Working Class Changes After WWI

Working Class In 1914 Essay
In Britain, the war caused a minor redistribution of income, mainly due to progressive taxation and
the introduction of flat–rate pay increases for manual workers narrowed some pay differences
(Broadberry 210). After 1921 the wage disproportions widened again, however in families were the
main bread winner was employed poverty percentages had diminished. Most manual working–class
wages were able to keep pace with inflation and in 1919 – 1920 working hours were reduced
substantially, for those who were not employed, unemployment insurance was upgraded substantial
to extend coverage to two–thirds of the male labor force in 1920 (Broadberry 211). Unemployment
was a chief problem after the war due to hefty casualties and wounded soldiers, who ... Show more
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The working class in 1914 was fairly larger than in the early 1920s, therefore the class divisions
became much less apparent after the war due to increased government intervention for the working
class and larger taxation on the upper class or aristocracy. Levels within the working class became
less obvious as a result of the development of skilled workers and the development of a more
consistent pay rate (J., De Groot Gerard 52). Great achievements stimulated through trade union
activity and a growth of political awareness within the working class were also taking place, which
were motivated through trade union activity and a growth of political awareness within the working
class. For the upper and middle classes there was a distinctive shift in power from the landed elite to
the business and industry owners. Little change in the ratio of population to land ownership by the
upper class and the noticeable difference for the post war class structure was motivated by higher
taxation rates for the wealthy (J., De Groot Gerard 54–55). The main change for the middle class
was the large increase in the number of people working in the careers such as civil service and
managers. All mainly due to the increase of welfare standards and the growth of modern
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Women's Movement In Canada
Women's Movement "We must open the doors and we must see to it they remain open, so that others
can pass through it" –Rosemary Brown––politician and activist Rosemary Brown was a politician in
Canada who worked tirelessly for the advancement of equality here. This quote shows her views
and beliefs in her work; that equality was something that people must fight to achieve, then keep the
opportunities and advancements open for those in the future. The fact that this was achieved in
Canada makes the Women's Movement defining in its importance. The progression Canada saw in
the 1900s was important as firstly, the movement would have continuing effects on equality and
culture in Canada. During the 1920s, women emphasized their efforts on social welfare policies,
equal rights legislation, and the advancement of women in politics. The work of feminists during
this time resulted in expanded rights for women in later years, proving again that the movement was
important. Finally, due to the fact that women begun to play a major role in society, Canada saw
prosperity economically and socially, displaying the necessity of the movement. So, due to the
prevalent patriarchal values of the time, the women's movement was necessary for improvement of
Canada's social, economic, and political climate in the 1900s. Firstly, equality and culture in Canada
would be forever altered, thanks to the impact of women's movement. The progression in women's
rights opened up

Impact of Ww1 on Britain
IMPACT OF WW1 ON BRITAIN The effect that World War I had upon civilians was devastating.
WWI was a war that affected civilians on an unprecedented scale. Civilians became a military
target. The economic impact of WWI meant that there were shortages of all produce, most
importantly food. Consequently, rationing of bread, tea, sugar and meat was introduced in 1918.
This was widely welcomed by the British public, as a voluntary rationing system had been
introduced a year before, and people were eager to see their neighbours taking part as they were.
Living standards plummeted, and the post–war economic state of Europe was at mid 19th century
levels. During the war, 8 to 10 million soldiers were killed in battle, and 22 million were ... Show
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* the government introduced British Summer Time to give more daylight for extra work * opening
hours in pubs were cut * beer was watered down * customers in pubs were not allowed to buy a
round of drinks DORA also allowed the internment of hostile forces (basically anyone suspected of
being a spy) without trial as a method of protecting the country from hostile infiltration. Railways In
August 1914, one of the initial acts of the government was to seize control of the railways to allow
for troop movements. However the government did not take full control, they allowed the railway
managers to continue running the railways however dictated routes for their troops, in return for
which the railways managers wages were guaranteed to an extent. Conscription: In 5th August 1914
fresh recruiting attempts begun when the army was allowed a further 500,000 troops. This number
was attained through the use of propaganda such as the infamous Kitchener posters. Actual

How Did The War Affect The Cohesion Of The Liberal Party?
Although the War did damage the cohesion of the Liberal Party, it is important to acknowledge the
Party's existent structural issues, which arguably initiated its decline in the years before the War.
George Dangerfield argues that despite the Liberal landslide victory in the 1906 elections, 'the death
of liberalism was pronounced' when fifty–three Labour representatives had also been elected. This
rise in support for the Labour Party could be linked to issues such as Labour unrest, Suffragette
militancy and the question of Irish Home Rule which plagued the Liberals in the years directly
preceding the War. In addition, there is evidence of ideological clashes within the Party which pre–
dated the War; in the early twentieth century, the Party faced a rift between the 'old' and 'new'
`Liberals who had contrasting views on state intervention. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This in turn highlights the limitations of the contingency argument as it proves that the Party had
long been dealing with internal ideological disputes, and the War merely exacerbated the underlying
tensions. These arguments can therefore be brought together to form the view that by consistently
failing to unite the 'two separate wings' of the Party, the Liberals' decline would have occurred
regardless of the War. The Liberal's split identity made it difficult to firmly place the Party on the
political spectrum, ultimately giving way to the more cohesive and radical Labour

How Successful Were The Suffragettes
Were the Suffragettes Successful?
The Suffragettes were formed by Emmeline Pankhurst in October of 1903 as the Women's Social
and Political Union (WSPU) and were essentially a new organisation based on the National Union
of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), whose members were known as Suffragists. The
Suffragettes are famous, or rather infamous, for their use of violence. Their motto was, after all,
'Deeds not Words'. Historians still argue today as to how successful they were in their own right,
whether it was inevitable for women to get the vote, and, if so, how much of a contribution the
Suffragettes really made. Many argue that it was womens' effort in the First World War that made
the most difference to women obtaining the vote in 1918, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Full electoral equality was not in place until the Representation of the People Act 1928. Both the
Suffragettes and the Suffragists celebrated up and down the country; the Act had been achieved after
tireless years of campaigning and four years of filling jobs left by men who went to war – which, to
most, undeniably helped to convince Parliament to greater effect than the extreme activities of the
Suffragettes pre–WW1. Many agree that the Suffragists' efforts also played a very important role,
including Joyce Marlow, women's history writer, who wrote in Votes for Women (2000);
'Some would argue – including me – that it was the moderates of the NUWSS, led by Millicent
Fawcett, who actually won the vote. In 1912, while the militants embarked on arson and bombing,
the NUWSS made a successful working alliance with the growing Labour Party. It was this group
which successfully lobbied for the 1918 Franchise

