied during first three weeks.
• 250:80:200:125:400 N:P:K:Ca:Mg g/m2/yr in 24 splits.
39. Foliar spray
Urea 2 parts
Ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate 1 part
Potassium nitrate 1 part
(3g/lit after pinching at 15 days intervals improve
branching and yield)
40. Support Nets
- 4-5 layers of nets are laid out before planting.
- Planting within the netted area.
- Nets are gradually raised as the plant grows.
- Good support material is metal with a mesh.
- Nylon nets are also used.
- Every 2.5 – 3m, the wires should be supported with poles.
- The first net should be fixed 12cm above the soil (7.5 x 7.5cm).
- Remaining nets of (12.5 x 12.5cm) and (15.0x15.0cm) are
placed 15cm apart.
48. Building up of plants
Pinching
• First pinching after 6th node, leaving 6 pairs of basal leaves.
• In India pinching done 40 and 60 days after planting.
• In European countries 3 types of pinching followed.
1. Single pinch (Pinching only once) - (Apical portion measuring 5-
7cm is pinched off).
2. Pinch and A half - (After first pinching, 2-3 laterals are pinched
again).
3. Double pinch - (Single pinch followed by pinching of all shoots).
49.
50.
51.
52.
53. Disbudding
* Spray types: Terminal or main flower buds are removed to
encourage lateral buds.
* Standard type: Lateral buds are removed at appropriate time leaving
only the main flower bud.
* Best time of disbudding is when the apical flower bud is about 15mm
in diameter.
54.
55. DISBUDDING
Pinching off the crown bud from
flower stem as colour is
beginning to show. Using fingers.
Pinching off bud (excluding
crown bud) whilst supporting
the stem with other hand.
56. Flower regulation
• Flowering starts after 6 pairs of leaves
• 8 hours light required at this stage.
• Long stalk, large bloom and side shoots helps in more yield.
• Artificial lighting can alter flowering when the demand is high.
57. Calyx banding
Calyx splitting affect cut flower quality.
• Place banding (9mm broad) around the calyx when bud just started
opening.
• Avoid banding immature buds, leads to malformed flower.
Deshooting
Unwanted shoots on the flowering stems are removed with the
hands when they are about 2-3 cm long.
58.
59. Disorders
Calyx splitting
• Major problem in carnation
• Due to - Low Temperature (<100C).
- Low N2 – Level - B deficiency
• Control : Using rubber banding
• Resistant varieties : Espana, Cabaret, Red corsa, Pamir, &
Raggio- di-Sole
• No calyx splitting in varieties Vanya and Carola
Tip burn
• Young leaves does not open evenly.
• Due to - Low Light
- Low Temperature
- Low N2 Level
• Control : Increasing N2 application, Artificial lighting and heating.
60.
61.
62.
63. Deficiency symptoms
Major deficiency symptoms of important nutrient in
carnation are as follows:
Nitrogen
• Limited growth of erect plants.
• Thin stems and stiff leaves – winter.
• Yellowing of mature or lower leaves.
• Low N also inhibit flower bud initiation.
• The optimum level of nitrogen should be 25-40ppm.
64. Phosphorus
Reduced growth cause stunted plants with narrower leaves.
The tip of leaves that have suboptimal levels of phosphorus die
off and turn yellow.
Leaf turn yellow or pale straw colour and die-off prematurely.
The optional phosphorus level in medium is 5-10 ppm.
65. Potassium
• Low potassium levels reduce growth and cause stunted plants.
• The deficiency is characterized by scorching of leaf blade.
• In reverse cases, development of white spots on foliage just below the
malformed flowers, loss of petal colour and yellowish calyx
• The optimum level of potassium in the medium for carnation is in
between 25-40ppm
66. Calcium
• Deficiency produces thin and week stems and small flowers
• Production of many sleepy flowers and crescent shaped necrotic
1 to 2 inches from leaf tip or calyx scorch.
• Depending upon the medium pH, limestone or Gypsum is added to
attain the desired calcium level.
67. Boron
• Deficiency of B increased calyx splitting and induces bud abortion.
• Less than optimal foliar boron level (less than 20 to 25ppm) causes
shortened internodes, clubbiness and distorted flower buds.
• Boron toxicity appears as leaf tip necrosis of young leaves.
68. Harvesting
- Takes 110-120 days harvesting.
- Standard type harvested at a large bud (tight bud) or a cross bud (petals
visible) stage.
- Spray type harvested when at least two flowers have opened and other
buds showing colour.
- Takes 15-20 weeks for single pinched plant to harvest.
- Yield varies in the cultivar, type, environment, planting time, density,
pinching etc.
