Urea Cycle Lab Report

Urea Cycle Lab Report
Abstract: Ammonia is toxic to the human body and the complex process of removing it from the body is called the urea cycle. This experiment focuses
on the intermediates and enzymes within the urea cycle This was done through spectrophotometry and assay techniques which helps show to us the
varying intermediates and key steps involved in the urea cycle and allowed us to determine the activities of the proteins and enzymes and identify the
proteins that do cause the production of urea in the cycle. Introduction: Ammonia and Amonium (NH3– and NH4+) are produced within the body and
are highly toxic, especially to the brain and very reactive and so our bodies need a way of quickly processing this into a form for excretion, it does this
by converting... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cleavage of Arginine: Arginine is hydrolysed to form urea and ornithine, under the enzyme arginase. Through this step Ornithine is regenerated
and the urea cycle is completed with the formation of Urea. The overall reaction of the urea cycle is as follows: 2NH3 + CO2 + Aspartate + 3ATP
в†’ Urea + Fumarate + 2ADP + AMP + PPi + 2Pi The main methods used were that of spectrophotometry, using light and standard curves. A urea
enzyme assay was performed via separating the proteins so as to observe which of these proteins were specifically causing an effect on the absorbance
and produce urea. Another technique used in the experiment was the generation of a protein standard so as to determine the concentration of protein in
the liver extract mixture The objective of this experiment is that the urea cycle substrates are amino acids integrated in cycle and that specific proteins
and enzymes must be present to continue on and produce urea. This lab was based on the assumption that all enzymes were present and functional and
so ultimately we were looking at the intermediates in the cycle and how well the enzymes moved them through the cycle and produced urea. Materials
and
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Factors That Affect The Prognosis Of Cirrhosis
chance to be predictive of HRS, nonattendance of hepatomegaly, helter skelter plasma renin activity, Furthermore low serum sodium (Gines et al. ,
1993. Montoliu et al. , found that more seasoned age, secondary benchmark serum creatinine, What 's more a secondary CP score were free predictors
for HRS with respect to multivariate dissection (Montoliu et al. , 2010). Those resistive list (RI) of the intra–renal veins for doppler ultrasonography
might have been likewise found on be An huge predictor of the improvemen from claiming renal dysfunction, including HRS. (Low et al., 2014).
Prognosis of HRS: HRS is considered one of the most threatening complications of cirrhosis. Prognosis is invariably poor ranging from months in
type 2 HRS to weeks to months in type 1 HRS (Alessandria et al., 2005). Multiple studies have been performed to detect the factors that affect
prognosis of HRS. Those studies revealed that MELD score (Alessandria et al., 2005), the etiology of the liver disease, the serum creatinine at the
time of initiation of treatment, and the urinary sodium (Martinez et al., 2012) were useful prognostic factors. Assessment of kidney function in chronic
liver disease patients Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): kidney capacity may be assessed by surveying GFR, which might be decided by measuring
those volume about plasma that might make totally cleared of a provided for substance again a characterized unit of time. The Perfect marker to GFR
determination may be regularly

