oshpd emergency power supply systems

Fire Prevention Unit
Facilities Development Division
Gary Dunger
Chief Fire & Life Safety Officer
Emergency Power
Supply Systems

June 2, 2010 Emergency Power Supply Systems Slide 2
Applicable Codes Regulating Emergency Power
Supply Systems for Health Care Facilities
2007 California Building Code
2007 California Electrical Code
2007 California Mechanical Code
2007 California Fire Code
2002 NFPA 37
2005 NFPA 99
2005 NFPA 110

Generator Location
• CBC Section 1224.4.2 Service spaces.
– Spaces for dietary, laundry, morgue,
ambulance entrance, receiving areas, power
plants, mechanical equipment, incinerator,
garbage can cleaning, automobile parking and
storage areas for garbage, trash and medical
gases shall be located and constructed to
minimize noise, steam, odors, hazards and
unsightliness in patient-care areas and
bedrooms.

Generator Location
• Detached structures
shall be of
noncombustible or
fire-resistive
construction. NFPA
37 4.1.2.1
• Detached structures
shall have ventilation
to prevent the
accumulation of
flammable vapors.
NFPA 37 4.1.2.2.

• Engine rooms in
structures shall have
building elements of at
least 1-hour fire
resistance rating. NFPA
37 4.1.2.3
• Engine rooms shall have
ventilation to prevent
the accumulation of
flammable vapors. NFPA
37 4.1.2.4
Generator Location

• Exterior openings shall
be protected below or
within 10' of building
openings. CBC Sec.
432.2.2
• Minimum 1-hour
occupancy separation
required when in a
building. CBC Sec.
432.2.1
Generator Location

• Engines and enclosures
installed on roofs shall
be located at least 5 ft
from openings. NFPA 37
4.1.4
• Surface beneath engines
on a roof shall be
noncombustible to a
minimum distance of 12
in. NFPA 37 4.1.3.2
Generator Location

• Engines installed
outdoors shall be
located at least 5 ft
from building
openings. NFPA 37
4.1.4.1
• Engines installed
outdoors shall be
located at least 5 ft
structures having
combustible walls.
NFPA 37 4.1.4.1
Generator Location
5 Feet
5 Feet Min.

• Adequate air shall be
provided for cooling and
to replenish engine
combustion air. NFPA
99 Sec. 4.4.1.1.12.2
• Provisions shall be made
to maintain generator
room to maximum
ambient air temperature
required by the EPS
manufacturer. NFPA 99
4.4.1.1.12.2
Generator Location

• Energy converters
shall not be located
in the generator
room. NFPA 99 Sec.
4.4.1.1.8.1
• Generators shall not
be located in a room
or area used for any
other purpose. CBC
Section 432.2.3
Generator Location

Automatic Transfer
Switches in
Separate Area
• This equipment would
include paralleling gear,
generator monitoring
equipment, etc. Equipment
which shall be specifically
excluded from the room
would include the
automatic transfer switch,
normal system distribution
equipment and any other
equipment not essential
for the operation of the
engine/generator. CBC
Section 432.2.3
Generator Location

• Equipment located
to minimize damage
resulting from
vandalism,
tampering, or
sabotage. NFPA 110
7.2.4
• No combustible
materials permitted
in room. Title 19
Sec. 3.19(f)
Generator Protection

• Normal power
service equipment
not permitted in
generator room
where service
equipment is <150
volts or <1000
amperes. NFPA 110
7.2.4

• Spill control &
secondary
containment
required for
aboveground
storage tanks
>1000 gal.
CFC Sec. 3304.4

• Monitoring of
secondary
containment.
CFC Sec.
2704.2.2.5

• Generators readily
accessible for
repair,
maintenance,
cleaning, or
replacement. NFPA
110 7.2.5
• Water jacket heater
provided or room
heated. NFPA 99
Sec. 4.4.1.1.11

• Battery charger
operated by
prime mover
provided. NFPA
110 Sec. 5.6.3.6
• Automatic
battery charger
provided. NFPA
110 Sec. 5.6.4.6

• Level 1 control
panel provided
at generator.
NFPA 110 Sec.
5.6.5.1
• Remote audible
& visible alarm
at continuously
monitored
location. NFPA
99 Sec.
4.4.1.1.17