Women's Role In Ww1 Essay
From 1914 to 1918, the whole world was ravaged by the Great War, and almost everyone was
involved in some way, from the soldier to the average civilian, as it was "total war." Women played
a huge part in the war as well, helping out on the home front immensely. Women in Britain and the
United States were most involved, with thousands of women joining the workforce to contribute.
The support and efforts of British and American women in World War I led to better conditions for
women afterwards: politically, they supported their country during war which in turn led to the
movement of suffrage rights in many countries and better conditions for women after, and socially,
Politically, women positively played a part in the war to aid their country ... Show more content on
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As the war dragged on, more and more women joined the war. The number of women working full
time rose by 40% from 3.2 million at the start of war, to 4.8 million by the end (Women and the
War.). Most trade unions at the time were only for men, and not many working women were
unionized. This was due to the low wages women received, that were substantially lower than the
wages of men in similar roles (Pyecroft 700). Women began to realize that they were severely
underpaid and this led to women speaking out for higher wages. Many women–only trade unions
were made and they helped women fight together for workplace equality, like higher salaries and
better conditions. All this led to a time in history that the female gender looked back to in fondness.
They had proven themselves to be a valuable and undervalued resource of society, and had done
work that many believed beyond a woman. This changed the pinions of any towards them, and
many colleges that previously denied women, now opened their doors to them. Women also began
to assume more authority and in some jobs, like ticket inspectors, they were in charge of men.
(Women and the War.). However, despite these huge changes, some argue that ...counter

Explain the Lack of Success of the Movements for Women’s...
The lack of success of the movements for women's suffrage in achieving their aims by 1918 cannot
be held accountable to solely one reason due to the abundance of causes for this. Voting, however,
was not the only area where women were subjected to inequitable treatment: in1850 women were
regarded as second class citizens. It was common belief that their brain was smaller than their male
peers and they were therefore provided with very little or no form of education which,
consequentially, meant that jobs for women were unskilled and low paid. Many professions would
not employ a female as it was considered that a woman's place was in the home. Politics was an
additional area where women were uninvolved. Political parties (except ... Show more content on
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From 1850 women were starting to gain educational, civil and, to an extent, political equality. Due
to the Municipal Franchise Act of 1869, single women were entitled to vote in local elections and by
1870 they could be elected onto school boards. This shows that women could take part in politics
but not to the degree men could. Socially, changes in law were directly effecting women in a
positive way, education was available to them with 1870 Education Act ensuring girls received the
same level of basic education as boys. Emily Davies was instrumental in the changes in education
for girls, she was on the London School Board and Schools Inquiry Commission and firmly
believed girls should have the right to a decent level of education. In her 1866 book, The Higher
Education of Women, she states that women should be able to "find out what they could do" and
Chrystabel Pankhurst (a suffragette) argued that "ability is sexless". Other women were highly
prominent in education and work like Florence Nightingale who travelled to study to become a
nurse which was completely against the societal code for affluent young English women and the
Bronte sisters who used androgynous names (Charlotte became Currer Bell, Anne became Acton
Bell and Emily became Ellis Bell) so they would not have their work ignored due to their gender.
Marital law also underwent changes: the

Women's Suffrage In 1918 Essay
Research Question: How did British women in 1918 gain the respect and recognition they deserved,
and how did this lead to female suffrage?
Women gain suffrage in Britain
Congratulations to all the British women who are above the age of 30, women who are over 21 and
own property or are married to owners. Last week, the Representation of the People Act became
law, and nearly 9 million British women and all men aged 21 or above are now allowed to vote
(Walsh, Ben. 78).
For centuries women have been recognized as inferior to men as they weren't "strong" or "skilled"
enough. But, women believed that they should also have a say in parliament and government
decisions by being allowed to vote. Just like men, women have to pay taxes and abide by the law.
The fight for female suffrage in Britain began in 1866 when the first campaigns that supported
women's right to vote began to pop up. A year later, during a debate concerning changes in the
parliament, MP John Stuart Mill proposed that women should have the right to vote, but this was
declined as he lost by 194 votes to 73 ("The women's suffrage movement").
Women work together ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1897, different societies with the same aim came together to form the National Union of Women's
Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), also known as the 'suffragists', which was led by Mrs Millicent
Fawcett ("Early suffragist campaining"). The suffragists believed they could achieve their goal by
using non–violent tactics such as lobbying MPs and organising petitions. Mrs Fawcett thought that
if the NUWSS was seen as polite, responsible and intelligent by the public, they would gain the
respect they wanted and they would gain their right to vote (Walsh, Ben.

Women's Suffrage In Britain Research Paper
Women's Suffrage in Britain from a Gender and Political Perspective
The definition of suffrage is 'the right to vote in political elections, this was something that the
women in Britain did not have up until the first world war. Circumstances and events in the first
world war led to women becoming a pivotal part in the workforce, so much so that limited suffrage
was granted to them in 1918.
Why and how was the women's suffrage movement introduced?
Gender: From the gender perspective, women's suffrage was hindered by a highly patriarchal system
that viewed women as the property of their husbands or fathers. Additionally, due to the lack of
political capital, women remained economically and socially dependent on men and matters
concerning women ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This popular opinion was contended by various feminist writers, most notably Mary Wollstonecraft,
she argued in her book 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) that women were inferior due
to societal hierarchy and not by nature. The societal hierarchy Wollstonecraft refers to is the fact that
women were seen as second class citizens and domestic homemakers that cooked, cleaned and cared
for children whereas the men were the breadwinners and superior to women. However, this
stereotyping of the women changed during war times because the women undertook jobs that were
designated for men as the men were at war. The women supported the soldiers as nurses, ambulance
drivers and worked as farmers, factory labourers, seamstresses and various other occupations. The
women were paid far less than the men for doing the same job, despite this, the war proved to be a
critical moment for women's suffrage as perceptions of women's roles changed greatly due to
participation in the war effort. The war changed women's roles and broke gender stereotypes in
some ways for the better. Women showed society that they were able to do men's jobs and were
intellectually more than capable of taking part in society. However, this changed after the war was
over over because plenty of women sacked from their jobs once the men returned and were expected
to go back into

The First World War and Women's Suffrage in Britain Essay
Outline A. Plan of Investigation B. Summary of Evidence C. Evaluation of Sources D. Analysis
Works Cited A. Plan of Investigation The 19th century was an important phase for feminism in
Britain. The suffrage movement began as a struggle to achieve equal rights for women in 1872.
Women then became active in their quest for political recognition, which they finally obtained in
1928. This investigation assesses the question: To what extent did the First World War lead to the
accomplishment of the women's suffrage movement of Britain in 1928? Two of the sources used in
the essay, The Women's Suffrage: a short history of a great Movement by Millicent Garrett Fawcett,
and The cause: a short history of the women's movement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
However, members believed the bill threatened the suffrage of men, and it was denied. () The
Chartist movement wasn't a complete failure; it had created the incentive of a feminist idea, outside
the British parliament. Many organizations began to be formed, such as the Anti–Corn Law League,
(Fawcett, 32) to encourage women to involve in work. However up to the 1850's, outside of the
organizations, women still had no societal role, the movement was scattered and fragmentary.
(Fawcett, 64) From the late 1850's onwards the women's suffrage movement took on a new era, with
a growing crowd of followers, and two main movements the Radicals and the philanthropists of the
fifties and sixties. () Both which were attributed to statesmen and philosophers: John bright, Richard
Cobden and John Stuart Mill. One of the most important radicals was John Stuart Mill, whose aim
was to create a "complete equality in all legal, political, social, and domestic relations which ought
to exist between men and women." He founded the British Woman Suffrage Association, who was
opposed by the British Prime ministers William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli, as well as by the
monarch Queen Victoria. In 1867 philosopher John Stuart Mill petitioned the

