Cut Chrysanthemum- introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield

1. Cut Chrysanthemum- introduction and uses – varieties – media and
environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems –
nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning –
special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological
disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Dr. M. Kumaresan
Assistant professor
Dept. of Horticulture
Adhiparasakthi Horticultural College
Lecture No.:14

2.  Botanical name: Dendranthema grandiflora / Chrysanthemum sp.
 Family: Asteraceae
 Native: Europe and Asia
Popularly called as ‘Glory of East’/ ‘Queen of East’
 Japan’s National Flower
 Wide range of type, size and colour and also ‘forms’ are available
 Varieties – > 500 cultivars are reported in India (world wide > 60,000)
 Short day plant
INTRODUCTION

3. Spray
chrysanthemum
Standard
chrysanthemum
TYPES

4. Commercial production centres in India
Karnataka - Bangalore, Kolar, Dharwad, Belgaum & Tumkur
Madhya Pradesh - Ratlam, Indore
Maharashtra - Ahmednagar, Pune & Nasik
Rajasthan - Udaipur, Ajmer, Jaipur & Kota
Bihar - Madhupur,
Haryana - Ambala, Gurgaon & Faridabad
Tamil Nadu - Salem, Shervroy hills, Ooty

5. C. coronarium
• Garland chrysanthemum.
• Winter flowering, yellow and white blooms
• Used for garland making
C. frutescens
• Marguerite and Paris daisy
• 60-90 cm tall, white and soft yellow flowers
• popular as pot plant
Species

6. C. japonicum
• Used as an ornamental plant
C. morifolium:
• Florists’ chrysanthemum
• Hybrid species result of repeated
cycles of interspecific crossing
Species

7. IIHR varieties
 Arka Ravi
 Arka Swarna
 Ravikiran
 Red Gold
 Chandrika
 Indira
 Nilima
 Panka
 Rakhee
 Kirti
 Arka Ganga
 Usha Kiran
 Yellow Star
 Arka Pink Star
 Chandrakant

8. Arka Neelima
• It bears purple coloured decorative flowers
• Floriferous, good for cut flower and has a vase
life of 14 days
Arka Pink star
• Flowers are semi-double with pink colour
• Yield: 135.26 flowers/plant
• Use: For pot culture
• Important character: Dwarf, early flowering
Arka Indira
• Flower takes 90 days to flower
• Uses : Ideal for cut flower, potting, bedding, etc

9. Two radio mutants of chrysanthemum, Pusa Anmol with yellowish pink flowers (Gamma
ray induced mutant of cv. Ajay) and Pusa Centenary with yellow flowers (Gamma ray
induced mutant of cv. Thai Chen Queen) are developed and released by the Delhi
Government.
Pusa Anmol is photo and thermo- insensitive and therefore flowers thrice in a year (Oct-
Nov, Feb-Mar and May-Jun)
Pusa Anmol Pusa Centenary
IARI varieties

10. VARIETY DERIVED THROUGH COLOUR TYPE
Pusa Kesari Mutation Orange Semi-double
Flowers
Pusa Chitraksha Open Pollinated
seedling
Deep magenta Spray type
Pusa Arunodaya Mutation Pink coloured Semi-double
flowers
Pusa Aditya Open Pollinated
seedling
yellow in colour at the
periphery with orange
red colour in the
cente
Spray type
Pusa Sona Open Pollinated
seedling
Yellow colour Spray type

11. Pusa Aditya Pusa Chitraksha
Pusa Kesari Pusa Sona

12. NBRI, LUCKNOW Selection and Bud
sports
Pompon type Apsara, Birbal Sahani, Jayanti, Kundan,
Magami
No pinch no stake type Appu, Apurva, Arun Kumar, Arun
Singar, Sharad Singar, Suhag Singar
Off-season blooming cultivars Ajaya, Himanshu, Jaya, jwala, Jyoti,
Meghdoot, Mayday, Sarada, Sarad
Mala, Sarad Singar, Usha, Vasantika
Bud sports Kasturba Gandhi, Queen of Tamluk,
R.Venkataraman, Sharada, Sonar
Bangla, White Cloud