The Effects Of Irradiation
Exposure to ionizing radiation induces oxidative damage that leads to alteration of tissue physiological function as observed in the present study. This
was evidenced by significant elevation in kidney MDA content. These results match the increase in lipid peroxidation post irradiation obtained by
Srinivasan et al. (2007) and Pratheeshkumar and kuttan (2011). Free radicals generated by irradiation react with unsaturated lipids generating
hydroperoxides, which in turn can induce changes in lipid bilayer thereby altering the membrane permeability and inducing lipid peroxidation (Suzuki
et al. 1997). Also, significant elevation of kidney GSH contents were observed in irradiated rats. This increase in GSH level may be due to
transcriptional... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1997) or due to radiation–induced deterioration in liver detoxification function (Robbins et al. 2001). In addition, the increment in serum urea level
which is the major end–product of protein catabolism may be also due to excess degradation of protein post irradiation (Moulder et al. 2002).
Results of the present study also showed that whole body gamma irradiation at 6.5Gy evoked a sharp increase in glucose level and decrease in Mg
kidney content. Hyperglycemia has been found post irradiation due to minimized utilization of glucose by injured tissues as well as acceleration of
gluconeogenesis which is indirect result of irradiation (Abdel–Salam et al. 2006). The hypomagnesaemia may be due to insufficient renal function or
excess release through damaged cells post irradiation (Kotb et al. 1990).
Lipid metabolism abnormalities, is a characteristic consequence of renal insufficiency (Trevisan et al. 2006). In the present study, significant elevation
was observed in serum cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL levels while there was a significant decrease in HDL serum level of irradiated rats. This
confirms that previously reported by Baker et al. (2009); Anees et al. (2014) and Abd El kader et al. (2015). This indicates that ionizing
radiation–induced oxidative stress might alter hepatic lipid metabolism and serum

Jesse's Intent: The Story of Jesse Geslinger
Jesse's Intent Jesse's Intent is the story of Jesse Geslinger. Jesse was born June 18, 1981, the second son of Paul and Pattie Geslinger. Jesse was
diagnosed with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in March 1984. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is an x–linked disease which causes
ammonia to build up in the blood as proteins are broken down. OTC deficiency is caused by a mutation in the ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OTC)
gene, and is a urea cycle disorder. According to the Genetics Home Reference web page, "The urea cycle is a sequence of reactions that occur in
liver cells. It processes excess nitrogen generated when protein is used by the body, to make a compound called urea, that is excreted by the
kidneys (2006 )." OTC deficiency occurs when the enzyme that starts a reaction in the urea cycle is damaged or missing. Since the cycle is unable
to continue normally, nitrogen builds up in the blood as ammonia. Jesse grew up a normal kid, living with a rare disease. He went to school, he held
a part time job, he had friends and a family that loved him. He was sick, but it was manageable with diet and medication. At the age of 18, Jesse
entered a clinical trial that, although it wouldn't help him, might help those most in need, the infants that are born with this, or one of 25 other liver
disorders. Jesse and his family were given assurances of safety and promising results from other participants. Jesse fell into a coma on

Urea Determination Lab Report
Urea determination is of great interest in different fields as pharmaceutical and food industry, environmental protection, fertilizers, but the most
important applications are in biomedical and clinical analysis. In fact, urea is a waste product of protein degradation and the main nitrogen component of
urine, produced in the liver and eliminated by the kidneys. Some pathologies such as renal insufficiency, hyperpyrexia, hyperthyroidism, leukemia,
burns, diarrheal diseases and diabetes mellitus are reflected by out–of–range urea concentrations (2.5–7.5) mM in the blood and 10–30 g in urine
collected by a 24–h sampling [1,2]). Therefore, it is important to detect urea in serum or urine samples [3]. Real samples are typically diluted before ...
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Many methods have been developed for the enzyme immobilization but usually one of four methods is used: physical adsorption, entrapment,
co–polymerization and covalent at attachment [27–28]. In the present work, we report the performance of a graphite paste electrode (GPE) modified by
polyaniline and polypyrrole, for detecting of urea in laboratory samples using amperometric technique with addition of polyaniline (PANI) and
polypyrrole (Ppy) a good conducting polymer supporting to graphite paste. The superior performance polymers modified graphite paste electrode is
demonstrated by the speciation and determination of urea forms in pharmaceutical formulations, urine sample, sea water samples. The proposed
amperometric method has been validated by using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) [29–30].
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials and chemicals
Urea (99%), urease was purchased from Pathozyme, India. polyaniline and polypyrrole purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Graphite fine powder extra
pure (particle size 240Г—10–6 m) obtained from Loba chemie Pvt. Ltd. India, Paraffin liquid heavy or mineral oil (viscosity at 37В°C is 64 cS)
purchased from High purity lab, Mumbai, India. Platinum wire has 0.2 mm diameter and 6 cm length obtained from Jyotirling Lab, India.
2.2. Characterization
X–ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns have been recorded on a model D8 Bruker AXS with monochromatic Cu radiation (40 kV and 30 mA), over
the 2Оё collection