Ww1 Women Essay
The lives of women changed dramatically as a result of WW1. The experiences of women during
this time progressed the regime for change, displaying the willpower and strength women hela,
encouraging the need for equality. Source C outlines the hardships women endured during the war
effort, displaying their powerful influence on WW1. This capability is also corresponds with Source
D, an image of common war propaganda, showing the prestige of women in society at the time of
the war. Life for the women of Britain at the conclusion of war redefined equality, beginning
countless efforts to achieve an equitable society there on. Throughout the First World War, women
across Britain endured countless daily hardships and new experiences as they worked ... Show more
Written in 1989 by Gill Thomas, this secondary extract from historical readings serves the purpose
of expressing the experiences of women in the war and the changes that their role brought about in
the aftermath. From the outbreak of war in Europe, women immediately volunteered to assist in the
war effort, wishing to be freed from their daily lives as domestic slaves. Women of all ages and
social backgrounds began working in unconventional occupations, including munition factory
workers and transport jobs, supplying troops on the fronts, working long hours and enduring
countless affliction. Source C quotes "Women had to deal with a range of different hardships, such
as long working hours, dangerous or difficult jobs, male opposition to what they were doing, food
shortages and rising prices". This highlights the circumstances women overcame and altercated with
during the war period, displaying their importance and willpower towards hard labour. Also outlined
in the source, new occupations arose as war progressed and the skill of women became important in
British community. Another understanding, articulated by Kate Adie, an English journalist, reads
"As the war machine cranked into business, women became an essential part of it: millions making
munitions, learning new skills,

Women After Ww1 Analysis
One interpretation shows that women benefited politically from the war after the end of WW1.
Source A1, highlights how WW1 impacted both women as a whole, as well as the Suffrage
movement, by showing that they were a crucial part in Britain's success in the war. The source
shows an extract from the BBC Website in 2008, states how women benefited from the war, both
politically, and in terms of equality, as shown in February 1918, where they receive the right to vote,
in the "Representation of People Act" (exclusive only women over 30), which led to 8 million
women being eligible to vote by 1918, showing female advancement in politics. The source is also
accurate in saying that role of women was significant during WW1 (60% of all shells were ... Show
This is supported by Source A6 which depicts women to be a lot more wealthier and more
economically able. The source shows an extract from a book called "Voices and Images of the Great
War", which recalls an account from H.V Shawyer, saying how women were able to "spend a night
in the pub", an action, which would have previously been to be unusual. Shawyer further recounts
how women were also paid in a "roll of notes", which shows that women were earning far more than
they used to. This is reinforced by figures showing that some women earned 20 shillings a day (£1 a
day) compared to a corporal, who earned around 2 shillings a day. Furthermore, women were often
seen to be outside, socialising , which wasn't the norm, therefore supporting the source in saying
women gained more social freedom. However, there is some questionability, as to the reliability of
the source, because of the fact that it is a memory from H.V. Shawyer, a man, who could pose a
biased view on women and may exaggerate some details due to jealousy, making it inaccurate and
unreliable. Furthermore, the source is written in 1990, 72 years after the war, which could mean
some of the details may have been inaccurate because the memory may have been distorted over
time, making it unreliable as he may have exaggerated aspects of the account to compensate for
parts he couldn't remember that

Why Did Some Women Get the Vote in 1918?
This essay shall attempt to explain why some women got the vote in 1918 by discussing male and
female spheres, the emergence of the suffrage societies and the similarities and differences between
them. It shall proceed to discuss anti–suffrage, the role of politics, discuss how the war affected the
women's movement and finally the 1918 Representation of the People Act. It shall conclude was a
summary of the points discussed.
To understand the reasons behind some women getting the vote in 1918, one must look back at the
history of the women's movement to fully understand the reason female suffrage was sought and
gained. In Victorian Britain there was a longstanding and persistent belief that men and women
occupied separate spheres. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently the militant campaign escalated in 1912 with attacks on government and commercial
buildings and commonly took the form of window smashing. Other militant tactics involved setting
fire to letters boxes, defacing buildings, burning golf greens with acid and firebombing the newly
built country house of then Prime Minister Lloyd George.
Suffragettes arrested for criminal damage refused to pay fines and were then put in prison. As a
protest against being denied the rights of political prisoners, they went on hunger strike. The
government authorised force–feeding, which met with resistance not only from the prisoners
themselves but also from the movement at large. By 1913 the Liberal government introduced the
Prisoners Temporary Discharge Act, which was also known as the 'Cat and Mouse' Act, which
meant that once the prisoner's health had deteriorated past a certain point, they could be temporarily
released to regain their health and then rearrested again.
The catch was that they were soon rearrested if they did not return to the prison voluntarily so that
the cycle of hunger–strike and force–feeding could be continued. Despite the new technique failing
to change government policy, it contributed to suffragette propaganda. The purpose of suffrage
propaganda was to build up an irresistible pressure of public opinion and at the same time convert
MPS to

Research Paper On Emmeline Pankhurst
Emmeline Pankhurst: Reflection When reading about Emmeline Pankhurst life, it is extremely
interesting to me. Throughout her life she was a devoted wife, mother of 4 and also took on the
traditional role of homemaker. Though she was very busy with her responsibilities at home, she still
successfully fought for her rights as a woman not only for herself but also for all women. She was
an avid supporter of Women's Franchise League. The goal of the league was to empower all women
whether they are married or unmarried. While she spent her free time fighting for the rights of
women, her husband loyally supported her through all of her undertakings until he died in the year
1898. After the death of her husband, Pankhurst took some time off because of the trauma that
followed her into her years of being a widow. Although she was consumed by her grief, she
continued to have a passion for women's rights. One could assume that the support of her late
husband inspired her to continue on with her desire to improve women's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although the women of the Women's Social and Political Union were eventually successful in
receiving attention from the government and getting the laws altered, they did break the law
throughout their journey. Their passion is inspiring but their execution is hard to understand. It is
hard not to wonder if the women would have been successful in their mission had they not used the
militant and unlawful actions that they did. That being said, I do believe that in that time period, the
government responded in an appropriate way. They did all they could to keep the women from
endangering themselves and others. However, they could have been quicker to respond to the
women of the Women's Social and Political Union in attempt to prohibit any more unlawful and
dangerous

