FA S1 VITAMINS m.pharm anaalysis, food analysis

SUBJECT: FOOD ANALYSIS
TOPIC: VITAMINS
SUBMITTED TO:
DR.HARSHA K. TRIPATI
PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF PHARMACEUTICAL
ANALYSIS
KARNATAKA COLLEGE OF
PHARMACY
BANGALORE
SUBMITTED BY:
S.GOKULRAJ
M PHARM 1ST SEMESTER
DEPT.OF PHARMACEUTICAL
ANALYSIS
KARNATAKA COLLEGE OF
PHARMACY
KARNATAKA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
1

Introduction of vitamin
 Vitamins are organic compound in food that are needed in very
small amounts for growth and for maintaining good health.
 The word vitamin comes from the latin word vita means life.
 Everybody must eat a certain amount of vitamins to stay healthy.
 Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amount in many
different foods.
 It contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. It also contain some nitrogen
and sulphur.
 Each have a unique chemical structure.
 Each a singular unit.
 Vitamins do not provide energy themselves, but a deficiency of any
vitamin can cause serious symptoms.
2

Classification of vitamins
3

Fat soluble vitamins
 Fat soluble vitamin dissolve in fat.
 Fat soluble vitamins have specific functions in the development and
maintenance of tissue structures.
 These are stored in the body for long periods of time and generally
pose a greater risk for toxicity when consumed in excess.
 The sites of storage are inner organs such as the kidney and liver,
the muscles, brain and fat tissue.
 The fat soluble vitamins are vitamin-A,vitmin-D,vitamin-E,vitamin-K.
 Cannot dissolve in water.
4

Vitamin A
 Vitamin A was discovered in 1909 in fish liver oil.
 It is unsaturated nutritional organic compound.
 The term vitamin A refers to a family of fat-soluble retinoids that include
retinol,retinal,retinoic acid,retinal ester,beta carotene.
 It is active form is present only in animal tissue.
Daily requirement:
 Men and woman -600mcg
 Pregnancy and lactation -950mcg
 Infants -350mcg
 Children -600mcg
Food source:
 Carrots, meat, papaya, eggs, cheese, fish, mangoes, sweet potato, peppers,
avocado, melon, apricofs, squash, broccoli.
5

Functions:
 Vision
 Gene transcription
 Immune function
 Embryonic development and reproduction
 Bone metabolism
 Production of blood cells and platelets (hematopoiesis)
 Skin cellular health
 Antioxidant activity
Deficiency cause:
 Night blindness.
 Vision problem
 xeropthalmia
 Nervous lesions
Toxicity:
 Drying and redness of skin,enlargement of liver,loss of weight,loss of hair,joint
pain,irritability.
 Birth defects,central nervous disorders,loss of bone density.
6

Vitamin D
 vitamin D (calciferol) is called the “sunshine vitamin” because it is derived
from the reaction between ultraviolet (UV)rays and a form of cholesterol
found in the skin.
 In natural way, exposure of skin to sunlight synthesizes vitamin D.
 Vitamin D is found in two forms.
1.vitamin D3:
 It is also called as cholecalciferol is the form produced in the skin and it is
found in animal foods.
2.Vitamin D2:
 It is also called as a ergocalciferol.
 It is found in plants and dietary supplements.
Food source
 Chees, butter, fortified milk, fatty fish, fish liver oil,egg yolk etc…
7

Daily requirement:
 Men and women-0. 01mg
 Pregnancy and lactation-0. 01mg
 Infants and children-0. 01mg
Functions
 Calcium balance
 Cell differentiation
 Immunity
 Blood pressure regulation
 Development of bones and teeth
Deficiency
 Rickets in children
 Osteomalacia in adults.
 Extraction of mineral substances from the bones.
 Growth disorders.
Toxicity:
 Hypercalcemia
 Formation of stones in kidney (renal calculi)
 Loss of appetite,nausea,increased thirst,loss of weight,weakness etc…
8

Vitamin E
 Vitamin E was discovered 1922 in wheat germ oil.
 Vitamin E (tocopherol) is a naturally occurring antioxidant.
 Vitamin E is the name given to a group of tocopherols and tocotrienols.
 They are eight tocopherols have been identified
alpha,beta.gama,delta,etc…
 Alpha tocopherol is the most active in the body.
Food source
 Almonds, bell peppers, green olives, Papaya, sunflower seeds, avacada,
red chilli powder.
Daily requirement:
 Men-8-10mg
 Women-5-8mg
 Children-8.3mg
 Infants-4-5mg
9