Metformin Case Studies
Most Likely Cause Based on Mr. Cumberbatch's symptoms, denial of infectious symptoms or antibiotic use, and normal vital signs, his diarrhea is
most likely a side effect of metformin. The correlation between the increase in dosage to 1000 mg twice daily is further suggestion of this cause.
Metformin is associated with gastrointestinal adverse reactions including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and flatulence which can occur with both
immediate release and extended release tablets (Gold Standard, 2016). The current recommendations are to take this medication with food to decrease
gastrointestinal upset, take this medication at the same time daily, and to slowly up titrate the dosage to decrease this side effect (Gold Standard, 2016).
Primary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cumberbatch's blood pressure of 135/78 is within goal range, therefore no adjustment to any of his blood pressure medications is indicated at this time.
However, Mr. Cumberbatch's blood urea nitrogen is slightly elevated at 23, which could possibly from dehydration related to his diarrhea or over
diuresis from hydrochlorothiazide. Therefore, Mr. Cumberbatch should increase his fluid intake until the diarrhea resolves, and if diarrhea continues,
the hydrochlorothiazide may need to be held if Mr. Cumberbatch's blood pressure continues to lower. The best way to monitor for this would be to
have the patient return in a week or two for follow

The Complex And Major Organ Of Our Body Perform Essay
Kidney
It is a complex and major organ of our body perform several important functions like formation of urine, water and salt metabolism, acid–base balance,
regulation of blood calcium level and secretion of hormones (Padmalochana et al.2015). The kidney is composed of many tortuous, closely packed
uriniferous tubules, bounded by a delicate connective tissue in which run blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. Each tubule consists of two
embryologically distinct parts, the nephron, which produces urine, and the collecting duct, which completes the concentration of urine and through
which urine passes out into the calyces of the kidney, the renal pelvis, the ureter and urinary bladder. A renal, or uriniferous, tubule consists of a
glomerular capsule that leads into a proximal convoluted tubule, connected to the capsule by a short neck and continuing into a sinuous or coiled
convoluted part . This straightens as it approaches the medulla, and becomes the descending thick limb of the loop of Henle, and then the ascending
limb by an abrupt U–turn. The limbs of the loop of Henle are narrower and thin–walled within the deeper medullary tissue, where they become the
descending and ascending thin segments. The ascending thick limb continues into the distal tubule. The tubule wall shows a focal thickening, the
macula densa, where it comes close to the vascular pole of its parent glomerulus at the start of the convoluted part of the distal tubule. The nephron
finally straightens once

A Brief Note On Acute Renal Failure Condition Essay
1.Describe the pathophysiological changes that occur in acute renal failure. Acute renal failure condition is diagnosed and retitled as acute kidney
injury. The purpose of the change of terminology was to encompass the full spectrum of the clinical manifestations associated with the syndrome. This
includes a range from a small decline in kidney function to a severe impairment. Furthermore, the acute condition is characterized by a rapid loss of
kidney function. In addition, associated manifestation(s) may be displayed as a rise in serum creatinine or a reduction in urine output. As a result of
increase of serum creatinine or decline in urine output may developed and aggress to the clinical manifestation azotemia. However, acute kidney injury
is complications are reversible. Patients with life threatening conditions are more susceptible to developing this disorder. Acute kidney injury is
commonly developed after either chronic hypotension or hypovolemia or exposure to a nephrotoxic agent. With increased levels of blood urea nitrogen
(BUN), creatinine, and potassium with or without a reduction in urine output develops acute kidney injury over hours or days (Lewis, 2014, p.
1101–1102). High incidents of hospitalized patients develop AKI, one out of five, and a high mortality rate. (Lewis, 2014, pp. 1101–1102)
2.Differentiate between the causes, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic findings in pre– renal, intra–renal, and post–renal failure.
Prerenal
In the