Suffragettes Essay
The Suffragette campaign stopped during the war, as it felt unpatriotic to continue. The women were
taking on jobs previously taken up by men. Women from all social classes helped in the war effort
by doing jobs such as working in munition factories, being farm labourers, heaving coal, being
policewomen, driving ambulances and helping to stop the country from falling into disappear and to
function normally. The traditional argument was that women's war work inspired men to grant
women the vote as a reward – a role the Suffragettes played a part in. As Asquith stated in August
1916 "It is true [that women] cannot fight in the sense of going out with rifles and so forth, they
have aided in the most effective way in the war. What is more, when ... Show more content on
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This shows that the work of the Suffragists, the Suffragettes and Women's War Work all contributed
to some extent into changing the attitudes of men, which therefore allowed women to receive the
vote in 1918. This ultimately, confirms changing attitudes to be the most important factor. The
representation of the people act extended the vote to all males over 21 and to males who were 19
and had been on active service during the war. The vote was also extended to women over the age of
30 who were householders, the wives of householders, occupiers of property with an annual rent of
£5 and women who were graduates of university. The vote was not however extended to women
who were under 30, as they were still considered not responsible enough to vote. Historian Paul
Bartley says, "It would be naïve to believe that women received to vote solely for services rendered
in the First World

What Is Bail Reform Act Of 1984
Bail Reform Act of 1984
History
1) Judiciary Act of 1789
<ul>
<li> Defined bailable offenses and established judicial limits on setting bail
<li> All noncapital offenses were bailable
<li> Bail was left to the discretion of the federal judge
</ul>
2) Bail Reform Act of 1966
<ul>
<li> Established a statutory presumption in favor of pretrial release in all noncapital cases
<li> Primarily concerned with defendant's flight
<li> Attempt to set reasonable conditions of pretrial release and eliminate bond requirements
<li> Failed to address crimes committed by those awaiting trial
</ul>
3) D.C Court Reform and Criminal Procedures Act of 1970
<ul>
<li> First federal attempt to define eligibility for pretrial release ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
v. Salerno (1987)
· Perceived dangerousness constitute preventive detention?
· Second Circuit Court of Appeals says no (only flight risk)
· Supreme Court says yes, and practice is constitutional
5) General Accounting Study

<ul>
<li> Most comprehensive study to date
<li> How conducted
</ul>
· Conducted in four judicial districts representing both large and small caseloads
Ø Northern Indiana

Role Of Emmeline Pankhurst Movement
Suffragette movement –
To what extent did Emmeline Pankhurst actions influence the 1918 general election?
The question I have chosen is To what extent did the actions of Emmeline Pankhurst influence the
outcome of the 1918 British General election. Slide
To begin Who was Emmeline Pankhurst? She was an avid supporter of the women's rights
movement. Her husband who was a leading barrister was too a supporter of this movement. After
her husband's death she started the Women's Franchise league in 1898. She then formed the
Women's Social and Political Union, which took part in much more political actions then her
original franchise. Through this political movement a group of women, led by Emmeline, known as
the Suffragettes formed. Slide
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Slide They partook in lighting buildings on fire including some churches belonging to the church of
england as they did not think women should vote, the smashed shop windows, turned violent
towards police officers and tied themselves to the front gates of Buckingham Palace as the royal
family also did not think women should gain the right to vote. Slide
Their actions led to them being taken to prison but they did not care. They would undertake hunger
strikes during their imprisonment which led to uproar in the public eye especially as officers were
force feeding the women. Slide
David Lloyd George who was the leader of the Coalition at the time and was a supporter of the
women's right to vote movement, also had part of his house burnt down by Suffragettes as they
believed he was not doing anything to help their cause. Slide
Their most drastic action was possibly when fellow Suffragette Emily Davison threw herself under
the King's horse on Derby day. She became the first Martyr for the Suffragette movement. Slide
Their political action ended in 1914 at the start of WWI. Their leader instructed them to help the
Government in any way that they needed whilst men were away fighting. A shortage in men left
gaps within the workforce which were soon occupied by women undertaking typically male jobs
including industry work. This lapse in political action by the Suffragettes was one of the main
reasons

Electoral Reform In Canada Essay
Canada is a young country which follows the British constitution since 1982. When Canada was
created, it was a self–governing British colony, and the British north America act, 1867, codified
many constitutional rules for Canada, but the major changes to the Constitution could only be made
by the UK Parliament. Since then, Canada is following its elections under the system called FPTP
(first past the post) and still elect under the same system. Since the 1990's, electoral reform has been
increasingly associated with calls for an end to the federal and provincial governments' use of the
first past the post (FPTP) voting system in favor of one that is proportionally representative of
Canadians political preferences. (Yarhi.E, 2015). Electoral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Since its establishment in 1867, senators have been appointed by the governor general on the advice
of the prime minister. Several politicians and commentators have criticized the institution on the
basis that it is undemocratic. Polls also suggest that most Canadians support some form of Senate
change, be it abolition or reform. According to a poll released in April 2015, 41 per cent of
Canadians believe the Senate should be abolished, while another 45 per cent believe it should be
reformed. (Block.N, 2015). Several changes have been recommended to the system on how the
senate works. One of them being that the senators should be elected and not appointed. Some other
suggestion was that senators should not be appointed by anyone from the prime minister's office but
by officials outside. Not just the senate but even in the house of commons, the current system fails,
as the 338 seats are filled by the majority government and the opposition party, but all the others
small parties are left out and do not have any say in the house of

Italian Mafia In The 1900's
The Italian mafia became prevalent in America during the early 1900's. A major aspect behind the
steady growth of the Italian Mafia in the early 1900's was the temperance Act passed in 1918, which
made the sale of alcohol illegal. The members of the mafia took advantage of alcohol's loved and
addictive nature by selling it on the black market. Selling alcohol is what created the foundation of
the mafia's income and established it financially to expand on its internal and external empire. Its
important to note that the Italian Mafia formed before 1918 in Sicily where the members of the
mafia are known as Mafioso, which roughly translates to brave men. Culturally, being a member of
the mafia could be considered an honor because of the bravery ... Show more content on
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There is more than just one family that is within the relm of the Italian mafia, each family would go
against each other for money, power, etc but all had the authorities as the common enemy. For the
most part, they would keep these battles within the mafisos to spare "innocent blood". Looking into
how a strand is form, you begin on the very outer skirts of mafia there is the avvicinati, these whom
are the lowest rank, they're the new people outside the family who wish to be involved. The next
circle in is those who may or may not be biological, but are trustworthy and maintain a relationship
to the most inner circle members. The roles of this circle are often tasked with doing favors, hiding
them (Mafisos) or something for them, giving them information, and overall protecting them, this
circle is comparable to the entourage the surrounds the president. The avvicinati are the mafia's
connection to the outside world, they filter out who is and is not acceptable to meet with the core of
the mafia. The most inner circle is and was family, and the leader is established also known as the
"boss". These are the brains of the mob, the ones who maintain the relationships with people of
authority, allegedly even as high as president John F. Kennedy. One if the most famous people to
arise from the mafia is singer Frank Sinatra. As told by his daughter Tina, he was the connection
between