Function
 Skin protection
 Prevention of cancer
 Regulate hormones
 Cholesterol reducer
 Immune booster
 Powerful antioxidant
 Inhibit platelet aggregation.
Deficiency symptoms:
 Damage to cardiac and skeletal muscles(dystrophy,myopathy)
 Sudden death through damage to the heart muscle (mulberry heart disease)
 Magaloblastic anemia
 Degenarative changes in muscle
Toxicity:
 In the fat soluble vitamins vitamin E is least toxic compare to other fat soluble
vitamins.
 Because vitamin E act as an anticoagulant.
10

Vitamin K
 Vitamin K was discovered in 1929 In alfalfa.
 It is essential for production of the type of protein called prothrombin
and other factors involve in blood clotting mechanism.
 Hence it is known as anti hemorrhagic vitamin.
 Vitamin K includes two natural vitamins and one artificial vitamin.
1.vitamin k1 (phylloquinone) present in plant.
2.vitamin K2(menaquinones) is produced by the intestinal bacteria
and found in animals.
3.vitamin K3 (menadione) is a synthetic form.
Food source:
 Cabbage,cauliflower,tomatoes,spinach,egg
yolk,meat,liver,cheese,etc…
11

Daily requirement
 Men and women-70-140mcg
 Childten-35-75mcg
Function
 Clotting
 Oxidative phosphorylation
 Helps blood clotting
 Stop bleeding from wounds
Toxicity:
 Hemolytic anaemia
 Jaundice
12

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
 It is dissolve in water.
 It is cannot be stored in body.
 It is not produced any toxic effect in body.
 The water soluble vitamin is found In both animal and plant source
example yeast,grains,rice,vegetable,fish,meat.
 These are essential coenzyme required in energy releasing
mechanism.
 They are excreted by urine.
13

Water soluble vitamin
They are two types
1. Non-B complex vitamin
 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
2.B complex vitamin
 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
 Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
 Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
 Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
 Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamine)
14

Vitamin C
 It is also called as ascorbic acid and antibiotic vitamin.
 It is most active reducing agent.
 It is powerful antioxidants
 Synthesized by most animals
Daily requirement
 Men and women-70- 90mg
 Children-40mg
 Infants-25mg
 Pregnancy and lactation-80mg
Food source
 Beans,Potatto, Sweet potatto,Tomato,Watermelon,Strawberries, Chilli
pepper,Lemon,Orange,Onion,Papaya.
15

Function
 Helps in liver detoxification
 Antioxidant protect cells from damage
 Promotes adrenal gland health
 Boosts nitrous oxide function
 Repair of body tissues
 Regulate neurotransmitter production
 Scurvy
 Sore gums,loose teeth,anemia,delayed wound healing,pain in bones
and muscle,osteoporosis.
16

VITAMIN B1(THIAMINE)
 It is also called as anti beri-beri factor and anti neuritic factor.
 Thiamine is a water soluble.
 It has a specific coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP) which is mostly
associated with carbohydrate metabolism.
 It is colourless basic organic compound composed of a sulfated pyramiding ring.
 All living organisms used in thiamine but it is synthesized only in
bacteria,fungi,plants.
 It contains sulfur and nitrogen group.
Daily requirements:
 Men-1.3mg
 Women-1.0mg
 Pregnancy and lactation-2mg
 Children-1.1mg
Food source:
 Fish,meat,liver,kidney,cereals,pulses,nuts,yeast.
17

 Beriberi
 Loss of appitite,weakness constipation,nausea,mental depression,peripheral
nuropathy,irritability etc…
Physiological functions:
 Provide energy to the brain.
 Proper function of the heart muscle.
 Healthy muscle membrane.
 Maintenance of smooth and skeletal muscles.
 Formation of RBC.
 Treatment of beri-beri.
 Maintain healthy nervous system.
 Help in the digestion of food.
 Provide strength in muscles.
 Very useful for the proper function of heart.
 Converting carbohydrate into energy.
18

VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
 It is also called as beauty vitamin.
 It is yellowish green fluorescent compound soluble in water.
 The word riboflavin is derived from 2 source
 Ribose-means many ribose sugar found in several vitamins
 Flavin-yellow
 It is widely involved in oxidation reduction reaction.
Daily requirement:
Men-1.5mg
Women-1.2mg
Pregnancy and lactation-2-2.3mg
Children-1.3mg
19