Symptoms And Treatment Of Shock
Shock is a life–threatening condition with a variety of underlying causes. Shock is caused when the cells have a lack of adequate blood supply and
are deprived of oxygen and nutrients. In cases of shock, blood is shunted from peripheral areas of the body to the vital organs. Hemorrhage and
decreased blood volume are associated with some, but not all, types of shock.
Adventitious lung sounds occur in the upper airway
D)
Heart and respiratory rates are elevated
Ans:
D
Feedback:
As sepsis progresses, tissues become less perfused and acidotic, compensation begins to fail, and the patient begins to show organ dysfunction. The
cardiovascular system also begins to fail, the blood pressure does not respond to fluid resuscitation and vasoactive agents, and signs of end–organ
damage are evident (e.g., renal failure, pulmonary failure, hepatic failure). As sepsis progresses to septic shock, the blood pressure drops, and the skin
becomes cool, pale, and mottled. Temperature may be normal or below normal. Heart and respiratory rates remain rapid. Urine production ceases, and
multiple organ dysfunction progressing to death occurs. Adventitious lung sounds occur throughout the lung fields, not just in the upper fields of the
lungs.
36.
An 11–year–old boy has been brought to the ED by his teacher, who reports that the boy may be having a В“really bad allergic reaction to peanutsВ”
after trading lunches with a peer. The triage nurse's rapid assessment reveals the presence of

Urate Lab Report
Urate functions as a pro–oxidant and antioxidant in human serum, the mechanisms for the pro–oxidant effects of urate are poorly understood. In
humans urate builds up in our serum as a result of dietary purine. Urate is an antioxidant of reactive oxygen species, yet, high serum urate
(hyperuricemia) is associated with inflammatory diseases. There is a strong association for urate with gout, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular
disease. The link between hyperuricemia and inflammatory disease is oxidative stress. Urate acts as a pro–oxidant by increasing reactive oxygen
species and enabling the oxidation of LDL. Urate's switch from antioxidant to pro–oxidant might be triggered by high serum urate, ergo the 'dose
makes the poison'. Urate Hydroperoxide

Vertebrate Adaptions for Terrestrial Life Essay
Vertebrate Adaptions For Terrestrial Life
AP–Biology Essay on vertebrate structural adaptations for terrestrial life.
The problems of survival of animals on land are very different from those of survival of animals in aquatic environment. Describe four problems
associated with animal survival in terrestrial environments but not in aquatic environments. For each problem, explain a physiological of structural
solution.
Four problems faced by animals on land are breathing (respiration), water conservation in excretions, successful reproduction, and the producing an egg
which can survive outside of the water.
All animals need to respire, but I have no idea why. Maybe you would like to answer that? Aquatic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One way we do this is through our excretions.
Nitrogen forms a major waste product in animals. When amino acids and nucleic acids are broken down, they release toxic ammonia (NH3). To rid the
body of this toxin, several mechanisms have evolved, each appropriate to the habitat or survival of the animal. Aquatic animals secrete NH3 directly
into the surrounding water. Land animals cannot do this because of the toxicity of NH3.
Instead, NH3 is converted into urea in our livers. Urea is significantly less toxic than NH3, and thus requires less water to excrete in the urine. The
reason we need the water to excrete this is because the water is needed to dilute the urea (or NH3 if we did excrete it in that form), in order to make it
less toxic.
Birds excrete ammonia in the form of uric acid, that's what they're always dropping on our heads. Those mangy little rats with wings... have you ever
wondered why we let those little pests run free in the cities, but we wont let dogs and cats free, even though most people consider the birds more of a
nuisance? I didn't think so, anyways:
A third adaptation to terrestrial life is internal fertilization. In aquatic animals, many eggs are laid, usually allowing the water, and chance to fertilize
the eggs. We can't do this on land, because the eggs and sperm would dry out, and would stay in the same place, unless they could walk (he he he). To
solve this problem, we have developed a system of internal fertilization.