The Major Reasons for Women Receiving the Right to Vote
The major reasons for women receiving in 1918 the vote in my opinion were divided into sections,
political view, male view, war effort and changes in law and legislation. Whilst some historians
argue that the women's work during WWI in factories and other work programmes radically
changed male ideas about their role in society other traditional historians suggest that the
government passing the legislation to give women the vote in 1918 was almost a reward for their
efforts I believe that this explanation too simplistic. This is mainly due to the large amount of other
factors that had to happen in order for everything to align and women to get the vote. For example it
can be said that the war 'smoothed the way for democracy' and so there are other factors which
come into significance, such as, the efforts pre–war by suffrage campaign groups ,WSPU &
NUWSS, and growing equality with men. Whilst this essay will attempt to recognise the importance
of the view that the war effort had the largest driving force during WWI by the women was
significant to women receiving the vote it also intends to highlight that things were not so simple
and also highlight other factors involved.
At the time before the war began the feminist movement and Government were caught in a
seemingly never ending cycle bought on by the Cat and Mouse act in which the women of the
movement were to be incarcerated only to be let out again due to a combination of negative press
from treating women to harshly in

How Does Australia Have A Codified Constitution
Draft Essay – Alaw Jones (16006698) – Word Count 1010
A constitution is a set of rules that create a framework in which those who govern must work within.
It's designed to ensure that both the govern and the governed abide by the law. Today, most
democratic countries such as America, Canada and Australia have a written constitution which is a
single codified document that explains the powers of State and its institutions; entrenching the
fundamental rights and values of its country's citizens. It's seen to act as a symbolic force on society
and ensures that the rules are made clear and easily accessible for all. The UK, along with New
Zealand and Israel, has an unwritten (or uncodified) constitution which is made up of various
sources such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Under an unwritten constitution, although it contains constitutional statues such as the Bill of Rights
1689, The Representation of People Act 1918 and the Human Rights Act 1998, they have not been
entrenched as such and are vulnerable in the absence of a codified constitution as Ewing, Bradley
and Knight state; "The ultimate protection of fundamental rights is a matter for Parliament, not the
courts." As it stands, the UK constitution is too easily changed and reformed by governing parties;
as The Commons stated in the Political and Constitutional Reform report "Governing parties can too
easily push measures onto the statute book to change the country's constitutional rules simply to
benefit themselves. An entrenched written constitution would redress this problem, setting down a
minimum set of procedures that govern major constitutional

How Did Women Get To Vote In 1918
To what extent were women's efforts throughout the First World War the main reason behind them
gaining the vote in 1918?
The Representation of the People Act allowed women, over the age of 30, in Great Britain to vote
for the first time in 1918. Previously, women had been viewed as uneducated and irrational, unable
to make a decision on who to vote for themselves. Women had also been expected to stay at home,
looking after children, cooking, and cleaning, for when their husbands returned. However, many
women had grown tired of this and wanted the right to vote as a way of voicing their opinions and
so that they could get even more equality for women across Britain. The contributions made by
women, on the Homefront, during the First World War ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), nicknamed the Suffragists, believed
in peaceful campaigning, such as handing out pamphlets and organising petitions. Their hope was
that this would persuade the government to grant middle class women the vote, and by the
beginning of the war – in 1914 – the Suffragists had over 53,000 supporters. This docile way of
campaigning impressed many men as it did not outstep the boundaries that women were restricted to
throughout and just following the Victorian times, however it showed that women were intelligent
enough to organise a campaign that grew a rather large support. They gained a lot of respect through
this way of campaigning with even the future Prime Minister David Lloyd George announcing his
support for them publicly. However, this way of campaigning could be argued as easily ignored as
although the Suffragists had gained some support from members of Parliament; there was no real
political progress towards women gaining the vote before 1914, despite them having been
campaigning for almost twenty years. Overall, the Suffragists played some part in women gaining
the vote in 1918, as they brought the issue to the attention of the government, however their
campaign was far too submissive for any real progress to be

What Is The Effectiveness Of The Suffragist?
Literature Review
Source 1
This Source is an extract from a book written by J Marlow. Marlow argues that the Suffragists were
far more effective that the Suffragettes.
The Suffragists used negotiating tactics and had a working relationship with the Labour party.
Millicent Fawcett (Leader of the NUWSS) had a close and working relationship with many
members of parliament, notably Lloyd Goerge (member of parliament from 1890 and Prime
Minister from 1916–1922).
The NUWWS Suffragists outnumbered the Suffragettes by a large amount and it was the Suffragists
that successfully lobbied for the Representation of People Act 1918.
Source 2
In this article, Trueman argues that the Suffragettes and the Suffragists complemented each other,
that the women's role in the war effort had no effect on the success of the1918 Representation of
People Act and that this act was an injustice to the fight of the Suffraggettes and Suffragists. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This highlights the fact that the Suffragists had male supporters as well as female.
Source 7
This source is a letter from Millicent Fawcett to David Lloyd George in reply to another letter from
David Lloyd George. In the original letter Lloyd George expresses concerns that the Militant
Suffragette Movement is damaging the cause and is strengthening the Anti–Suffragist's argument.
In Fawcett's reply, she describes how she does not agree nor support the militant actions of the
Suffragettes and blatantly challenges their methods. She emphasizes that the Suffragist movement
has openly spoken out and protested against the militant Suffragettes.
Fawcett speaks about specific violent actions and encourages Lloyd George to not give up on the
Suffragist movement because of these violent acts. She signs the letter with, "Yours Faithfully". This
indicates Fawcett's support of Lloyd George and thus her support against the

The Stigma Of Voting : America Is Facing An All Time Low...
America is facing an all–time low in voter participation. Since 2014 the voting population has
decreased by "thirty–six and four–tenths percent" (DelReal). Many theories explain the stigma of
voting in America. According to the Wolfgang "the leading theory is: many minority voters are
discriminated upon and do not believe their vote will count." Many laws created infringe on the
rights of Americans, however, when citizens do not vote the government seizes control on
controversial issues , which in turn creates solutions that are less than satisfactory to the civilians.
To begin with, the American Government has created many unconstitutional laws such as the
Sedition Act of 1918 ( an act passed in 1918 that if anyone talked negatively about the government
or war efforts it was punishable by long periods of jail time or death penalty after December
13,1920 the act was repealed due to citizens expressing displeasure) , which restricts the first right
to freedom of speech.Freedom of speech, it's becoming questionable on how free speech actually is
in the United States. Watson states , there has been a "seven–teen percent increase in cases of people
speaking out against the government , which can be punishable by jail time" , or as conspiracy
theorist believe death.The restriction of freedom of speech comes from lack of active participation
in American politics .The most recent case that is similar to the Sedition Act of 1918 occurred in
2012 a male citizen named Tarek