- Maximum of 12 flowers/plant or 360 flowers/m2/year.
- Harvested flowers are placed in clean water.
69.
70.
71. Harvest Factors
Star-stage buds (stage 1) are too
immature for most purposes
except long-term storage.
Buds with petals straight up
(stage 2) will open quickly.
Flowers for immediate use are
normally harvested between
stages 3 and 4.
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
73. Grading flowers
- Free from pest, disease, damage and chemical deposit.
- Uniform size, not immature or over mature.
- Stem should be upright with little bending.
- Bunched together based on stem length and bud diameter etc.
- Flower stems are to be trimmed at the base and placed in a bucket
containing preservative solution and deionized water.
- Water (pH 4.5) with 2-5% sucrose.
- Keep the flower in the cold room for 12-24 hours at 0-20C.
- Packed in cartons lined with polyethylene films.
79. Cost of production of rooted cuttings of cultivars Impala and
Montana (800m2)
Cultivars
Impala Montana
1. Yield of cuttings per 800 m2 12,16,998 10,42,938
2. Losses during harvesting, preparation of cutting @ 30% 3,65,099 3,12,881
3. Net yield of unrooted cutting after losses 8,51,899 7,30,057
4. Yield of rooted cuttings rooting (68% ) 5,79,291 4,52,635 (62%)
5. Cuttings survived after hardening (95% ) 5,50,326 4,30,003
6. Income from rooted cuttings @ Rs. 3500/1000 Rs.19,26,141 Rs.15,05,010
7. Net returns (income from sale - total production cost) Rs.13,89,143 Rs. 9,68,012
8. Returns per ha (800 sq. m) Rs. 6,94,572 Rs. 4,84,006
9. Cost of production per rooted cutting Rs. 0.98 Rs. 1.25
(Production / Total saleable cuttings)
10.Av. production cost of rooted cutting Rs.1.12 per cutting
80. Cost of Flower production of Carnation / 800 m2 under
Protected Conditions
Item Planting months
February June October
1. *Cost of polyhouses -800 m2/season 38000 38000 38000
2. Cost of preparation of beds 3500 3500 3500
3. Cost of soil sterilization 5000 5000 5000
4. Cost of fertilizers 2300 2400 2600
5. Cost of 15000 cuttings 60000 60000 60000
Labour Cost
1. Planting 1250 1250 1250
2. Pinching
a) Single pinching 650 650 650
b) Pinch and a half 1300 1300 1300
3. Deshooting and disbudding 3800 3800 3800
4. Staking 1300 1300 1300
81. 5. Labour for weeding and hoeing 2500 2500 2500
6. Irrigation 1800 2100 1800
7. Spraying fungicides and insecticides 5200 5200 5200
8. Spraying urea at weekly intervals 950 1050 1250
9. Harvesting 400 400 400
10. Grading and packing
a) Single pinching 1625 2850 3450
b) Pinch and a half 4235 3775 4555
11. Transportation of cut flowers 3600 3600 3600
12. Capital interest @ 18% per/ yr 11868 12024 12087
one season
Total expenditure
a) Single pinching 143743 145624 146387
b) Pinch and a half 146353 146549 147492
Number of cut flowers produced
a) Single pinch method 6,06,000 54,600 67,800
b) Pinch and a half method 85,200 75,000 92,400
82. Total saleable flowers
a) Single pinch method
A-grade 50,449 24,766 57,725
B-grade 4,090 24,374 3,295
b) Pinch and a half method
A-grade 65,178 30,105 74,927
B-grade 11,502 37,395 7,232
Sale proceed
a) Single pinch method
A-grade 1,51,380 1,51,380 1,51,380
(Rs.36/ dozen) (Rs.60/ dozen ) (Rs.36/ dozen)
B-grade 6120 60900 6590
(Rs.18/ dozen) ( Rs.72/ dozen) (Rs.36/dozen)
b) Pinch and half method
A-grade 162900 180720 224640
( Rs.30/ dozen) (Rs.72/ dozen) (Rs.35/ dozen)
B-grade 17100 74760 12348
(Rs.18/ dozen) ( Rs.24/ dozen) (Rs.18/dozen)
83. Total sale
a) Single pinch method 1,57,500 1,84,740 1,79,764
b) Pinch and a half method 1,80,000 2,55,480 2,36,988
Net profit (Rs.)
