"عسى أن تكون علما ينتفع به"

1. Warming Oil Emulsion Bacterin
Prior to Injection

2. Extracted from a presentation “Evaluation of the effect of
heating an oil emulsion Pasteurella multocida bacterin on tissue
reaction and immunity.”
Karen E. Burns, Jaime Ruiz, and John R. Glisson. Poultry Diagnostic and Research
Center, University of Georgia. Presented at AAAP, 2001 Boston.

3. Introduction
 Oil emulsion inactivated vaccines are
critical components of vaccination
programs for long lived birds, i.e.
breeders, layers and turkeys.
 These vaccines provide a long duration
of immunity and improve antibody
response for breeders in order to
provide protective maternal antibodies
to progeny.

4. Cont. …
Common injection sites include:
1. Subcutaneously (S.Q.) in the back of the neck, ventral side of
the tail.
2. Intramuscularly (I.M.) in the breast, thigh or leg muscles.

5. Cont. …
There are some inherent problems in all vaccination techniques
routes;
1. S.Q. neck injection offers the highest risk for accidental
human injection.
2. Deeper injection into the muscles of the neck results in pain,
feed refusal and cull birds.
– Oil emulsion bacterins tend to be the most reactive when injected
into the muscle.
3. Tissue reaction can result in a greater incidence of
condemnations at processing.

6. Lesion in neck muscle of breeder pullet
following improper injection technique of
an oil emulsion vaccine

7. Study Aim
In order to examine a field solution to the problem of I.M.
injection reaction, a simple investigation was completed at the
University of Georgia to determine if heating the vaccine would
reduce the reaction in the breast muscle.

8. Cont. …
 Personal communication from an industry vaccination crew
indicated that they were heating an oil emulsion bacterin in a
water bath prior to I.M. injection into the breast.
 It is known that heating an oil emulsion decreases the
viscosity of the vaccine.
 In theory, by adjusting the vaccine closer to the birds’ body
temperature, the vaccine may be less likely to leave a lesion
at processing, possibly because of more rapid absorption of
the vaccine.
 Comparing the heated vaccine to room temperature vaccine
allowed evaluation of a commonly used field technique and
label recommendation.

9. Materials and Methods
Vaccines:
 The study used a commercially prepared P. multocida bacterin
containing serotypes 1, 3, and 4 from the same serial and lot,
refrigerated until use.
 Vaccines were allocated into 2 groups;

10. Cont. …
1. The heat treatment vaccine was performed by placing the
bottle in a microbiological incubator set to 41 C (105° F) for
five hours before vaccination.
The vaccine was placed in a foam-insulated container for
transport to pens for immediate injection.
2. The room temperature vaccine was placed out of
refrigeration for 12 hours and allowed to warm to room
temperature.

11. Study Design
Group No. of birds 10 weeks 18 weeks 24 weeks
Heated Vaccine 50
• Vaccination
• Right Serology
• Vaccination
• Left Serology
• Challenge &
Serology (25
birds)
• Lesion Score (25
birds)
Room Temp
Vaccine
50
• Vaccination
• Right Serology
• Vaccination
• Left Serology
Controls 50 • Serology Only • Serology Only
Right and Left indicate side of the breast muscle where injection occurred.
Groups were divided at 24 weeks, 1/2 challenge and 1/2 lesion scored.

12. Cont. …
Birds were injected intramuscularly in the superficial pectoral
muscle with 0.5 mL of the bacterin using an 18-gauge 1/4 inch
needle.

13. Challenge
25 birds from each treatment group were challenged at 24
weeks of age with 1.0 mL serotype 1 P. multocida (X-73 challenge
strain, 2.0 X 10 log 2 colony forming unit/mL) by I.M. injection in
the left thigh.

14. Evaluation
Antibody titer
Antibodies to P. multocida were measured using the IDEXX ELISA
for P. multocida.

15. Cont. …
Lesion Scoring
 25 birds from each treatment group were euthanized at 24
weeks of age.
 Both breast muscles were carefully incised to reveal the
superficial and deep pectoral muscles.
 The following scoring system was used to subjectively
evaluate the injection lesions:

16. 0 = no visible lesions

17. 1 = small focal lesion within one muscle
layer, < 1cm in diameter

18. 2 = small multifocal lesions of < 1cm in
diameter, same muscle layer;

19. 3 = large focal or multifocal lesions >
1cm in diameter, including lesions that
extended into deeper muscle layer

20. 4 = abscessation, deep pectoral
myopathy, lesions that were diffuse, >
5cm in diameter

21. Results
Treatment group
Titer
10 weeks
CV%
Titer
18 weeks
CV%
Titer
24 weeks
CV%
Heated 5 181% 1635 66% 3136 56%
Room temp 16 112% 946 73% 2841 82%
Control 38 74% 15 137% 7 121%
Titers for P. multocida tend to be highly variable and will have higher CV%
than typically seen with viral titers.

22. Cont. …
Titers for P. multocida tend to be highly variable and will have
higher CV% than typically seen with viral titers.

23. Lesion Score 6 weeks post vaccination
Score 0 Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4
0%
3%
31%
38%
10%
1% 0%
10%
36%
24%
48%
0% 0% 0% 0%
% of birds
Heated Room Temperatre Control

24. Lesion Score 14 weeks post vaccination
Score 0 Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4
6%
49%
26%
0% 0%0%
21%
45%
2%
0%
47%
1% 0% 0% 0%
% of birds
Heated Room Temperatre Control

25. Mortality
Mortality
0%
11%
71%
% of birds
Heated Room Temperatre Control