• Remote fuel
shutoff for
engines > 100
hp. NFPA 37
Sec. 8-2.2

• Remote
engine
shutdown for
engines > 100
hp. NFPA 37
Sec 9.2.2

Generator Fuel Supply

• Minimum fuel supply for acute care
hospital: 24 hours. CEC Sec. 700-12(b)
Exc.1
• Minimum fuel supply for SNF, Psychiatric
Hospitals, ICF: 6 hours. CEC Sec.
700-12(b) Exc. 2
• Minimum fuel supply for ambulatory
surgery clinics: 4 hours. CEC Sec.
700-12(b) Exc. 3

• For Acute Care Facilities Required to Meet
NPC-5, Fuel Supply Shall Be Sufficient For
Not Less Than 72 Hours Full-Demand
Operations.
CEC Sec 700-12(b) Exc.1
• Fuel supply for exclusive use of EPSS or
separate draw down. NFPA 110 Sec.
5.5.1

• Seismic design category C, D, E, or F, as
determined in accordance with ASCE 7,
shall require a Level 1 EPSS Class X
(minimum of 96 hours of fuel supply).
NFPA 110 Sec. 5.1.2
• CBC Section 101.7.1 Differences. In
the event of any differences between
these building standards and the
standard reference documents, the text
of these building standards shall govern.

• Fuel tanks shall be sized to accommodate
the specific EPS class NFPA 110 Sec.
5.5.3
• Liquid fuel shall feed to engines by
pumps only. NFPA 37 Sec. 6.9

Generator Connections

• Approved flexible fuel
lines shall be used
between the prime
mover and the fuel
piping. NFPA 110 Sec.
7.9.3.2
• Approved metallic or
nonmetallic flexible
connectors permitted
to protect the piping.
NFPA 37 Sec. 5.8.2.1

• Flexible electrical conduit connections
provided. NFPA 110 Sec. 7.12.4

Generator Fuel Supply &
Return Piping

• Fuel piping shall be of
compatible metal to
minimize electrolysis
and be properly sized.
NFPA 110 Sec 7.9.3
• Galvanized fuel lines
shall not be used.
NFPA 110 Sec. 7.9.3.1
Generator Fuel Supply & Return Piping

• Piping supports
protected by 2-
hour fire rating or
other approved
means. CFC Sec.
3304.6.8
Generator Fuel Supply & Return
Piping

• EPS piping shall be designed to minimize damage
from earthquakes. NFPA 110 Sec. 7.11.6
Generator Fuel Supply & Return
Piping

• Exhaust piping
shall be
connected to the
prime mover by
means of a
flexible
connector. NFPA
110, 7.10.3
Generator Exhaust

• Low points in exhaust systems
shall have suitable drains.
NFPA 37 Sec. 8.1.5
• Exhaust systems shall terminate
outside a structure. NFPA 37
Sec. 8.2.3.1
Generator Exhaust

• Exhaust
termination a
minimum 25' from
ventilation air inlets
or windows. NFPA
37 7.10.2 & CMC
407.2.1
Generator Exhaust

• Exhaust piping shall
be independently
supported so that
no damaging
weight or stress is
applied to the
engine exhaust
manifold or
turbocharger. NFPA
110 Sec 5-10.3
Generator Exhaust

• Exhaust pipes <1400
degrees F shall have
clearances from
combustible materials as
per NFPA 37 Section
7.3.1. NFPA 37, 8.3
• Exhaust pipes >1400
degrees F shall have
clearances from
combustible materials as
per NFPA 211. NFPA 37,
8.3
Generator Exhaust

Case Study
Generator Test Day

Case Study
Load
Bank

Case Study
Generator
test
underway

Case Study
Muffler
Pipe
Glowing
Red Hot

Case Study
Smoke
Showing At
Exhaust
Stack Roof
Penetration

Case Study
Flame
Showing At
Exhaust
Stack Roof
Penetration

Case Study
Fire
Department
Response
State Vehicle in the Way

Case Study #3
Fire
Department
Second
Alarm
Response
State Vehicle Gone

Case Study #3
Fire
Department
Working
The Fire

Case Study #3
Generator Test Day Rescheduled
The Culprit

Generator Fuel Storage Tanks

• Fuel tanks shall be close enough to the prime
mover for the fuel lift (suction head) of the prime
mover fuel pump to meet the fuel system
requirements, or provide a fuel transfer pump and
day tank. NFPA 110 Sec. 7.9.2
Generator Day Tanks

