Timeline of atomic models
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1. In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed an atomic model of the hydrogen atom in which the electron orbits the nucleus in fixed, quantized energy levels. 2. Bohr's model explained the empirical formulas discovered by Balmer and Rydberg for the emission spectrum of hydrogen. It predicted that only certain orbital radii and electron energies were allowed. 3. Bohr's model resolved issues with the classical model, which predicted electrons would radiate energy and spiral into the nucleus. By quantizing angular momentum, Bohr was able to explain the stability of atoms.
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Timeline of atomic models
- 1. Bohr, 1913 Student-ID : 5810192, Name : Mr. Napatsakon Sarapat
- 4. - + - + +- -+ + - 1897-J.J.Thomson Helium gas [-] Negative Charge [+] Positive Charge Unlike-sign charges attract. e/me = - 1.758821011 C/kg J.J. Thomson's experiment and the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron
- 6. Robert A. Millikan - - - Fg = mg Fe = qE 1910-Millikan oil drop e/me = - 1.758821011 C/kg J.J. Thomson's experiment and the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron Newton's first law : SF = 0 [Forces are Balanced]
- 9. Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. In simpler terms, a mass spectrum measures the masses within a sample.
- 10. The Classical/Solar system Atomic Model is doomed • Let’s consider atoms as a quasi sun/planet model (only one planet so that it is just a two body problem. • The force balance of circular orbits for an electron “going around” a stationary nucleolus where v is the tangential velocity of the electron. Circular motion is accelerated, accelerated charges need to radiate energy off according to Maxwell, loosing kinetic energy
- 11. Figure : A prism spectroscope can be used to observe emission spectra (a). The emission spectra of mercury (b) and barium (c) show characteristic lines.
- 12. Figure : This apparatus is used to produce the absorption spectrum of sodium (a). The emission spectrum of sodium consists of several distinct lines (b), whereas the absorption spectrum of sodium is nearly continuous (c).
- 13. Balmer Series • In 1885, Johann Balmer found an empirical formula for wavelengths of the emission spectrum for hydrogen in nm within the visible range (where k = 3,4,5…) • A good physical theory needs to make sense of this empirical result There is a minimum wavelength corresponding to a maximum frequency and energy of photons 657nm Red 486 Blue 434 Violet 410 397 365nm Series limit
