Fat soluble vitamins[1]
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Fat soluble vitamins[1]
- 1. Presented By Muhammad Saeed M.Phil Biochemistry Khyber Medical University Peshawar Pakistan
- 2. The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word vita, means "life". Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many different foods. Vitamins have been defined as organic compounds which are required in minute amounts to maintain normal health of organisms
- 4. From about 1500 BC it was of Vitamins known that various diseases could be treated with specific foods. In 1880 Christian Eijkman dutch physician and professor of physiology produced vitamin- deficiency conditions in animals.
- 5. In the 1930s a scientific discovery demonstrated the biochemical functions of the vitamins and established the body's requirements for them. From then on, they have been commercially produced.
- 7. Those soluble in non polar organic solvents are called fat-soluble vitamins. Bile salts are essential for there absorption. They are generally stored in liver. They are not excreted in urine.
- 10. It is recorded in the history that Hippocrates(about 500 B.C.) cured night blindness. They prescribed to the patients ox liver (in honey),which is now known to contain high quantity of vitamin A. Its various forms, functions as a hormone and as the visual pigment of the vertebrate .
- 11. Vitamin A is widely distributed in animal and plant foods. Animals –pre-formed or active form – Retinol. Plants – pro-formed or in active form - Carotene
- 12. Retinyl esters (in animals food) Beta carotene (in plants foods) Retinol (support reproduction) Retinal (participates in vision) Retinoic acid (regulates growth)
- 14. Found in plant foods. it is cleaved in the intestine to produce two moles of retinal. In humans, this conversion is inefficient, hence beta- carotene possesses about one-sixth vitamin A activity compared to that of retinol.
- 15. Fish Carrot juice Liver Cheese Sweet potatoes
- 16. Men and women – 600 mcg Pregnancy and lactation – 950 mcg Infants – 350mcg Children – 600mcg
- 17. Vision Epithelial cell Reproduction Resistance to infectious disease Bone remodelling growth
- 18. Night blindness Retarded growth Conjunctival xerosis Skin disorders bitot’s spot Effect on reproductive Corneal xerosis organs keratomalacia Effect on bone
- 20. It is also called SUNSHINE VITAMIN. it is available in 2 forms D3 – Cholecalciferol D2 – Ergocalciferol
- 21. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is made from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin of animals and humans. Ergocalciferol - D2 obtained artificially by irradiation of ergo- sterol
- 22. Precursors of vitamin D are found in both yeast and animal tissues In yeast, a sterol precursor (ergosterol) is converted to vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) In the dermal tissue of animals, the precursor is 7- dehydrocholesterol which is converted first to a pre- vitamin D3, then to vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol).
- 27. Men and women-100 IU Pregnancy and lactation – 400IU Infants & Children –200IU
- 28. Calcium Balance Cell Differentiation Immunity Blood Pressure Regulation Development of Bones & Teeth
- 29. RICKETS In Children's OSTEOMALACIA In Adults Increase the risk of Osteoporosis
- 30. Norexia, nausea & vomiting Constipation Hypertension Drowsiness, irritability & hypotonia Polyuria & polydipsia Renal damage Hyperkalaemia clouding of cornea
- 32. The word tocopherol is derived from the word toco meaning child birth and pheros meaning to bear It is yellow oily liquid freely soluble in fat solvent Tocopherol alpha, beta, gamma, lambda have been obtained from the natural sources
- 34. Men - 8 – 10mg women – 5- 8mg Children – 8.3mg Infants – 4- 5mg
- 35. Reproductive function It has got protective effect on reproduction and prevention of sterility. Blood flow and clotting mechanism It dilates the capillaries & enables the blood to flow freely. It functions as co factor in electron transport system
- 36. Protects liver from being damaged by toxic compounds such as carbon tetrachloride Prevents the oxidation of vitamin A and carotene
- 37. Reproductive function Abortion of fetus in females & atrophy of spermatogenic structure in males leading to permanent sterility Heart There is necrosis & fibrosis of heart muscle
- 38. Blood capillaries may lead to degenerative changes in the blood capillaries Oral manifestation loss of pigmentation Atrophic degenerative changes in enamel
- 39. vitamin E is given in the doses of 100 to 400mg
- 41. It is essential for production prothrombin & other factor involve in blood clotting mechanism Hence it is known as anti – hemorrhagic vitamin It is also known as PHYLOQUINONE
- 42. It is available in 3 forms K1 – it is the form occurs in plant origin. K2 –is synthesized by intestinal bacteria K3 - synthetic form
- 43. Bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract naturally make vitamin K Dietary sources of vitamin K include green leafy vegetables
- 44. Men and women – 70 – 140 mcg Children – 35 – 75mcg
- 45. It is essential for the hepatic synthesis of coagulation factor II, V, VII, IX, X CLOTTING – it prevents hemorrhage only in cases when there is defective production of prothrombin Serves as a essential cofactor in carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in vit k dependent proteins
- 46. Vit k can be given orally In case of someone who improperly absorbs fat or at risk of excessive bleeding, can be given im In case of associated liver disorder, vit k is insufficient , blood transfusion may be neccesary All newborns are recommended to give vit k IM to prevent intracranial bleed after delivery
- 48. First time the vitamins deficiency conditions was produced in a) Animals b) blood c) Mammals d) Cell .. are responsible for the absorption of fat soluble vitamins a) Bile acid b) Bile salts c) Gastric juice d) Pepsin
- 49. Various forms of Vitamins A function as a…………………….. a) Enzymes b) Fluids c) Hormones d) Pigments Vitamin A is present in the liver in the form of ………………………. a) Retinol b) Retinal c) Carotene d) Retinoic acid
- 50. The main function of retinal is to help in ………………………………….. a) Reproduction b) Vision c) Growth d) Skin repair The vitamin D2 form of vitamin D is obtained from …………………. a) Sun shine b) Artificially from ergosterol c) Artificially from cholesterol d) Artificially from 7 dehydrocholestrol
- 51. In the dermal tissue of animals the precursor is 7 dehydrocholestrol is converted in to ……. a) Pre vitamin D3 b) Vitamin D3 c) Cholecalciferol d) Vitamin D2 Which fat- soluble vitamin is synthesized by the body when exposed to UV light? a) Vit K b) Vit A c) Vit D d) Vit E
- 52. Vitamin E function as …………………………for electron transport chain. Co factor Co enzyme Catalyzing agent Enzyme Vitamin E prevent the oxidation of ………………….. Vitamin A Carotene Both (a &b) Retinol
- 53. Vitamin E protect the liver from being damage by toxic compounds such as a) Carbon tetrachloride b) CO2 c) other toxins please write name There is necrosis & fibrosis of heart muscle due deficiency of …………. a) Vit E b) Vit K c) Vit D d) Both (a&c
- 54. Vitamin K2 –is synthesized by ……………………………. a) Intestinal bacteria b) Animals c) Synthetic form d) Plants Vit K can be given IM in case of ……………………… a) Associated heart disorder b) Improper fat metabolism c) Low level of vit k d) None
- 55. Vitamin K is available in ……………………..forms. a) 2 forms b) 3 forms c) 4 form d) None Bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract naturally make………….. a) Vit K b) Vit D c) Vit A d) Vit E
- 56. The active form of vitamin present in animals is …………………… Retinal Carotene Retinoic acid Retinol The conversion of beta carotene in humans is about One third One Fourth One sixth (A&c)
- 57. Fat soluble vitamins are not excreted in…………. feces Urine Blood Fluids Vitamin K is essential for the production of ………………….. Prothrombin Thromboxane Bile salts Protein