13. NBRI INDIANA NBRI KUSUM NBRI LITTLE DARLING
NBRI MINI JESSIE
NBRI Golden Jubilee varieties

14. Natural sports
Parent
• Mahatma Gandhi
• Snow ball
• Pink cloud
• Sharad Shobha
• Casa Gramde
• S.S. Arnold
Sport
• Kasturba Gandhi
• Sonar Bangla
• White cloud
• Sharada
• Queen of Tamluk
• R. Venkataraman

15. American Beauty Cream American Beauty Lemon
American Beauty White American Beauty Yellow
American Beauty Series

16. Misty Series
Misty Cream Misty Golden Misty Lemon
Misty Primrose Misty Purple Misty Red

17. Early Spray - Single and Anemone
Best Man Enbee Wedding Primrose Enbee Wedding
Southway Ski
Pennine Oriel (Anemone)
Yellow Pennine Oriel
(Anemone)

18. Early Spray - Double
Myss Goldie Talbot Maid Chestnut Talbot Maid
Cream Talbot Maid
Salmon Talbot Maid
Talbot Parade

19. All-Year-Round (Late) Spray
Antigua Breezers Browney
Dance Dance Salmon Dance Sunny

20. Dance White Delianne Delianne Yellow
Dublin Dutchy Energy

21. Froggy Feeling Green
Kindly Kindly Salmon
Le Mans

22. Lexy Lexy Red
Parrot
Sound Stallion
Quinty
Volcano Dark
Green Mist

23. The Allouise Series
Allouise Orange Allouise Pink
Allouise White Allouise Yellow

24. The Beppie Series
Beppie Bronze Beppie Purple
Beppie Red
Beppie Rose Beppie White Beppie Yellow

25. Colour Preference Varieties
White 35% White Regan, Cassa Cream, Polaries
Yellow 25% Sunshine, Yellow Spider, Yellow Regan
Pink 25% Pink Regan, Money maker
Red 10% Dark Flamence
Others 5% -
Colour and varieties preferred in World market

26. Purpose & flower
types suited
Varieties suitable
White group Yellow group Mauve group Red group
For exhibition
(Large flowered
types)
Beauty
Snow Ball
Innocence
Kasturba Gandhi
Evening Star
Super Giant
Peacock
Raja
Classic Beauty
Bravo
Diamond
Jubilee
Distinction
For pot culture
(Small flowered
types)
Mercury
Honey Comb
Rita
Rani
Archana
Indra
CO.1
MDU.1
Megami Mohini
Fantasy
CO.2
Red Gold Flirt
Jaya
For cut flowers
(Small flowered
types)
Birbal Sahni Baggi Jayanthi
Freedom
Sujata
Sharad Prabha
Ajay
Jaya Jubilee
Classification- (A) BASED ON USAGE

27. S. No. Floret types Hybrids / Varieties
1 Irregular incurve Snow Ball, Aruna
2 Regular incurve Bravo, Pink cloud
3 Reflexed Evening star, Alfred Wilson
4 Decorative Purnima, Peacock
5 Pompon Apsara, Birbal Sahani
6 Single
Semi-double
Rekha, Surya
Meera, Vasanthika
7 Anemone Vandana
8 Spoon Party time
9 Quill Golden Crystal, Snow Crystal
10 Spider Miss Universe, Nightingale
11 Brush Laura, Stella
12 Pin Cushion Malliga, Mayur
13 Unclassified
(B) BASED ON SIZE, SHAPE & FLORET TYPES

28. IRREGULAR
INCURVE
REGULAR
INCURVE
REFLEX DECORATIVE
POMPON
SINGLE &
SEMI-DOUBLE
ANEMONE
SPOON
QUILL SPIDER BRUSH UNCLASSIFIED