Essay about Applying the Methyl Red (MR) Test
The MR test media contains peptone, glucose, and a phosphate buffer (Stout et al, 45). To perform the MR test, I used the stabbing technique to
inoculate the MR media. I sterilized the stabbing utensil under an open flame, obtained a small amount of unknown bacteria, and stabbed the MR
media. Once the MR media was inoculated, I let it incubate for 24 hours in the 37В°C hot room. After the 24–hour incubation, I added 15 drops of
Methyl Red to the MR media to test for mixed acid production.
VP test (a.k.a. butanediol fermentation test) contains peptone, glucose, and a phosphate buffer in its media, which is the same media as the MR test
(Stout et al, 47). To perform the VP test, I used the stabbing technique to inoculate the VP media. I... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the Urea broth was inoculated, I let it incubate for 24 hours in the 37В°C hot room. After the 24–hour incubation, I viewed the broth for any color
change that would indicate the production of Urease.
The final test performed was the Gelatin test. The Gelatin medium is composed of gelatin, peptone, and beef extract (Stout et al, 44). To perform the
Gelatin test, I used the stabbing technique to inoculate the Gelatin media. I sterilized the stabbing utensil under an open flame, obtained a small
amount of unknown bacteria, and stabbed the Gelatin media. Once the Gelatin media was inoculated, I let it incubate for 8 days in the 37В°C hot
room. After the 8 day incubation, I put the Gelatin media into the 4В°C "cold room" for one hour. After one hour I viewed the Gelatin test media for
presence of gelatinase.
The TSIA test results after 24 hours was positive for gas production, lactose and glucose fermentation. There were several bubbles in the slant, and the
slant and butt both changed to a yellow color, which indicates the lactose (slant) and glucose (butt) fermentation. Sulfur reduction was not present since
the slant did not change to a black color. This test also indicates that the unknown bacteria is a facultative anaerobe due to the butt fermenting glucose.
The SIM test was negative for sulfur reduction because the media did not change to a black color. When Kovacs reagent was added to test the indole
nothing happened. If an

Nutritional Assessment Paper
2.Identify the categories important for a total nutritional assessment. The total assessment includes the anthropometric data, biochemical data, clinical
data and the dietary data. Firstly, the anthropometric data consists of the height, weight, ideal body weight and body mass index. Perform a skinfold
measurement to determine fat stores. You can measure the most common site (triceps) skinfold by utilizing a special caliper that measures in
millimeters. First, locate the midpoint which is halfway between the acromion process and the olecranon process, then pinch the skin vertically along
the axis of the humerus. Place the caliper 1 cm below your finger to measure the thickness of the fold in millimeters. For male clients this should be
equivalent... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, the client income and their ability to purchase and prepare food. There are four methods to collecting this data, 24–hour food recall, food
frequency record, food diary and a diet history. With the 24–hour recall evaluate the food consumed in a 24– hour period at home and compare it to the
food guide. Food frequency record, obtain a list of specific foods eaten such as fat, fruit, vegetables or fiber, this can determine if there is a deficient
in the amount of foods consumed or if the foods are being consumed in an excessive amount. The food dairy records all the foods and fluids
consumed during a specific time frame for about 3 to 7 days. A diet history is obtained by a nutritionist or dietitian and includes the types of food, the
frequency, and amount eaten. In addition, it may include the 24–hour recall, food frequency record, food dairy, medical conditions, and psychosocial
conditions. The information is analyzed by the computer and translated into caloric and nutrient intake, then compared to the daily recommended
intake according to the client's

