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1. GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING
BY PIYUSH
BSC(Hons) nursing student

2. INTRODUCTION
■ One of the most important areas in education which has acquired considerable
importance and received much attention in recent years is guidance and
counseling.
■ Present day nurses have to acquire some specialized knowledge regarding guidance
and counseling in order to guide the patients tactfully in this highly competitive
world.

3. GUIDANCE
■ Guidance is the assistance made available by
qualified and trained person to an individual of
any age, to help him to manage his own life
activities, develop his point of view, make his
own decision and carry on his own burden.

4. PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE
■ ACCORDING TO Crow and Crow(1951), there are 14 principles of guidance.
• Every aspect of an individual’s complex personality patterns constitutes a significant
factor of his total display of attitude and behaviors.
• All human beings are similar in many ways, individual differences must be
recognized.
• The function of guidance is to help person formulate and accept stimulating
worthwhile, and attainable goals of behavior.
• Existing social, economic and political unrest is giving rise to many maladjustive
factors that require the co-operation of experienced guidance workers.
• Guidance is a continuous process.
• Guidance is not limited to few.
• Guidance is education.

5. • Generally accepted areas of guidance include concern with extent to
which an individual’s physical and mental health interferes with his
adjustment to home, school and vocational demands.
• Guidance is fundamentally the responsibility of parents in the home and
teachers in the school.
• Specific guidance problems in any age level should be referred to
persons trained to deal with particular areas of adjustment.
• Programs of individual evaluation and research should be conducted,
and progress and achievement made accessible to guidance workers.
• The guidance program should be flexible in terms of individual and
community needs or else it will lose its value.
• Continuous or periodic appraisals should be made.
• Guidance is preventive rather than curative.

6. AREAS OF GUIDANCE
■ Every individual, at some time or other needs help to become happier, more creative
and better adjusted in family and society. There are several areas, where a student
requires assistance. These areas can be classified into education , vocation,
personal, social, avocation, health, moral, religion and financial.
 Educational Guidance: It helps the students to get maximum benefit out of education
and solve their problems related to education.
 Vocational Guidance: It is the assistance provided for selection of a vocation and
preparation for the same.
 Personal Guidance: It refers to the guidance offered to students enabling them to
adjust well to their environment and become good citizens.
 Social Guidance: It enables the students to make substantial contributions to the
society, assume leadership, confirm to the social norms, work as team members,
develop healthy and positive attitudes, appreciate the problems of society, respect
the opinions and sentiments of fellow human beings, acquire traits of patience,
perseverance and friendship.

7. ■ Avocational Guidance: It is the assistance provided to students
for spending their available leisure time profitably. Activities and
programs outside the formal classrooms provide many
opportunities for the blossoming of inborn talents.
■ Health guidance: It implies the assistance rendered to students
for maintaining sound health.
■ Financial Guidance: The function of this is to help the needy
students in determining the financial assistance they need in the
light of expected expenses and to get it from financial
organizations after completing the formalities.

8. COUNSELING
■ Counseling is an accepting, trusting and safe
relationship in which clients learn to discuss openly
what worries and upsets them, to define precise
behavior goals to acquire essential social skills and
to develop the courage and self- confidence to
implement the desired new behaviors.

9. PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
■ RESPECT: Counselors ability lies in communicating to the client, the
belief that every person possess an inherent strength and capacity,
the right to choose he/her own alternatives and make his/her own
decisions.
■ AUTHENTICITY: Counselor should have genuineness, honesty and
simplicity and avoid superiority feeling.
■ NON- POSSESSIVE WARMTH: Demonstration of concern, interest
and value for others and a deep concern for the well- being of the
other person.
■ NON- JUDGEMENTAL ATTITUDE: Avoid bias making assumptions or
judgements about the client.

10. ■ ACCURATE UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLIENT: It includes
precise evaluation of the perceptual and cognitive behavior of
the individual.
■ RECOGNIZING THE CLIENT’S POTENTIAL: Recognizing the
strengths and abilities of the client.
■ CONFIDENTIALITY: Maintain confidentiality and develop trust.
Avoid revealing client’s identity, personal details and other
information without consent. Assure confidentiality to the
client.

11. WHO SHOULD BE COUNSELED?
■ The following types of students are in urgent need of counseling:
o Students who have a consistent record of under achievement.
o Students whose scholastic achievement has dropped suddenly.
o Students who find it difficult to participate in the class and extracurricular
activities.
o Students who use exhibitionism for gaining recognition or attention in class.
o Students who find it difficult to adjust to the college or clinical areas.
o Students who suddenly decide to drop out of college.
o Students who display unusual ability in any direction- intellectual, artistic,
musical, etc.
o Students who have behavioral problems such as drug addiction, aggressiveness,
bullying, stealing, shyness, timidity, etc.

12. TYPES OF COUNSELING
■ INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING: It is a one- to- one helping
relationship between the counselor and the counseled. It is
focused upon the individual’s need for growth and
adjustment, problem solving and decision making.
This type of counseling requires counselors with
highest level of training and professional skills.
 GROUP COUNSELING: This type of counseling sometimes
successful with clients who have not responded well to
individual counseling. This group interaction helps the
individual to gain insight into his problems by listening to
others discussing their difficulties.