• Not permitted
near exit. CFC
Sec. 7902.5.5
Generator Day Tanks

• Vents to exterior must
terminate not less than
12 ft above adjacent
ground level. CFC
Section 3404.2.7.3.3
• Supports and
connections structurally
designed per CBC and
NFPA 30. CFC Sec.
3404.2.7.7
Generator Day Tanks

• Spill control and secondary containment when
aggregate fuel capacity > 1000 gallons. CFC
Sec. 3405.3.7.6.3
above lowest story or basement. NFPA 37 Sec.
6.3.2.4
storage tanks are located on roof. NFPA 37
Sec. 6.3.4.2
Generator Day Tanks

Generator Day Tanks
Fuel Storage Maximum Allowable
Quantities in Buildings – 240 Gallons

• Monitoring of
secondary
containment required.
CFC Sec. 2704.2.2.5
• Sprinkler protection
required when
quantity exceeds 120
gallons. CFC Sec.
3404.3.7.5.1
Generator Day Tanks

• Flammable liquid
storage room
required when
>480 gal. CFC Sec.
3404.3.4.3
• Liquid storage room
<1000 sq ft must
have at least 25%
of perimeter on an
exterior wall. CBC
Sec. 415.3
Generator Day Tanks

• Drainage control or
diking required for
unprotected
aboveground tanks
located outside. CFC
Sec. 3404.2.10
• Drainage control or
diking not required for
listed secondary
containment tanks.
CFC Sec. 3304.2.10, #2
Above Ground Tanks

• Signage in accordance with NFPA 704 and
CFC Sec. 3403.5. CFC Sec. 3403.5
Generator Placards

NFPA 704
HEALTH
4 = Too dangerous to enter
3 = Extreme danger—Full protective clothing
2 = Hazardous—Breathing apparatus
1 = Slight hazard
0 = No hazard FIRE
4 = Extremely flammable
3 = Ignites at normal temperatures
2 = Ignites when moderately heated
1 = Must be preheated to burn
0 = Will not burn

NFPA 704
REACTIVITY
4 = May detonate—Evacuate area if fire present
3 = Shock, heat may detonate—Take cover
2 = Violent chemical change possible
1 = Unstable if heated
0 = Normally stable SPECIFIC HAZARD
OX = Oxidizer
ACID = Acid
ALK = Alkali (Base)
COR = Corrosive
W = Use NO Water

NFPA 704

• Battery powered emergency lighting required
(hospitals). NFPA 110 Sec. 7.3.1
• Battery charger for task illumination connected to
life safety branch (hospitals). CEC Sec. 517-32(E)
Emergency Power

• Receptacles at Gen
Set connected to life
safety branch
(hospitals). CEC Sec.
517-32(E)
• Receptacles at Gen
Set connected to life
safety branch (SNF's).
CEC Sec. 517-42(F)
Emergency Power

• All Automatic Transfer
Switches in Hospitals must
have provisions for
electrically by-passing and
isolating the transfer
switch. The switch must
be capable of by-passing
loads to the emergency
source or normal source
when voltage is available.
CEC Section 517.30(B)(7)
Emergency Power

• This provision
applies to ALL
automatic transfer
switches,
including Fire
Pump Controllers.
Emergency Power

• Cover plates for
receptacles and light
switches (or
receptacles and
switches themselves)
supplied from the
emergency system
must have a
distinctive color or
marking. CEC Section
517.30(E)
Emergency Power

• Essential electrical systems for hospitals shall be
comprised of two separate systems capable of
supplying a limited amount of lighting and power
service, which is considered essential for life safety
and effective hospital operation during the time the
normal electrical service is interrupted for any
reason. These two systems shall be the emergency
system and the equipment system.
• The emergency system shall be limited to circuits
essential to life safety and critical patient care. These
are designated the life safety branch and the critical
branch.
Emergency Power

• No function other than those listed below shall be
connected to the life safety branch. CEC Sec.
517.32
– Illumination of Means of Egress.
– Exit Signs.
– Alarm and Alerting Systems.
– Communications Systems, where used for issuing
instructions during emergency conditions.
– Battery-powered lighting units and receptacles at the
generator set location.
– Elevator cab lighting, control, communications, and
signal systems.
– Automatically operated doors used for building egress.
Life Safety Branch