Acute Kidney Injury Essay
ABSTRACT
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a critical complication after pediatric cardiac surgery that significantly diminishes the quality of life. Early detection of
AKI after pediatric cardiac surgery can lead to better preventive and therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of
plasma neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL) as an early marker of acute kidney injury (AKI) in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in
pediatric cardiac patients. We measured serum creatinine, serum urea, and plasma NGAL levels in 30 Egyptian children undergoing cardiac surgery
with cardiopulmonary bypass. We classified patients according to creatinine criteria of Acute Kidney Injury Network into AKI (n=9) and non
–AKI
(n=21) groups. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB for surgical correction or palliation of congenital heart disease. Monitoring of the patients was
achieved by serial measurements of plasma NGAL, S.Cr and serum urea levels at 2 h preoperatively, as well as 2 h, and 24 h postoperatively. In
addition, we measured the postoperative S.Cr and serum urea during 48 h after surgery. Venous blood sample was withdrawn from every patient by
suitable syringe according to patients' age and weight. Estimation of plasma NGAL was carried out using Human Neutrophil Gelatinase–Associated
Lipocalin (NGAL) ELISA kit (Catalog #: 95645) of Glory Science Co., Ltd, USA. It was measured on MR–96 Microplate Reader (CLINDIAG
SYSTEMS B.V.B.A; MR–96; MR2GL002; Belgium). Estimation of S.Cr was carried out using commercially available reagent kit. The diagnostic kit
of the kinetic JaffГ© method used for the estimation of S.Cr was obtained from Egyptian Company for Biotechnology (S.A.E). Estimation of serum
urea was carried out by urease–colorimetric method (Modified Urease–Berthelot Method). The diagnostic kit employed for the determination of serum
urea was obtained from Egyptian Company

Situation Analysis
Situation Analysis Social/Cultural: Sociocultural segment is concerned with a society's attitudes and cultural values. Attitudes and values form the
cornerstone of a society and they often drive demographic, economic, political/legal, and technological conditions and changes. The social factor
affects EPCL in a way that the international economy has just shown some signs of economic recovery, whereas, Pakistan is still passing through tough
liquidity crunch and financial crisis due to the recent floods. Therefore, the social behavior of the population of the country has now strongly shifted
from that of the spenders to the savers, which has also affected the demand for PVC in ghe domestic market. Moreover, the current uncertainty and...
EPCL has to keep track of the PVC manufacturing technology to prevent itself from operating on less efficient technologies. Global Overall general
Environment: It includes relevant new global markets, existing markets that are changing, important international political events, and critical cultural
and institutional characteristics of global markets. The company has established itself as a regular supplier to several businesses in the region thus
establishing a strong customer base outside Pakistan. The international customer base is located in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, UAE, Bahrain, etc. High
Product quality with its strategic geographical location has given the company an advantage to successfully provide a level of exports at a
competitive price. Porter's Five Forces Bargaining Powers of Buyers: It is achieved when large or bulk purchases are made, which accounts for
seller's annual revenues and substitute products are available at a lower cost and are standardized or undifferentiated, and the buyers pose a credible
threat if they were to integrate backward into the sellers' industry. Engro Chemical Pakistan Limited (ECPL) A premier brand and nationwide presence
ensure sellout production to Pakistani and international customers, due to flexible demand delivery and low down payments. Buyers have power over
when they are concentrated, purchase a significant

Separation Of Urea And Trans-Cinnamic Acid
In the first part of the experiment trans–cinnamic acid began to melt rapidly at 133 В°C and had completely liquefied at 135.9 В°C. Urea began to melt
rapidly at 133 В°C, just as the trans–cinnamic acid, but had completely liquefied at 134.7 В°C. Both urea and trans–cinnamic acid had true melting
points of 132 В°C generating a .75 percent error. The 50:50 mixture of urea and trans–cinnamic acid started to melt quickly at 98.5 В°C, slowed down
at 102 В°C, at which point most of the compound had seemed to have melted with the exception of a few crystals, which did not melt completely until
125В°C . In the second part of the experiment, the melting point of an unknown compound was measured at a fast rate, 10 В°C/min, in order to obtain
an estimate of the melting point of that compound, which was about 130 В°C – 139 В°C. At this point the suspected organic compound was benzoin,
and the melting points of the two compounds, benzoin and the unknown, as well as the 50:50 mixture of each, were obtained. The unknown
compound, along with the benzoin, had identical melting points of 133.7В°C – 134.9В°C, while the 50:50 mixture had a melting point of 133 В°C –
134.3 В°C. The true melting point for benzoin is 132В°C, generating a .75 percent error.