13. PHASES OF COUNSELING
APPOINTMENT AND ESTABLISHING RELATIONSHIP
ASSESSMENT
DIAGNOSIS
SETTING GOALS
INTERVENTION
TERMINATION AND FOLLOW UP

14. ATTRIBUTES AND SKILLS
REQUIRED FOR COUNSELOR
■ PRETRAINING ATTRIBUTES: A person who has awareness of hi/her
needs, feelings, personal strengths and weaknesses, acts as a good
counselor.
■ GOOD PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
■ SENSITIVITY: A person having the ability to understand an individual
acts a good counselor.
■ OPEN- MINDEDNESS
■ OBJECTIVITY
■ TRUSTWORTHINESS
■ APPROACHABILITY

15. GUIDELINES FOR SUCCESSFUL
COUNSELING
■ A very careful scheduling of the counseling sessions should
be done. Make appointments; this saves time.
■ Provide privacy and maintain confidentiality.
■ Know the client before he/she comes for the session.
Gather data from different sources.
■ Know your own personality; this prevents your opinions or
attitudes from affecting the objectivity of your perception of
the client’s problem.
■ Be a good listener.

16. TECHNIQUES/APPROACHES TO
COUNSELING
■ DIRECTIVE OR COUNSELOR CENTERED COUNSELING: The counselor is
active and directs the individual in making decisions and finding
solutions to problems. The counselor does not force the individual, but
directs process of thinking of counselee by informing, explaining,
interpreting and advising.
■ NON- DIRECTIVE or CLIENT- CENTERED COUNSELING: Counselee is
guided to use his/ her own inner resources to solve the problem. In this
approach, the counselee plays a predominant role.
■ ECLECTIC COUNSELING: The strategy arises out of the appropriate
knowledge of individual behavior and a combination of directive and
other approaches.

17. AREAS OF COUNSELING
■ COUNSELING ABOUT RISKS: It involves giving information about a
problem. Providing opportunity to reflect on the impact of the
problem on daily life.
■ COUNSELING TO RELIEVE DISTRESS: Counseling is undertaken for
clients who are reacting to difficult circumstances.
■ INTERPERSONAL COUNSELING: It is focused on change in life events,
sources of persistent distress in the family or place of work and
current difficulties in relationships.
■ MARRIAGE GUIDANCE COUNSELING: It is directed towards helping
couples to talk constructively about problems in their relationship,
understand each other.

18. ■ PROBLEM SOLVING COUNSELLING- In problem solving counselling the client is
helped to do the following:
o List problems that are causing distress.
o Consider courses of action to solve each problem.
o Select one problem and try out the course of action that appears most
practical.
o Review the results.
o Choose another problem for solution, if first action has been succeeded.
o These steps are carried out in context of a caring relationship.
 BEREAVEMENT COUNSELING: It focuses on working through the stages of grief.
It provides an opportunity for emotional release, and advice about the practical
problems of living without the deceased person.

19. ■ CRISIS INTERVENTION: It is a form of counseling designed to
help individuals to adapt to the immediate effects of severe
life events, while acquiring better ways of dealing with future
stressful circumstances.
this approach is used to treat emotional reactions or
disturbed behavior arising in response to crisis situations such
as marriage breakdown, rape, unexpected bereavement and
natural disasters such floods etc.
In crisis intervention, the most important aim is that client
should recognize that he/she has learnt a general method of
dealing with stressful conditions which can be used for solving
future problems.

20. PURPOSES OF GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING
■ Aiding the individual in the identification of his abilities, aptitudes, interests and
attitudes.
■ Assisting the individual to understand, accept and utilize these traits.
■ Helping the individuals to recognize his/her aspirations in the light of his/ her traits.
■ Providing the individual with opportunity for learning areas of occupation and
educational endeavors.
■ Aiding the individual in the development of value senses.
■ Helping the individual in developing his potentials to their optimum, so that he may
become the individual he is capable of becoming.
■ Assisting the individual in obtaining experience, which will assist him in the making
of free and wise choices.
■ Aiding the individual in becoming more and more self- directive.

21. Guidance and counseling in Hospital
■ The problem created due to illness vary not only with each
individual patient but also with different stages of illness and at
different points of the patient’s hospital experience.
■ When dealing with sick people the counselor must keep in mind
that they are particularly susceptible to strains, stress and
conflicts and are often complaining, demanding and fault finding.
■ They may misinterpret what is conveyed to them.

22. PROBLEMS FACED BY SICK PEOPLE
■ FEAR, ANXIETY AND FRUSTATION
■ FEELING OF INSECURITY AND HELPLESSNESS
■ PROBLEMS AT DISCHARGE: During discharge, if the
patient carries incapacitating residue of illness, it is
likely to interfere either temporarily or even permanently
with normal functioning. Encouraging the patient in
planning for his/her to assume a greater degree of self-
direction.

23. GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
■ Guidance and counseling assist nurses in developing proper attitude, commitment,
dedication and other qualities required for a successful nursing practice. The need
for guidance and counseling in nursing education can be summarized as follows:
 To help students adjust with new environment in the nursing institute.
 To help in developing qualities required for a successful nursing practice.
 To help students in getting adjusted with the clinical environment.
 To help students keep in touch with latest trends in nursing and to reap benefits
from the trends.
 To help students in developing positive learning habits, especially in skill learning, so
that they can retain and transfer the learned lessons in a better way,
 To help in the development of appropriate coping strategies in order to deal with
stress in a productive manner.
 To help them develop a positive attitude towards life.
 To help them overcome periods of turmoil and confusion.

24.  To help students in developing their leadership qualities.
 To motivate them for taking membership in professional organizations after
completing their studies.
 To help them take advantage of the technological advancements in patient
care.
 To help them develop readiness for change and face challenges both in
personal, as well as professional life.
 To help them carry out responsibilities as a worthwhile health team member
 To help them in proper selection of careers both in India and abroad.
 Motivate them to pursue higher education according to their abilities and
interest.
 To assist the needy students in availing financial assistance from appropriate
organizations.

25. REVIEW QUESTIONS
■ Define guidance.
■ Write principles of guidance.
■ Define counseling.
■ List types of counseling.
■ List the techniques or approaches to counseling.
■ List purposes of Guidance and Counseling.