29. IRREGULAR INCURVE
Florets loosely and irregularly
incurve and make fully closed
centres

30. REGULAR INCURVE
True globular bloom
(equal in breadth and depth)
Florets smoothly incurve and form a ball

31. REFLEX
Florets curve downward and overlap
Similar to bird plumage
Blooms flattened

32. DECORATIVE
Flattened bloom with short petals
Upper florets incurve
Lower florets curve downwards

33. POMPON
Globular bloom
Size ranges from small button types
to large blooms

34. SINGLE AND SEMI-DOUBLE
Daisy-like flower with a centre disk
One or more rows of ray florets

35. ANEMONE
Blooms are similar to the semi-doubles
Raised cushion-like centre

36. SPOON
Same as the semi-double
Ray florets are like spoons at the tips
Centre disk round and visible

37. QUILL
Florets straight and tubular with open tips
Fully double with no open centre

38. SPIDER
Long tubular ray florets
Coil or hook at the ends

39. BRUSH
Fine tubular florets
Resemble an artist's paint brush

40. UNCLASSIFIED

41. Based on the temperature sensitivity to flowering
i.Thermo-zero cultivars: Varieties which flower at any temperature
between 10-27oC and most consistently at 16oC
night temperature.
ii. Thermo-positive cultivars: a minimum of 16oC required for initiation
and at 27oC there will be rapid initiation
but delayed flowering.
iii. Thermo-negative cultivars: bud initiation occurs at low or high
temperature between 10oC and 27oC
but continuous high temperature delay bud
development.
The optimal temperature range for cultivating chrysanthemum is 16-25°C.

42. Based on duration
Early varieties : blooms in 90 days from final transplanting
Medium varieties : will take 100-110 days to bloom from
transplanting
Late varieties : requires more than 110 days to bloom from
transplanting

43. Soil preparation
 Soil is ploughed, clods are broken to prepare the land to fine tilth and then leveled
Soil – Neutral or slightly acidic (pH – 6.5 to 7.0)
Media must be
 Free from diseases and insects
 Porous and well drained
Basalapplication
Organic/ compost
FYM
Neemcake
DAP
Superphosphate
MgSO4
= 300 – 400 g/m2
= 40g/m2
= 500g/m2
= 100g/m2
= 25g/m2
= 50g/m2
Soil EC level :1-1.5 is ideal

44. Fumigation/ Sterilization of soil
In India, it is only registered product as preplant soil sterilant, which controls nematodes,
weeds, soil borne fungi, bacteria and insects.

45. Width – 100 cm
Walking space - 40
cm
Bed height – 45 cm
Bed preparation
Plant spacing – 15 x 15 or 12 x 12 cm

46. Growing structure / systems
Relative humidity
Ideal RH : 70 to 90 % CO2: 600 - 900 ppm

47. Planting method
 Propagating material - Terminal cuttings
 Mother plant block
 True to type cuttings imported from Holland, Malaysia and Uganda
 Certified by Ministry of agriculture and Industries
 Phytosanitory certificate
 Leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolli)
 White rust (Puccinia horiana)
 Nematodes
 Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumifaciens)

48. Cuttings of 5-7 cm length are taken from mother
plants are planted in Protrays
Cuttings dipped in 1000 ppm IBA solution
March to April month ideal for cutting
12-15 days for rooting - drenched with 0.1% of all
19
Ideal temperature for root development: 18-210c
pH: 6.8-7.5
On 16thday transplanted in growing area
13-14 th day after rooting

49. Planting density- 63 plants / m2
Rooting

50. 15 days old rooted plants ready for planting
Rooted cuttings are planted at a spacing of 15 x
15 cm or 12 x 12 cm

51. Layout of drip and fertigation system
Daily hose irrigation – up to 1 week after planting
Later on applied through drip
Alternate day irrigation – from 2nd week onwards
8-9 l/m2/day

52. Nutrient requirement and Fertigation schedule
Fertilizer Week Schedule
KNO3 2 g/m2
CAN 2 g/m2
Ammonium Nitrate 1 g/m2
MgSo4 2 g/m2
19-19-19 2 g/m2
Mother plant block

53. Fertilizer ScheduleforMonday Wednesday
19-19-19 3 g/m2 1 g/m2
KNO3 3 g/m2 1 g/m2
CAN 2 g/m2 1 g/m2
Ammoniumnitrate 2 g/m2 1 g/m2
MgSO4 2 g/m2 1 g/m2
DAP 10 g/m2 3 g/m2
SCHEDULE FOR GROWING AREA
Weekly schedule – 3rd week after planting