A Research On Organic And Chemical Essay
Organic and chemical are both antagonistic words, and both are rivals to say in the horticulture and agriculture industries, as one of the words invokes
a sense of greenery and meadows while the other hinders to synthetic mixtures and various concoctions in a sterilized environment. What organic
fertilizers means is that they are minimally processed, in which the nutrients are sourced in their natural form. Most of these sources are made from
plant waste, animal wastes, and powdered materials such as glacial rock dust and bone meal. On the other hand, chemical fertilizers are refined
nutrients from extracts that are mixed with chemical dressings to create a specific ratio. Chemical fertilizers are made from petroleum products, certain
rocks, and also from organic sources.
100 years ago a lone chemist, Fritz Haber, discovered ammonia synthesis, a process in which Fritz used a sheet of osmium inside a steel chamber,
flowing with nitrogen and hydrogen gas, and packed with pressure and enormous heat, created ammonia. Fritz was a genius, and he discovered
something many scientists had been frantically researching for years, the idea of turning nitrogen gas, which was abundant in the atmosphere, into a
physical form in which plants can take up as nutrients. The advent rise of chemical fertilizers has brought humans many great harvests in the turn of the
last century. It has given the ability for agriculture to sustain and feed humanity at an ever more increasing rate, from 1.6

The Field Of Veterinary Medicine
What are different careers in the field of Veterinary medicine? How do these jobs use chemistry? Why is chemistry so important to veterinarians? What
arguments are there about veterinary medicine?
Different careers in the field of Veterinary medicine There are several different career paths that you can take with a veterinary degree, but there are
six main areas of veterinary medicine that include: Private practice, Teaching and research, Industry, etc.
First off is Private practice, which is the most common and what most people will think of when talking about veterinary medicine. These are the
veterinarians that would regularly perform check–ups on small and large animals, test them for infectious diseases, diagnose them and perform any
medical or surgical treatments needed. This also includes veterinary technicians (vet techs) who work alongside the veterinarians, perform certain
procedures and tests, and sometimes specialize in surgery or anesthesia.
Secondly there's Teaching and research. This field allows for continuous advancement in medicine allowing both humans and animals to live longer and
(hopefully) healthier lives. It has also come up with some important findings like isolating viruses and other pathogens such as Salmonella, and
learning to control different diseases such as Malaria and Yellow fever.
Lastly is Industry. This includes veterinarians that work in pharmaceutical and biomedical research to test, develop and supervise the