a) Single pinch method 13,757 39,115 33,377
b) Pinch and a half method 33,647 1,08,831 89,496
* Considering that life of structures is of 10 years
84. NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF CARNATION SUPPLIERS
a) Foreign
1. Barbet et Blanc, BP 1072, F-06601 Antibes Cedex, Prance
2. Hadar Nurseries, 42935 Hadar-Arn, Israel
3. Hilverda BV, PO Box 8, NL-1430 AH Aalsmeer, The Netherlands
4. P.Kooij and Zoonen BV, PO box 341, NL-1430, AH Aalsmeer, The Netherlands
5. Selecta Klem, Hanfacker 8, D-7000 Stuttgart 50, Germany
6. Van Staaveren BV, PO Box 265, NL-1430 AG Aalsmeer, The Netherlands
7. West Stek, Hooghe Beer 16, The Netherlands
8 Yoder Brother Inc. PO box 230 Rarberton Ohio 44203 USA
9. M Lek and Zonen BV, Nieuwveen jaggpad 8, NL-2441 EH , Nieuwveen, The
Netherlands
85. b) Indian
1. Department of Flori and Land, Dr. Y.S. Parmar Univ , Nauni, Solan HP 173 230
2. Directorate of Horticulture, Navbahar, Shimla, HP
3. Carnation Nursery, Vill.Beel, P.O. Kaira, Narkanda, Distt. Shimla,HP
4. M/s Classic Agricon International Booth No. 151, Sec. 20, Panchkula, Haryana
5. Mr. Sohan Lal, Vill. & P.O. Slapper, Tehsil Sunder Nagar Distt Mandi, HP
6. Durga Seeds, 24/8 Industrial Area, Phase II, Chandigarh 160 002.
7. Indo American Hybrid Seeds, 17th Cross, 2nd A, Main Banshankeri, 2nd stage, PO
Box 7099, KR Road, Bangalore 560 070
8. Micro Plantae Ltd., D-183, 3rd Floor, Lajpat Nagar-1, New Delhi 110 024
9. SPA Flora Pvt. Ltd., No. 324, 3rd Floor, Raheja Arcade, Koramangala,
Bangalore-56009.
86. NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF CARNATION
GROWERS IN INDIA
1. Mr Gurpreet Singh Kang, Floriculture C/o Universal Floritech, Gruet Office No. 5,
Sec. 35A, Chandigarh
2. Mr.Paras Ram, Vill. Phagyara, PO Bhojpur, Distt.Mandi HP 174 401
3. Mr.Chet Ram Verma, Carnation Nursery Vill. Beel, P.O. Kiara, Narkanda, Distt. Shimla
4. Mr. Jai Singh, Rambagh Sunder Nagar, Distt. Mangi, HP 174 401
5. Puran Chand, Vilt. Shagli, PO Panarsa, Distt. Mandi, HP
6. Mr.Behari. Vill. Patrar PO Kotlanala, Distt. Solan 173 212, HP
7. Mr.Sohan Lal, Vill. & PO Slapper, Teh. Sunder Nagar, Distt. Mandi, HP
8. M/s Toubro Industry Pvt. Ltd., Vill. Matnali, Teh. Rajgarh, Distt. Sirmour, HP
9. Feroz Masani, Hira bagh, Gangapur Road, Nasik, Maharashtra
10.Shri K.K. Sood, P.O.Thakur Dawara, Teh.Palampur, Distt.Kangra,HP
88. 23. SPIC Ltd., Biotechnology Division, Siruvani Road, Coimbatore - 641101
24. Surya Florist, Village and P.O. Cholal, Opposite JCT Mill, Distt. Hoshiarpur,
Punjab.
25. Floriculture of Century Internatiional, Village Shirgaon, Tal, Maval, Distt. Pune.
26. Karnataka Agro Industries Corporation Ltd., Flori Division, Hebbal, Bangalore
560024.
27. Indo American Hybrid Seeds, P.B. No. 7099, Banashankari II Stage, Banglore
560070.
89. Trait: modified flower colour
Inserted gene:
dfr, bp40 source: from Petunia (Petunia hybrida)
function: the genes have been transferred to a white-
flowering carnation. They lead to a modified synthesis
pathway, producing a blue-violet flower dye.
Methods for the genetic modification: Agrobacterium
tumefaciens -mediated gene transfer.
Applic
ation
Comp
any
Florigene Ltd
Prese
nted in
The Netherlands
Date 1996
“ MOONSTAR “
90. IIHRP - 1
• standard carnation type
• It is a mutant developed using ethyl methane sulphonate
(EMS) at 0.25% concentration.
• It produces red flowers with smooth edged petals.
• The flower stalks are thick and straight - 65cm length.
• Flower buds open slowly
• good keeping quality of 10-12 days.
• tolerant to nematode & fusarium wilt
• yields 300-360 flowers/m2/year