54. Sunlight
Red light
730nm
Darkness (slow)
Far red light (fast)
660nm
PFR builds up
Long-day
plants
VEGETATIVE
GROWTH
FLORIGEN
deactivated
PR builds up
Short-day
plants
FLORIGEN
Activated
FLOWERING
Chrysanthemum

55. The quality of the light
 –
 -
PR
Stable and inactive
660 nm
Short day conditions
Flowering
PFR
Instable and active
730 nm
Long day conditions
Vegetative growth

56.  Chrysanthemum is a short day plant.
 Early vegetative phase – long day period of uninterrupted darkness
 Artificial lighting – Incandescent lights (HPS) using 150 watts bulb
 Summer - 3 hours
 Winter - 5 hours
 Short day – 4th week onwards
 Reaction time: time b/w starting
short day period to flowering
PHOTOPERIOD CONTROL
Temperature
Day - 20 – 280C
Night - 15 – 200C
Light - Critical day length Flower
initiation - 14 – 15 hours
Flower development - 13 -14 hours

58. Special Horticultural practices
 Pinching / stopping
 Disbudding
 Desuckering
Pinching / stopping
• To encourage lateral branches
• Bushy and healthy with more number of flowers
• 4 weeks after planting
• Only soft vegetative shoot tips 1.5 to 3 cm long are removed
• Known as stopping - useful to alter blooming time
• Pinching increases the number of flowering stems; it can indirectly control
flowering date and bloom quality

59. Disbudding
• Regular removal of lateral buds at their early stage of growth
• When too many buds develop – few buds removed; remaining buds allowed to
develop
Standard types : large apical bud retained, all axillary buds removed
Spray types : large apical bud removed, axillary buds
allowed to develop
Desuckering
 The side shoots arising from the base must be removed
 To divert all the energy to the flowering shoot

60. Support/staking
 Spray and standard chrysanthemums may be as tall as 75 cm to 90 cm
 it is necessary to support the stems as the crop matures
 Various kinds of plastic mesh, strings, bamboo canes, etc. are used for plant support.
 The nets are usually laid out in 4 or 5 layers.
 Before planting, the first layer of net should be laid out.
 The main frames can be made from 'L' angles or pipes.
 The netting can be done with GI wire of 16 gauge for length-wise fixing
 An increasing width of the meshes is used from bottom upwards. Generally, the
bottom net is 7.5 x 7,5 cm, the subsequent nets are 10 x10 cm, 12.5 x 12.5 cm and
the upper net 15 x 15 cm. As the plants grow, the second, third and fourth layers
can be put at 20 cm distance.

61. GA 3 at 50 ppm at 30, 45 & 60 DAP
Application of B9
Growth Regulator
– 5th week– 2500 ppm
– 6th week– 1500 ppm
Spraytype
Standardtype

62. Stages of harvest
1. Standard
Distant market – outer row of floret start unfurling
Local market – Half opened flower
2. Spray
Local market - Two flowers have opened others have shown
colour
Distant market - 50% flowers have shown colour
3. Loose flowers - Fully opened flowers
YIELD
Green house yield : 150-250 flowers stem/m2/year

63. Grade
Minimum flower diameter
(mm)
Minimum stem length (cm)
Blue 140 76
Red 121 76
Green 102 61
Grading of standard chrysanthemum by Society of
American Florists
Grading of chrysanthemum

64. Grade Stems per sleeve Specifications
Gold 10
6 flowers or more out and some more to
come
Silver 15 4-6 flowers out and some to come
Bronze 20 3 flowers out and some to come
Metric grade specification for spray cultivars
Grading of chrysanthemum

65. Post harvest handling methods
Pre-cooling
Flowers are conditioned for 16 hrs at 200C
Holding solution
 10 to 15 days – under holding solution (citric acid 300 ppm + sucrose 1.5 %)

