Chemistry is the science dealing with materials, their composition, and the changes, which they undergo. Chemistry fits into our lives. It offers new chemical frontiers and tells us what benefits may flow from them.

1. By Prof. Liwayway Memije-Cruz

4. Life substances are substances, which
contain the life or food, which vivifies
and sustains. But those who fail to
receive these life-giving substances will,
sooner or later, realize their necessity
CarlosKozel

11. mnemonics

12. Hydrogen
(H) - a
component of
organic
moleculesand
influencesthe
pH of thebody
fluids.

13. Carbon
 Carbon (C) - the
primary elemental
component of all
organic compounds,
including
carbohydrates,
proteins, lipidsand
acids.

14. Nitrogen Oxygen

(N) - a
component of
proteinsand
nucleic acids
(genetic
materials).
 (O) - amajor
component of both
organic and inorganic
moleculesasagas,
essential to the
oxidation of glucose
and other food fuels
during which cellular
energy (ATP) is
produced.

15. Sodium Magnesium
 (Na) asan ion isthe
major extracellular
cation. It is
important for water
balance, conduction
of nerveimpulse
and muscle
contraction.
 (Mg) - present in
bonesand
important cofactor
for enzyme
activity in a
number of
metabolic
reactions.

16. Phosphorus Sulfur
 (P) - present assalt in
combination with
calcium in bonesand
teeth. Present in nucleic
acidsand many
proteins. Formspart of
thehigh-energy
compound adenosine
triphosphate(ATP)
(S) isa
component of
contractile
proteinsof
muscles.

17. Chlorine Potassium
(Cl) isamajor
extracellular
anion. if in
ionic form.
 (K) if in itsionic
form themajor
intracellular cation
isnecessary for
theconduction of
nerveimpulses
and for muscle
contraction.

18. Calcium
Iron
 (Ca) isamineral found in bones,
teeth and other body tissues.
 It isindispensableand critical for
normal cell function, blood
clotting, dental and skeletal
health, musclecontraction, nerve
signal transmission and proper
heart function.
 . Thedietary sourcesof calcium
aremilk, and milk products, like
cheese, yogurt, dark green leafy
vegetables, broccoli, breakfast
wheat and bran cereals, beans,
nuts, grains, canned salmon and
sardines.
 Iron (Fe) - itsmain
rolein thebody is
in thered blood
cellswhereit
combineswith a
protein to form a
substancecalled
hemoglobin.

20. Carbohydrates meanshydrated carbons; examples are glucose(C6 H12O6) and ribose(C5H10O5).
They providean easy and ready to usesourceof food.
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides arecommonly referred to assimple sugars.
Examples are:
 Glucose– blood sugar which istheuniversal cellular fuel
 Fructose - converted to glucosefor used by body cells.
 Galactose
 Ribose- form part of thestructureof nucleic acids.
 Deoxyribose
Disaccharides arereferred to asdo uble sugars. Someof theimportant disaccharidesin thediet
include:
 Sucrose(glucose-fructose), which iscanesugar.
 Lactose(glucose-galactose) found in milk.
 Maltose(glucose-glucose) malt sugar.
Polysaccharide, which literally meansmuch sugar, isapolymer of linked monosaccharides.
Examplesarestarch and glycogen. Starch isthestoragepolysaccharideformed by plantsasstarchy
foodslikegrainsand root vegetables(potatoesand carrots). Glycogen isfound in animal tissues
likein themusclesand theliver.

21.  Proteinsarecomplex nitrogenoussubstancesthat are
accounted for over 50% of theorganic matter in the
body. Amino Acids aresmall moleculesthat arethe
building blocksof proteins. 20 common typesof
amino acidsarefound in thebody. Theamino acids
released through protein digestion areabsorbed and
used to build thebody’sproteins. Of thecommon
amino acids, eight areessential amino acids. Our body
cannot build thesemolecules; they should beobtained
from thediet.

22. Lipids areorganic compoundscomposed of
carbo n, hydro gen and o xygen. They area
largeand diversegroup of organic compounds
composed of fatty acidsand glycerol. They
may besolid or liquid. Most of them are
insolublein water but readily dissolvein other
lipids, and in organic solventslikealcohol,
ether and acetone.

23.  Make up thegenes, which providethe
basic development of life. They are
composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen and phosphorusatoms. Thus
making them thelargest biological
moleculesin thebody. Thetwo major
kindsof nucleic acidsare
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA).

26. Deoxyribonucleic
acid
 (DNA) isthegenetic
material found within the
cell nucleus, which
replicatesitself exactly
beforecell division to
ensurethat thegenetic
information in every
body cell isidentical and
providestheinstructions
for building every
protein in thebody.

28. Ribonucleic acid
RNA (ribonucleic acid) carries
on themessageissued by DNA
concerning protein synthesis.
Nucleotidesarethebuilding
blocksof nucleic acids, which are
composed of threebasic parts:
 A nitrogen- containing base.
 A pentosesugar.
 A phosphategroup
Thebasescomein fiveforms:
Adenine(A),Guanine(G),
Cytosine(C), Thymine(T),
Uracil (U).

31. Some elements are required by the body in very
minute amounts and most of them are parts of
enzymes required for enzyme activation. These
are:
 Chromium Cr Selenium Se
 Cobalt Co Silicon Si
 Copper Cu Tin Sn
 Fluorine F Vanadium V
 Manganese Mn Zinc Zn
 Molybdenum Mo

38.  Chemistry fitsinto our lives. It offersnew chemical frontiers
and tellsuswhat benefitsmay flow from them.
 Chemistry contributesto our existence, our culture, and our
quality of life.
 Chemistry isconcerned with thechangesweseearound us
liketherusting of iron, growing of grass, burning of wood
and many more.
 All living processesarechemical reactions. Everything we
use, wear, livein, ridein, and play with isproduced through
controlled chemical reactions.
 Chemistry answerstheneedsof our society through adeep
understanding of thefactorsthat govern and furnish control
of chemical reactions.

39.  Chemistry answers the needs of our society through a deep
understanding of thefactorsthat govern and furnish control of
chemical reactions.
 It plays a critical role in man’s attempt to feed the world
population, to top new sources of energy, to clothe and house
humankind, to provide renewable substitutes for dwindling or
scarce materials, to improve health and conquer disease, and
to monitor and protect our environment. Because of this
responsiveness to human needs, chemistry has become a
crucial factor in thenation’seconomic well being. Asidefrom
that, our culture believes that learning about our place in the
universe is not enough reason for encouraging scientific
inquiry. Nothing concerns humans more than questions about
the nature of life and how to preserve it. Since all life
processes are brought about by chemical changes,
understanding chemical reactivity is a vital foundation for our
ultimate understanding of life. Thus chemistry, along with
biology, contributes to human knowledge in areas of
universal philosophical significance.