• The critical branch of the emergency system
shall supply power for task illumination, fixed
equipment, selected receptacles, and special
power circuits serving the following areas and
functions related to patient care:
– task illumination, selected receptacles, and fixed
equipment in anesthetizing locations
– isolated power systems in special environments
Critical Branch

– task illumination and selected receptacles in the
following:
a. Infant nurseries
b. Medication preparation areas
c. Pharmacy dispensing areas
d. Selected acute nursing areas
e. Psychiatric bed areas (omit receptacles)
f. Ward treatment rooms
g. Nurses’ stations (unless adequately lighted by corridor)
– nurse call systems
– blood, bone, and tissue banks
– telephone equipment rooms and closets
Critical Branch

– task illumination, selected receptacles, and
selected power circuits for the
following:
a. General care beds (at least one duplex receptacle per
patient bedroom)
b. Angiographic labs
c. Cardiac catheterization labs
d. Coronary care units
e. Hemodialysis rooms or areas
f. Emergency room treatment areas
g. Human physiology labs
h. Intensive care units
i. Postoperative recovery rooms
Critical Branch

– additional task illumination, receptacles, and
selected power circuits needed for effective
hospital operation.
Critical Branch

• The following equipment shall be arranged for delayed
automatic connection to the alternate power source:
– Central suction systems serving medical and surgical functions,
including controls.
– Sump pumps and other equipment required to operate for the
safety of major apparatus, including associated control systems
and alarms.
– Compressed air systems serving medical and surgical functions,
including controls.
– Smoke control and stair pressurization systems.
– Kitchen hood supply or exhaust systems.
– Supply, return, and exhaust ventilating systems for airborne
infectious/isolation rooms, protective environment rooms,
exhaust fans for laboratory fume hoods, nuclear medicine areas
where radioactive material is used, ethylene oxide evacuation
and anesthesia evacuation.
Equipment System (Delayed
Automatic Connection)

• The following equipment shall be arranged for
either delayed automatic or manual connection
to the alternate power source:
– Heating equipment to provide heating for
operating, delivery, labor, recovery, intensive care,
coronary care, nurseries, infection/isolation rooms,
emergency treatment spaces, and general patient
rooms and pressure maintenance (jockey) pumps
for sprinkler systems.
– An elevator selected to provide service to patient,
surgical, obstetrical, and ground floors during
interruption of normal power.
Automatic or Manual Connection)

– Hyperbaric facilities.
– Hypobaric facilities.
– Automatically operated doors.
– Minimal electrically heated autoclaving equipment
shall be permitted to be arranged for either
automatic or manual connection to the alternate
source.
– Controls for equipment listed in 517.34.
– Other selected equipment shall be permitted to be
served by the equipment system.
Automatic or Manual Connection)

• Two exits required
if H Occupancy with
occupant load > 3.
CBC Sec. 1015.1
• Common path of
travel for H-3
Occupancy > 25 ft.
CBC Sec. 1014.3
Exiting

• Swing in direction of egress if H-3
Occupancy. CBC Sec. 1008.1.2
Exiting

• Panic hardware required if H-3 Occupancy.
CBC Sec. 1008.1.9
Exiting

Testing, Inspection and
Observation

Part 1, Title 24, Section 7-141.
Administration of Construction.
• (b) All architects and engineers to whom responsibility
has been delegated for preparation of plans and
specifications as listed on the application shall observe
the work of construction for their portion of the
project. They shall consult with the person in general
responsible charge in the interpretation of the approved
plans and specifications, the preparation of addenda,
change orders and deferred approvals, and the selection
of inspectors and testing laboratories. By manual
signatures they shall indicate their responsibility for and
approval of change orders and deferred approvals which
affect their portion of the project.

(g) The inspection, testing and observation program
shall identify each professional that must, through
personal knowledge as defined in Section 7-151,
verify that the work is in compliance with the
approved plans and specifications. The program shall
give specific intervals or project milestones at which
such observation is to occur for each affected
participant or discipline. Each required observation
shall be documented by a compliance verification
report prepared by each participant or discipline and
submitted to the office.
Administration of Construction.