66. Chrysanthemum
 Standards and spider mums can be wrapped individually
with thin wax paper or tissue paper to avoid bruising
 Flowers are wrapped in plastic sleeves and packed in
fiberboard boxes
 Standard chrysanthemums
• Packed in boxes measuring 91 x 43 x 15 cm
 Spray chrysanthemums
• Packed in boxes measuring 80 x 50 x 23 cm

71. Harvesting and post harvest technology of chrysanthemum

72. Storage
Storage
 0°C for 3 to 5 weeks in moisture retentive boxes

73. Physiological disorders
Crown Bud
 Bud development is severely retarded and involucral bracts become glossy
enlarged
 plants grown in long days after receiving a few short days produce crown
buds
 Ca deficiency
Spray Ca(NO3)2 5 g/l at 10 days interval
Quilling of florets
 Boron deficiency
 Spray Borax @ 3g/l (or) 25 to 75 ppm
Bleaching of petals – cause bronze and pink coloured cultivars due to
high temperature during floral development

74. Delayed or no flower bud induction:
 Due to too long photoperiods and low night temperature, Mn
and Cu deficiencies.
 Application of manganese Sulphate (3 g/l) and Copper
Sulphate (1 g/l) at vegetative, bud initiation and flowering
stages control
Bleaching of petals:
 Day temperature above 40°C and night below 15 °C.
Pink discolouration of white petals:
 Low night temperature below 15°C.

75. Major pest and diseases
1. Rust (Puccinia horiana)
2. Powdery mildew (Oidium
chrysanthemi)
3. Verticilium wilt
4. Viral disease
1. Aphids
2. Red spider mites
3. Hairy caterpillars
4. Thrips
5. Leaf Miner
Diseases Pests

76. Major Diseases
Rust
CausedbyPuccinia horiana
Causes
HighRH(96 %to100 %)
Splashingofwater
Symptoms
Smallwhitetoyellowspots,upto4 mm wide,
ontheuppersurfaceofthe leaf.
Pustulesformontheundersideoftheleaf,
beneaththesmallspots.
Control
SprayAzoxystrobin@1ml/lor

77. Powdery Mildew
CausedbyOidiumchrysanthemi
Causes
Closely spaced plants with poor air
circulation and low light.
Symptoms
White powdery covering on stems and
leaves, occasionally on flowers.
Control
Effectively controlled with Sulphur fungicides or Captan 0.2 %

78. Symptoms
 White patch on the leaf or petal White
patch a characteristic speckled
appearance
Biological control
 A predatory mite - Amblyeius
cucumeris can be released
Chemical control
 Spray Abamectin 0.5 ml/l
Major Pests
Thrips

79. Fungal coating of the leaves
known as sooty mould
Control
Spray Azardirachtin – 1000 ppm
Neem oil – 3 %
Aphids

80. Produces a relatively clean, white coloured mine, which is more linear
and often follows the leaf margin.
Leaf miners cause damage by puncturing the leaf surface to lay eggs
and to feed on the leaf tissue.
Leaf Miner

81. Feed voraciously on leaves, making holes and ragged edges until often only
the tattered leaf skeletons are left.
Caterpillar

82. Pale yellow spots on the upper surface of the leaves.
June to September – Severe infestation
Red spider mite

83. Chrysanthemum (Loose flower)
Introduction
• Known as Queen of the East, Autumn Queen and Guldaudi
• In US it is considered as the ‘Queen of the Fall Flowers’
• Origin: Northern hemisphere mainly Europe and Asia
• Family: Astraceae
• Botanical name: Chrysanthemum morifolium
• Mostly cultivated in the southern part of the country for loose flower
purpose for making garlands, veins and for religious offerings
• Yellow coloured flowers are preferred in South India, while red, purple,
yellow and white are preferred in North India
• It is commercially grown in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Maharashtra
• Total area under chrysanthemum cultivation: 4000 ha

84. Ideal varieties for traditional flowers:
◦Punjab Anuradha,
◦Yellow Gold,
◦Dundi,
◦Marigold,
◦Mayur,
◦Pusa Centenary

85. Variety Origin Characteristics Picture
CO.1 Selection Canary yellow
Medium sized flowers
Flower yield 16.7 t/ha/main crop
Selection from Hosur type
MDU.1 Selection Yield: 30.59 t/ha/ main and ratoon crop
Sulphur yellow
Large attractive flowers
CO.2 Selection Purple Colour flowers
Selection from the variety Jaya from Lucknow
Flower yield 20.3 t/ha/main crop
TNAU VARIETIES