- 14. Rydberg Equation • As more scientists discovered emission lines at infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths, the Balmer series equation was extended to the Rydberg equation, actually on the basis of this equation, people went out looking for more lines : (where RH = 1.096776 x 107 m-1) Hydrogen Series of Spectral Lines Discoverer (year) Wavelength n k Lyman (1916) Ultraviolet 1 >1 Balmer (1885) Visible, Ultraviolet 2 >2 Paschen (1908) Infrared 3 >3 Brackett (1922) Infrared 4 >4 Pfund (1924) Infrared 5 >5 Can be applied to isotopes of hydrogen by modifying R slightly R m R e H 17 2 1009737.1 2 m h cm R ea Mm Mm e e + Aside:
- 15. - + 𝑣 𝑚 𝑒 𝐹𝑐 𝐹𝑒 𝑟 𝐾𝐸 = 1 2 𝑚 𝑒 𝑣2 = 𝑒2 8𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑣 = 𝑒 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑚 𝑒 𝑟
- 16. - - - - + Coulomb’s potential Energy Radial Distance 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑒2 8𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 0 Angular momentum is quantized in units of h/2π
- 17. - - - - + Energy Radial Distance 0 𝑣 = 𝑒 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑚 𝑒 𝑟 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, … 𝑘 = 1 4𝜋𝜀0
- 18. + Energy Radial Distance 0 𝑟1 = 0.529 Å 𝑟2 = 2.116 Å 𝑟3 = 4.761 Å 𝑟4 = 8. 464 Å 𝑟5 = 13. 225 Å 𝑛 = 1 𝑛 = 2 𝑛 = 3 𝑛 = 4 𝐸4 = −0.850 𝑒𝑉 𝐸3 = −1.510 𝑒𝑉 𝐸2 = −3.400 𝑒𝑉 𝐸1 = −13.600 𝑒𝑉 𝑛 = 5 𝐸5 = −0.544 𝑒𝑉 - - - - -
- 19. + Energy Radial Distance 0 𝑛 = 1 𝑛 = 2 𝑛 = 3 𝑛 = 4 𝑛 = 5 - - - - ℎ = 4.135667 × 10−15 𝑒𝑉 ∙ 𝑠
- 20. + Energy Radial Distance 0 𝑛 = 1 𝑛 = 2 𝑛 = 3 𝑛 = 4 𝑛 = 5 - - - - 𝜐 = 𝑘𝑒2 2ℎ𝑎0 1 𝑛 𝑓 2 − 1 𝑛𝑖 2 𝜆 = 𝑐 𝜐 = 2ℎ𝑎0 𝑘𝑒2 𝑛𝑖 2 𝑛 𝑓 2 𝑛 𝑓 2 − 𝑛𝑖 2 = 1 𝑅∞ 𝑛𝑖 2 𝑛 𝑓 2 𝑛 𝑓 2 − 𝑛𝑖 2 𝑅∞ = 𝑘𝑒2 2ℎ𝑎0 = 1.097373 × 107 𝑚−1
- 21. + Radial Distance 0 𝑛 = 1 𝑛 = 2 𝑛 = 3 𝑛 = 4 𝐸3 = −1.510 𝑒𝑉 𝐸2 = −3.400 𝑒𝑉 𝐸1 = −13.600 𝑒𝑉 𝑛 = 5 𝐸5 = −0.544 𝑒𝑉 - 𝐸4 = −0.850 𝑒𝑉 - - - ∆𝐸5−1= 13.056 𝑒𝑉 ∆𝐸4−1= 12.750 𝑒𝑉 ∆𝐸3−1= 12.090 𝑒𝑉 ∆𝐸2−1= 10.200 𝑒𝑉 ∆𝐸5−1= 𝐸5 − 𝐸1 ∆𝐸4−1= 𝐸4 − 𝐸1 ∆𝐸3−1= 𝐸3 − 𝐸1 ∆𝐸2−1= 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 𝜆5−1 = 94.9625 𝑛𝑚 𝜆4−1 = 97.2416 𝑛𝑚 𝜆3−1 = 102.550 𝑛𝑚 𝜆2−1 = 121.5521 𝑛𝑚 PhotonEnergy: ℎ = 4.135667 × 10−15 𝑒𝑉 ∙ 𝑠 Energy
- 22. + Energy Radial Distance 0 𝑛 =2 𝑛 = 3 𝑛 = 4 𝑛 = 5 𝐸3 = −1.510 𝑒𝑉 𝐸2 = −3.400 𝑒𝑉 𝑛 = 6 𝐸5 = −0.544 𝑒𝑉 - 𝐸4 = −0.850 𝑒𝑉 - - - ∆𝐸6−2= 3.022 𝑒𝑉 ∆𝐸5−2= 2.856 𝑒𝑉 ∆𝐸4−2= 2.550 𝑒𝑉 ∆𝐸3−2= 1.89 𝑒𝑉 ∆𝐸6−2= 𝐸6 − 𝐸2 ∆𝐸5−2= 𝐸5 − 𝐸2 ∆𝐸4−2= 𝐸4 − 𝐸2 ∆𝐸3−2= 𝐸3 − 𝐸2 𝜆6−2 = 410.2586 𝑛𝑚 𝜆5−2 = 434.1042 𝑛𝑚 𝜆4−2 = 486.1967 𝑛𝑚 𝜆3−2 = 655.9796 𝑛𝑚 ℎ = 4.135667 × 10−15 𝑒𝑉 ∙ 𝑠 𝐸6 = −0.378 𝑒𝑉 PhotonEnergy:
- 24. Rydberg constant : Error 0.05443 % 𝑅∞ = 1.097373 × 107 𝑚−1 𝑅 𝐻 = 1.096776 × 107 𝑚−1 + - Mm Mm e e e + R m R e e H CM. 𝑟 𝑀 𝑟 𝑚 𝑒 𝑟 𝑀 𝑚 𝑒
- 25. - +Z 𝑣 𝑚 𝑒 𝐹𝑐 𝐹𝑒 𝑟 Atom number with Z > 1
- 26. + Energy Radial Distance - - - - - Radial Distance Angular momentum is quantized in units of h/2π Duality wave and particle
Editor's Notes
- ratio
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