Verified Compliance Reports.
(b) The term "personal knowledge,” as used in this section
and as applied to the licensed engineer means personal
knowledge that is obtained by periodic visits to the
project site, of reasonable frequency, for the purpose of
general observation of the work. It also includes
knowledge that is obtained from the reporting of others
as to the progress of the work, testing of materials, and
inspection and supervision of the work that is
performed between the periodic visits of the architect or
the engineer. Reasonable diligence shall be exercised in
obtaining the facts.

Continuous Inspection of the Work.
(a) The general duties of the inspector shall
be as follows:
1. The inspector shall have personal knowledge,
obtained by continuous inspection of all parts of
the work of construction in all stages of its
progress to ensure that the work is in accordance
with the approved plans and specifications.
2. Continuous inspection means complete inspection
of every part of the work….

CAN 3-700-4(a)
On-Site
Generator
Testing

• 2-hour test with full
load. NFPA 110
Sec. 7.13.6
• Cold start & 2-hour
test with building
load. NFPA 110 Sec.
7.13.4.1
• Cycle crank test.
NFPA 110 Sec. 7.13.10
Testing

• On-site installation test shall be
conducted in the following manner:
1. With the prime mover in a “cold start”
condition and the emergency load at
standard operating level, a primary power
failure shall be initiated by opening all
switches or breakers supplying the primary
power to the building or facility. The test load
shall be that load that is served by the EPSS.
2. The time delay on start shall be observed and
recorded.
Testing – NFPA 110

3. The cranking time until the prime mover
starts and runs shall be observed and
recorded.
4. The time required to reach operating
speed shall be observed and recorded.
5. The voltage and frequency overshoot shall
be recorded.
6. The time required to achieve a steady-
state condition with all switches
transferred to the emergency position
shall be observed and recorded.
7. The voltage, frequency, and amperes shall
be recorded.

8. The prime mover oil pressure and water
temperature shall be recorded, where applicable,
and the battery charge rate shall be recorded at 5-
minute intervals for the first 15 minutes, and at
15-minute intervals thereafter.
9. The load test with building load, or other loads
that simulate the intended load as specified in 3-
4.1, shall be continued for the minimum time
required by Table 4.2.3 for the class, or 2 hours
maximum, observing and recording load changes
and the resultant effect on voltage and frequency.
Testing- NFPA 110

10. Primary power shall be returned to the building
or facility, and the time delay on retransfer to
primary for each switch (minimum setting: 5
minutes), and the time delay on the prime
mover cool-down period and shutdown shall be
recorded.

Just a FEW more requirements….
CAN 2-413A.1

• Internal combustion engines serving
generator sets shall be equipped with the
following:
1. A sensor device plus visual warning device to
indicate a water-jacket temperature below those
required in 3-4.1.1.9
2. Sensor devices plus visual pre-alarm warning device
to indicate the following:
a. High engine temperature (above manufacturer’s
recommended safe operating temperature range)
b. Low lubricating oil pressure (below manufacturer’s
recommended safe operating range)
c. Low water coolant level
Safety Devices – NFPA 99

3. An automatic engine shutdown device plus visual
device to indicate that a shutdown took place due
to the following:
a. Overcrank (failed to start)
b. Overspeed
c. Low lubricating oil pressure
d. Excessive engine temperature
4. A common audible alarm device to warn that any
one or more of the prealarm or alarm conditions
exist.

• Other Types of Prime Movers.
– Prime movers, other than internal
combustion engines, serving generator
sets shall have appropriate safety devices
plus visual and audible alarms to warn of
alarm or approaching alarm conditions.

• Liquid Fuel Supplies.
– Liquid fuel supplies for emergency or
auxiliary power sources shall be equipped
with a sensor device to warn that the main
fuel tank contains less than a 3-hour
operating supply.

CAN 2-413A.1

Code Application Notices and
Policy Intent Notices
http://www.oshpd.ca.gov/FDD/Regulations/
pinscans.html

Thank you!
Gary Dunger
Chief Fire & Life Safety Officer
OSHPD Fire Prevention Unit
700 N. Alameda Street, Suite 2-500
Los Angeles, CA 90012
GDunger@oshpd.ca.gov
(213) 897-3111

oshpd emergency power supply systems

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