86. Climate:
 Tropical and subtropical climatic conditions are ideal.
 However, the best temperature for growing chrysanthemum is
20-280C for day and 15-200C for night.
 Since chrysanthemum is a short day plant, planting should be
done such that flowering coincides with short day conditions.
 Under Tamil Nadu conditions, it is planted during April-May
so that it flowers during September - December.
Soil:
 Well drained red loamy soil with pH of 6.2 to 6. 7.
 Fibrous root system – good drainage and aeration

87. i) Suckers
 sucker separation - 5-6 green leaf stage
 June - July
 roots - cut back to 1.25 cm
 basal leaves removed before planting
ii) Terminal cuttings
 taken from healthy stock plants
 length 5-7 cm
 dipped - 1000ppm IBA or Seradix
 placed in sand beds
 semi shaded condition
Propagation

88. Planting
Spacing : 30 x 30 cm (1,10, 000 plants/ha)
Season : June - August
Water requirements
5-7 lit/sq m
EC less than 0.7
Nutrition
FYM : 25 t/ha
NPK : 50:160:80kg/ha
Basal : FYM + ½N + P + K
30 DAP : ½N

89. Special horticultural practices
Pinching
Disbudding
De suckering
Staking

90. Removing the terminal growing portion along with a portion of stem is called
pinching
Done at 3rd and 5th week after planting
Pinching reduces the height but promotes axillary branching, delays flowering
and helps in breaking rosetting
Pinching

91. Two types of pinching are performed:
(a) Soft pinching: By this pinching the top soft tips of the shoot along with 2-3 open
leaves are removed
(b) Hard pinching: It means removing a longer portion upto hard shoot

92. Chemical pinching: Certain chemical preparations like UBI P293,
Emgard 2077 and Off-shoot '0' have been reported to be effective pinching agents
for chrysanthemum.
These chemicals contain certain alkyl esters which are responsible for selective
killing of the terminal buds

93. Disbudding:
• Removing unwanted flower buds is called disbudding.
• It is practised to reduce flower number, improve spray-form and to increase the
flower size
• Removal of excess flower buds is done 7 weeks after planting to improve the
flower size

94. De-suckering
During the vegetative growth phase, plants grow upward
New suckers continue to develop from base of plants
For proper and vigorous growth of plants, suckers are removed from time to
time
It is practiced to allow single stem to develop up to a certain height
Without de-suckering the main plant will loose vigour and becomes weak
Growth regulators
GA3 100 ppm can be sprayed 30, 45 and 60 DAP to increase the yield.
GA3 100 ppm + Ascorbic acid 100 ppm enhances spray length of
dwarf chry. varieries.

95. Harvest and Yield
Yield start from 3-4 months after planting.
Main crop duration 6 months.
Ratoon crop 4 months. Total duration (6+4) 10 months.
Yield : Main crop 9-10t/ha.
Ratoon crop 4-5 t/ha.

96. Crown bud
 Bud development retarded
 Severe – Pinkish bud, prevents
bud blooming
 Involucral bracts – glossy &
enlarged
 Plants grown in long after
receiving short days
 Ca deficiency
 Ca(NO3)2 @ 5 g/l

97. Quiling of florets
 Peripheral flowers lose turgidity
 Petals twisted –cup shaped
 Night temp low - < 15 o c
 B deficiency
 Borax @ 3 g/l
 Safe range - 25 to 75 ppm

98. Pink coloration in white petals
 Low night temperature < 15 0 C
Bleaching of petals
• Temp ( > 40 0 C) & low night temperature
(Janakiram et al.,2001)

99. Delayed / no flower bud formation
 Plants produce small leaves & shorter internodes
 Delay in bud initiation / abort
 Bud development completely arrested
 Low night temperature
 Long photoperiod
 Holes in polyhouse
(Van Berke,1997)