Liberal Party Mistakes
On the other hand, the argument of Liberal agency must be taken into account as it explains how the
Party's mistakes led it to its ultimate demise. After all, it was the Liberals who provided the Labour
Representation Committee its first foothold in politics by creating the 'Progressive Alliance' in 1906.
The Alliance benefitted the Labour Party more than it did the Liberals, proving that the Liberal
Party practically 'dug its own grave' by introducing Labour into the political arena. Furthermore,
Liberal mistakes that occurred during the War, such as the infamous 'shell scandal' of 1915,
indicated to many that the Liberals were incompetent to govern the country. The resignation of the
First Sea Lord Jackie Fisher also seemed to emphasise the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Paul Adelman touches upon how 'profound social and economic changes taking place' in Edwardian
society resulted in the emergence of class–consciousness which benefitted Labour at the expense of
the Liberals. Although the idea of class politics was more pronounced after the War, Ross McKibbin
highlighted that there was 'growing feeling in the country that the Liberal Party was no longer the
Party of the working class' which pre–dated the War. Indeed in 1909, the affiliation of the Miner's
Federation of Great Britain to Labour 'formally destroyed the long standing link between the miners
and the Liberal Party'. Trade unions grew at an extraordinary rate between 1888 and 1918 from
750,000 to over 6 million, and the fact that almost half of them were associated with the Labour
Party further proves that the Liberal's ambivalent attitude towards trade unionism lost them a
significant support group. By 1923, the Labour Party began encroaching on the Liberal Party's
electorate in industrial areas such as South Wales, the Midlands and Scotland, leading them to their
eventual in 1924. Hence, the Liberal Party's incapability to acknowledge the importance of actively
incorporating the working class into politics can be viewed as their biggest blunder, or as Geoffery
Searle contends, their 'Achilles' Heel'. It is entirely justifiable then, that the Liberal Party would be
harshly condemned for their own downfall because their inability to act upon social changes was
indisputably a fault of their own. As a result of these faults, Liberal Party led themselves to be
inevitably and fully replaced by 1924 when the Labour Party, led by Ramsay Macdonald, took

Vietnamese Declaration Of Independence Essay
With World War II coming to a close, negotiations between countries began to take place. Many
states that had previously been oppressed during the war received reparations and called for the
unity of their people. Smaller states saw this as an opportunity to gain independence and
nationalization became a driving force for decolonization. To prevent conflict, many colonizing
powers began to gradually relinquish power and allowed the people their sovereignty to govern their
own state. However, there was a struggle to gain independence, particularly in French ruled
Vietnam. Ironically, when compared the Vietnamese Declaration of Independence called for
democratic liberty, the right to live in unity under one Vietnam, and the abolishment of unjust ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, for years the Vietnamese had been denied this basic right. By many in the Western
world, Asian countries were not seen developed enough to manage their own affairs, therefore, they
needed to be guided by Westphalian powers. In 1945, after years of oppression by the French,
particularly imperialistic exploitation of its people, the Vietnamese declared independence. In a
similar manner to the US founding fathers with the Declaration of Independence, they stated their
grievances and why they believed they were entitled to their freedom. However, this issue was more
than independence and decolonization, it was also about Western world powers demonstrating that
they still held leverage against smaller, weaker states. The Vietnamese uprising was the perfect
opportunity for the French to prove that they still held world influence and were capable of
maintaining power after a terrible loss during WWII (Bachman, Feb. 13). The French rejected the
Vietnamese call for independence and the first Indo–China war began. Democratic liberty in
Vietnam was not something that the French would give easily. The French needed to retain their
colonies, or else they would lose tremendous capital. France had used the exploitation of workers in
factories and farms to their economic advantage and if they were to suddenly lose their stronghold
in Southern Asia, they believed that there would be no way of remaining a leading European

The Role Of Women During World War I
The Role of Women In War. The role of women in war has varied significantly throughout British
History. During world War 1 womens role was constricted as many worked in the industry of
textiles , knitting and munitions. This said they played a pivotal role in the war effort as 23.8 million
in britain were all working. Voluntary and paid positions were taken up as unfamiliar roles to
women, Nevertherless this was recquired in order to sustain the living of many families. World War
1 illustrated the capability of women in wokring across a variety of fields. However the effort from
women was arguably taken out of context. Despite the rise in pay , women still earned less then
men. They held the responisibility of working as a generation of men went to fight. This covered
munitions, police patrols and even nursing.Women worked in horendous conditions and accidents
were far too frequent in factories. A TNT plant killed 73 people and also leading to the destruction
of nearby homes. Furthermore the collective effort was extraordinary , the workers of one factory in
Gloucestershire within the four years filled over 17 million shells(BBC world war 1).Opportunities
in civil service increased by 1,751 %. In contrast Nursing was the only prominent and the closest
field in terms of experiencing the war. The Voluntary Aid Detachment worked alongside the military
and was formed in 1909. The growth of VADs was triggered by the participation by a few in the
1912 balkan war. However

Social And Domestic Impact Of The First World War
Compare and contrast the social and domestic impact of the First World War in any two countries.
According to historian Dan Snow, 'No war in history attracts more controversy and myth than World
War One', but even in spite of this, most historians can agree that the effects of the war were
extremely profound. The First World War exhausted many European powers, with both domestic
and social devastation for the various nations involved. Great Britain and Germany were both
particularly affected by the war, both on the home–front as well as the frontline, and the
repercussions of the conflict remain significant even today. There was overwhelming impact on
European politics, economics, society and culture both in Britain and in Germany, and the ... Show
He also saw the famous literary pessimism of the 1920s as misplaced, for there were major positive
long–term consequences of the war. He pointed to new job opportunities and self–consciousness
among workers that quickly built up the Labour Party, to the coming of partial woman suffrage, and
to an acceleration of social reform and state control of the British economy. He found a decline of
deference toward the aristocracy and established authority in general, and a weakening among youth
of traditional restraints on individual moral behavior. Marwick concluded that class differentials
softened, national cohesion increased, and British society became more