Food source:
milk,yoghurt,soybeans,mushrooms,spinach,goat milk,almonds.
Function:
 It is essential for normal growth.
 It involves in the metabolism of carbohydrate,fat,proteins.
 It helps to protect the body against cancer.
 Prevents migrains
 Support eye health
 Prevent and treats anemia
 Maintain energy level
 Protect hair and skin
 Antioxidant.
20

Vitamin B3 (NIACIN)
 It is also known as nicotinic acid
 It is essential for metabolism of carbohydrate,proteins,fats.
 It is colourless contain pyridine with carboxylic groups.
Dairy requirement:
 Men-17mg
 Women-13mg
 Pregnency and lactation-12-15mg
 Children-15mg
Food source:
 Avocodos,broccoli,tomatoes,dates,mushrooms,aspartagus,swisschar,pumpkin
seeds,sweet potatoes,carrots,almonds,spinach.
21

Function:
 Very essential for the DNA synthesis
 Essential for production of estrogen progesterone and testosterone.
 It is also helpful in reducing migraine headaches.
 Helps in proper digestion of food.
 It helps to detoxify the body.
 Helps in healthy skin,nerves and digestive system.
 Pellagra (rough skin) involves skin,gastrointestinal tract and central nervous
system.
22

VITAMIN B5 (PANTOTHENIC ACID)
 It is discoverd by roger j.Williams in 1919.
 It is formerly known as chick anti-dermatitis
factor is widely distributed in nature.
 It is metabolic role of coenzyme A is also
widespread.
Daily requirement:
Men-10mg
Women-10mg
Children-5.5mg
Food source:
Chicken liver,avacoda,sunflower
seeds,mushrooms,corn,sun dried
tomatoes,cauliflower.
23

Function:
 Release energy from sugar starch
and fats.
 Essential for the cell metabolism
 Very helpful in cholesterol
metabolism
 Accelerates wound healing
 It is also used anti stress factor
Burning feet syndrome it will be pain
and numbness in the
toes,sleeplessness,fatigue etc…
24

VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE)
 Vitamin B6 is used to collectively represent the three compounds namely
pyridoxine,pyridoxal,pyridoxamine.
 It is a part of vitamin B complex group and its active from pyridoxal 5-
phosphate(PLP) serves as cofactor in many enzyme reaction in amino
acid,glucose,lipid metabolism.
Daily requirement:
Men-2mg
Women-2mg
Children-1.7mg
Infants-0.1-0.4mg
Food source:
Milk,fish,beans,egg,peanuts,sunflower seeds,etc…
25

Function:
 Make antibodies
 Maintain normal nerve function
 Make haemoglobin
 Breakdown proteins
 Keep blood sugar in normal ranges
 Promotes RBC production
 Depression
 Irritability
 Nervesness
 Mental confusion.
26

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
 It is also known as vitamin H or coenzyme R
 Biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes involved in the
synthesis of fatty acid, isolusine, valine, gluconeogenesis,
Daily requirements
 Men and women – 100 to 200 mcg
 Children - 50 to 200mcg
 Infants - 35 mcg
Food source
 Eggs, yeast, cauliflower, bananas, almonds, walnuts, roseberries.
27

Function:
 Convert foot into glucose, which is used to produce energy.
 Produce fatty acids And amino acids.
 European Food safety authority.
 Normal psychological function.
 Maintenance of normal hair
 normal function of the nervous system.
Deficiency:
 Brittle hair and nails
 Mouth ulcers
 Bleeding gums
 Hair loss
 Red burning on skin
 Restless leg syndroms
28

Vitamin B 9 (Folic acid)
 Vit B 9 also known as folic acid, folacin or
folate
 It is a water soluble vitamin
 It is a yellow crystalline substance.
Food source
 Borlotti beans, chickpeas, spinach, black
beans, white beans, red beans, cabbage.
29

 Function – formation RBC, maintain nerve system, maintain hair and
skin, used for pregnancy women, used for DNA synthesis.
30

Vitamin B12 (COBALAMIN)
 Vitamin B12 is complex organometric compound called cobalamine which is
cobalt containing porphyrin.
 It is freely soluble in water.
Food source:
 meat,shellfish,milk,cheese.eggs,clams,oysters,mussels,caviar(fish
eggs),octopus,crab,lobsterr.
31

Function:
 Essential production of RBCS.
 Nervous.
 Metabolism of fat,carbohydrate,protein,folic acid.
 Promotes growth and increase apatite.
Deficiency:
 anemia
32

THANK YOU
33

FA S1 VITAMINS m.pharm anaalysis, food analysis

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