What Are Women's Suffrage?
The initial fight for women's suffrages begun as early as the 19th century, while some historians
believe that Mary Smith initiated this political crusade when she presented the first women's
suffrage petition to Parliament in 1832 (Bartley, 2003). By 1900, women were allowed to own and
keep property after marriage through the Married Women's Property Act that was written by Richard
Pankhurst in 1870, although it was heavily altered after it went through Parliament. Despite this, it
was was a major milestone for women's rights. In addition, they were granted the first equal pay
resolution thanks to Secretary of the Women's Trade Union League, Clementine Black, in 1883
(Lambert, n.d.). Successful attempts for women's suffrages continued in the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The rise of their employment rates, however, did not come with equal wages. Although a Committee
was set up by the war cabinet to examine their wages, and produced a report that said "equal pay for
equal work", there was an expectation of women being weaker and having "special health
problems", which would prevent them from producing the same work as men. Despite this, unions
still received guarantee that they would receive the same wages as men, but that was only during the
war. After the war ended and the report was no longer credible, men feared that most employers
would prefer women over them, due to the low wages they received. Alas, this was not the case.
Most men returned to their previous jobs or took over already occupied jobs, while the women that
worked alongside them had to compete with them for a much lower wage. This resulted in a series
of strikes, most notably in London buses and trams in 1918, which spread to the South East and the
London Underground. This marked the first equal pay strike that was ultimately won (Striking–
women.org,

History Of Women's Rights In England And The United States
1.8 The History of Women's Rights in England and the United States The legal position of American
and English women changed dramatically over the last two centuries. We discuss these two
countries together because the evolution of rights is remarkably parallel. The initial situation was
also similar, as the legal system in both countries is grounded in the common law (with exceptions
in a few U.S. states that were initially colonized by Spain or France).The changes to women's rights
over the last 200 years can be grouped into three phases. During the second half of the nineteenth
century, women gained economic rights related to property, child custody, and divorce. During the
early twentieth century, political rights were extended to women.

How Far Did The 1960s Transform The Position Of British...
How far did the 1960s transform the position of British women? The second–wave feminism has
been the driving force behind the Women's Liberation Movement, which is synonymous within the
twenty years in the later part of the twentieth century, beginning in 1960 and ending in 1980. The
movement, in the past, had an impact on various aspects of social life to men and women; and this
impact is still showcased in areas including, but not limited to; women's health, fertility trends, laws
and legislations, personal believes and religious discussions, interpersonal relationships and family
roles, feminist issues, and gender relations. It is challenging to determine how the movement has
transformed the position of British women since there is no measurement scale to quantify for that.
Does counting the number of legislations passed in favour to gender equality help in computing the
movement's success? If so, would it follow the hypothesis that the higher the number of new laws,
the more successful the movement? If the answer to these questions is yes, that would be misleading
since the passing of legislations do not necessarily connote that the new laws would be upheld and
put into practice; making it all the same to the position of British women if the new laws exist or
not, and thus, give the wrong information on how the position of British women has changed.
However, it would be unfair to ignore altogether the new laws and regard them as being non–
functional in changing the

Treasury and Liberals Social Poilicies
"Many senior officials at the Treasury regarded the rising defence estimates and the Liberals' social
policies as dangerous because they required a constantly rising level of expenditure." It soon
became clear, however, that such approach was not appropriate. The outcome of the war became
fully dependent on state action and not merely on the economy. It was of a crucial importance for
the Cabinet to step in, allocate manpower, and organize the industry so as to avoid an inefficient use
of resources (capital and people). Hence, Lloyd George stepped in and decided to initiate
Reconstruction by restructuring the Cabinet and introducing various Committees, Ministries, and
Commissions which were to assume extended powers and responsibilities within the private sphere
of civil activities. It was, however, unclear whether this change in faith would pertain over the post–
war period as well.
Furthermore, the aftermath of the war was not a pleasant sight for any politician taking office at the
time. The situation awaiting Lloyd George, who had already been assuming the role of a Prime
Minister during the war, had been even more damaging partially due to his party's increasingly
severe internal struggles which began with the social reforms of 1906. Even before the climax of the
war, it became apparent that the Liberal Party was most likely unable to restore its significance or
even secure its survival in the post–war government. Liberals led by Lloyd George became
increasingly

St. Paul's Beliefs About Women
In Jesus' day, the Romans occupied Israel. They treated women as inferior, so Jesus lived in a
climate of hostility and prejudice against women. His attitude, treatment and teaching about women
was therefore revolutionary for its time and won him enemies as well as friends.
However, the Christian Church has not always followed its founder's example. The writing of St.
Paul in the New Testament has caused much controversy and debate – for example, where he states
women should not be heard in Church and the husband is head of the household. Some 'interesting'
but nowadays unacceptable remarks have been made about women, by famous churchmen in
history. In 584 AD. the Church Council of Macon, France debated 'Are women human?' The notion
was carried ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1892: Local Government Act – women could now vote in local elections and stand as councillors.
1918: Representation of People Act – women over 3l could vote and stand as M.P.s. 1928: Electoral
Reform Act – women over 21 could vote and stand as M.P.s. 1970: Equal Pay Act – equal pay for
equal work, regardless of sex. 1975: Sex Discrimination Act – it became illegal to discriminate on
grounds of sex or marital status.
In the Church, many denominations welcome women leaders: for example, the Church of England,
the Baptist church, the Independent church, the Methodist church amongst others.
In some of these, most particularly the Church of England, there is still on–going debate as to
whether or not women should occupy the highest positions – that of bishop and beyond. The 18–20
November 2013 session of the general synod backed revised proposals, allowing the issue of
whether to allow women bishops to be considered again at the synod's February 2014 session in
London. Some church members however still hold what they see as traditional opinions of gender
roles, based on their understanding of St. Paul's teaching in the New

Feminist Arguments Against Women's Suffrage
Phases of feminist debate surrounding issues of suffrage and parliamentary participation caused
great political change. 'In the nineteenth century women had no place in national politics ... it was
assumed that women did not need to vote because their husbands would take responsibility in
political matters' . Prior to 1918, women were not allowed to vote in parliamentary elections. In the
UK there were many groups advocating for women's suffrage who believed the in the philosophy of
'deeds not words' Hunger strikes were common with women who were imprisoned for political
reasons, this creating large publicity. The Prisoners' Temporary Discharge for Ill–Health Act, also
known as 'The Cat and Mouse Act' was passed in 1913. This permitted the early ... Show more
Prior to the implementation of statute law it was the men who participated in the running of
Australia and were involved in public debate. In Victoria the Electoral Act 1863 (Vic) used the
phrase "all persons" in relation to voting rights. However this act excluded women indirectly as it
was based on voting roles which is based on property ownership, a right women were still
struggling for. Where UK suffragists used 'deeds not words', Australian suffragists used peaceful and
legal means to achieve political change. One example of this was a petition consisting of 'over
40,000 signatures in support of women's suffrage on two important petitions. Covering much of the
nation, women suffrage campaigners travelled thousands of miles knocking on doors and eventually
getting around 1% of the entire population of Australia to sign.' In 1895 South Australia became the
first state in Australia to grant women the right to vote. In 1902 the Commonwealth Franchise Act
was passed which enabled all women (excluding Indigenous women) the right to vote in and state
for, federal elections. In 1903 there were four women standing in the federal election however it was
not until 1921 in the Legislative Assembly of WA that Edith Cowan became the first woman elected
to any Australian

How far was Britain a democracy by 1918?
How far was Britain a democracy by 1918?
At the beginning of the time period, 1850, Britain was not democratic. There was not a lot of choice
concerning the political parties, there were only two parties: The Liberals and the Conservatives.
Woman did not have any right to vote and were considered second class citizens. In England and
Wales only one million and five men could vote and some men could vote twice. The distribution of
seats did not take into account the migration of Britain. The House of Lords (HOL) were aristocracy
that were their because of their ancestry. MP's were unpaid and had to own property so the poorer
classes could not be MP's and therefore opinions not heard. A democracy is one which has universal
suffrage, equal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This changed in the introduction of secret balloting in 1872 which allowed voters to vote in secret
polling booths rather than public stands which gave the voters the anonymity that allows them to
vote for who they want to which, in turn, made Britain more democratic than before but obviously
bribery and corruption was still in existence. The Corrupt and Illegal Practices Act of 1883
improved this situation more by limiting how much candidates could spend during election time,
banning practices such as buying food or drink for voters and candidates had to account for all
election expenses therefore flagging up if they were bribing. The law also stated how many
carriages could be used to carry voters to the polls! By 1918 Britain was more democratic than it
had been but it was still far from being totally democratic as the franchise favoured a MP that would
make donations to their local teams, hospitals etc.
MP's were unpaid for most of the nineteenth century and had to own land, although the property
qualification ended in the 1850's but only wealthy upper class men could be MP's. The working
class could not afford to give up their job to be a politician and that meant that their views and needs
were poorly represented compared to the ones of the wealthy. This is clearly not democratic and
wasn't changed until 1911 when MP's began to be paid allowing the right to become and MP to
everyone

AP-Suffrage In England
"Describe the steps taken between 1832 and 1918 to extend the suffrage in England. What group
and movements contributed to the extension of the vote?" Several groups, movements and reform
bills passed between 1832 and 1918 extended the suffrage in England. The process took many years
and the voting rights were first given to the wealthier and more distinguished men, then later to the
less wealthy men, and finally to women. The major reform bills that extended the suffrage in
England were the Reform Bill of 1832, 1867, and 1884, and the Qualification of Women Act in
1917. (Mazour, Peoples) The suffrage movement began in 1832 when the Reform Bill of 1832 was
passed by parliment. The Prime Minister since 1830, Earl Grey, authored the Bill and ... Show more
Another problem with the voting system was the lack of a private vote. Employers could influence
the way their employees voted by threatening to punish them if they failed to vote for their preffered
candidate. This problem was fixed in 1872, when William Gladstone's government passed the Ballot
Act which guaranteed a secret system of voting. Although the immediate results of the reform act
were not earth shattering, the country had taken, as Lord Derby said, "a leap in the dark." Strikes,
union advances, and labor organization were powerful forces for change in the final years of the
century. William Gladstone was elected as Prime Minister of England for the second time in 1880
and the most important legislative action that took place during his second ministry was the Reform
Act of 1884. The reform act was rejected the first time it was presented to the House of Lords, but
accepted the second time because it was accompanied by a redistribution act, which had the
following implications. "(i) seventy–nine towns with populations smaller than 15,000 lost their right
to elect an MP; (ii) thirty–six with populations between 15,000 and 50,000 lost one of their MPs and
became single member constituencies; (iii) towns with populations between 50,000 and 165,000
were given two seats; (iv) larger towns and the country constituencies were divided into single
member constituencies" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PR1885.htm). The actual Reform
Act of 1884

Ww1 : A Positive Turning Point For Women
World War 1 lasted from August in 1914 until November 1918. By the end of the War there had
been over a million deaths and the role of women in England had changed in many different ways.
This essay will be evaluating to what extent WW1 was a turning point for women, through
evaluating a variety of contributing sources for their usefulness and reliability. Traditionally, WW1
has been viewed as a positive turning point for women. This is because before WW1 women had
mainly been resigned to the role of a housewife and were considered to be inferior. Women that did
work were mainly working class, and worked in domestic service jobs. However, between 1914 and
1918 an estimated 2 million women replaced men in employment, which led to the passing of the
People 's Registration Act in 1918. Which finally gave women the right to vote, something the
suffragettes and suffragists had been campaigning for before the war, creating the impression that
WW1 was a positive turning point. However, revisionist historians have been challenging this
viewpoint. They argue that although women replaced men in the workplace, following the men 's
return after the end of the war, 60,000 women had no choice but to return to their former jobs.
Which suggests WW1 was not a positive turning point as this was a quarter of the female
workforce. Source A1 is useful in highlighting the traditional viewpoint. In the source it says "with
so many young men volunteering to join the army, and with so many

Women 's Suffrage During The Nineteenth Century Essay
The women's suffrage movements began to emerge during the first half of the nineteenth century. In
the United States, a handful of Western states already granted women's suffrage during the
nineteenth century. However, in the majority of states the enfranchisement of women followed only
after the nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which granted full voting rights
to women in 1920. Similarly, British women gained partial suffrage through the Representation of
the People Act of 1918.
In the same year, all women over 21 years old were granted the right to stand for Parliament through
The Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act. Equal voting rights with men were only achieved
through the Representation of the People Acts of 1928, also known as the Equal Franchise Act,
which granted universal suffrage to women over age 21.
Even in the mid–twentieth century, women had not gained legal rights equal to men along all
dimensions. In particular, women continued to face unequal legal treatment in the labor market long
after they had gained the right to vote. In the United States, restrictions on hours worked, wages,
and work conditions of female employees were introduced in almost all states during the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,
Table 1.3 Democratization of suffrage in Selected Countries
Country Male Universal Suffrage Female Universal Suffrage
Australia 1903 1908
Canada 1915/18 1920
France 1869/71 1946
Great Britain 1877 1928
Italy

The Status Of Women During The Great War
The status of women during the years 1914 and 1925 did not stop to change and wonder if the First
World War achieve any permanent change in the status of women in Britaint is very interesting
question. Both points of view, meaning which agree with the idea that yes it did or on the contrary
that it did not, already exist. Indeed, if the delegate of the American Women 's Trade Union League
Congress, Mrs. Raymond Robins declared in 1917 that it was "the first hour in history for the
women of the world" 1 on the contrary, Beatrice Webb was almost the only to expreme a different
opinion at that time, saying that it had not significantly transform the status of women2. Historians
such as Françoise Thébaud qualified the idea of Mmrs. Raymond Robins as very common during
and just after the Great war. Like Françoise Thébaud, Janet McCalman in her book "The impact of
First World war on female employment in England" tends to say that the Great war did not permit a
real change in women 's status. Even if the question is debated between historians, the general mind
is to desegree with the fatc that First World War conclude any permanent change in the status of
women in Britain. As my opinion tends to be on the general side, I will construct my argumentation
on the idea that the Great war did not achieve any permanent change for British women 's status.
First I will talk about change in women 's employment during the Great war to contextualize and
counter argue the fact that war allow

Working Class Changes After WWI

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Working Class Changes After WWI