Case Study Acute Renal Failure
ARF Case Study
Acute Renal Failure Case Study
Directions: Please carefully read the following case study and answer the following questions in typed format. The resources that you will need to
complete this case study include your textbook and drug book. Please include in text citations. This independent assignment is worth 25 points.
Ann Hayes, age 68, initially was admitted to the hospital for elective surgical repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Her surgery was documented as
uneventful. However, complications developed during her 5th postoperative day as a result of a small bowel perforation.
Postoperative Day 5 Vital Signs| B/P | 170/94 mmHg| HR | 110 bpm| Respirations | 30 breaths/min|... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What was the cause(s) of Mrs. Hayes's renal failure?
Acute renal failure occurs quickly over a period of days or weeks with a reduction in GFR and elevation of BUN, plasma creatinine and crystatin C
levels. Oliguria (urine output of < 30ml/hr or < 400 ml/day) is usually associated with ARF, although urine output may be normal or increased as
well. Fluid is still filtered at the glomerulus but there is an alteration in tubular secretion or reabsorption. Most types of ARF are reversible if
diagnosed and treated early (Perrin, 2009).
Prerenal acute renal failure– accounts for 60% of cases of ARF– is the most common cause of ARF and is caused by impaired renal blood flow. The
GFR drops because of the decrease in filtration pressure. Poor perfusion can result from hypovolemia, hemorrhage, renal vasoconstricition,
hypotension, or inadequate cardiac output. This type of renal failure may occur when chronic renal failure exists if a sudden stress is imposed on
already marginally functioning kidneys. If blood volume or blood pressure and oxygen delivery is not restored, cell injury and acute tubular necrosis
or acute interstitial necrosis may be caused (Perrin, 2009).
Intrarenal acute renal failure– accounts for 30% to 40% of the cases of ARF– generally results from acute tubular necrosis due to disturbances within
the glomerulus or renal tubules. ATN most often occurs after surgery but is also associated with sepsis, severe trauma, including severe burns,

S. Cr Case Study
inverse relationship to GFR. Thus, a rise in S.Cr is associated with a corresponding decrease in GFR and generally implies a reduction in kidney
function and vice versa.
There are limitations, however, with the use of S.Cr as a marker for AKI. First, S.Cr values may not show significant increases until approximately
50% of kidney function is lost. Second, several drugs can impair creatinine secretion and so could potentially cause a transient and reversible increase
in S.Cr (i.e. trimethoprim, cimetidine). Third, a variety of non–renal factors influence creatinine production rate so that creatinine production is
variable not merely from one patient to another, but also within the same patient placed under different conditions. Particularly, age, gender, muscular
mass, diet (particularly protein intake), and nutritional status are major determinants of creatinine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, the rate of urea production is just not constant. Urea can be grossly modified by a high protein intake, critical illness (i.e. sepsis, burns, and
trauma), gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or drug therapy such as the use of corticosteroids or tetracycline. On the other hand, patients with chronic liver
disease and low protein intake can have lower urea levels without noticeable changes in GFR. Second, the rate of renal clearance of urea is not
constant. Approximately 40–50% of filtered urea is passively reabsorbed by proximal renal tubular cells. Moreover, in states of decreased effective
circulating volume (i.e. volume depletion, low cardiac output), there is certainly enhanced reabsorption of sodium and water in the proximal renal
tubular cells along with a corresponding increase in urea reabsorption. As a result, the concentration of serum urea may increase out of proportion with
changes in S.Cr and be under representative of

Pure Urea And Cinnamic Acid
Physical properties, such as melting point, boiling point, and solubility, are largely determined by intermolecular attractive forces. Organic molecules
are organized into classes based on molecular size, composition, and the pattern of bonds between atoms. It allows the distinguishing of various
samples in compounds. The structure of a molecule determines physical properties and reactivity. Melting point is a transition between a solid to a
liquid and shows a point of equilibrium between the two states. Forces and bonds play a role in the melting point, such as london forces, dipole–dipole
forces, hydrogen bonding, ionic bonds and intermolecular forces. London forces has a lower melting point, but a large melting point compared to other
forces.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Open end of the melting point capillary was placed into the powder, until it reached a height of 2–3mm. The approximate melting point temperature
was found by placing the capillary in a heating bath (15C–20C). The Pure Urea appeared white and clumpy.The initial temperature was 120C and the
melting point was reached at 133C. The Cinnamic Acid melted at 132C and had a shiny white appearance. Particles were much smaller than the
Urea. During the Proportional Mixing, different mixtures in proportions of 1:4,50:50 and 4:1 were grinded and had their boiling points recorded. The
proportion 1:4 was shiny and small particles, and had a 116C melting point. The 50:50 ratio was not as shiny as the previous one and had smaller
clumps compared to Urea. 4:1 had more clumps and had a mild shininess. All the particles were white. When I performed the experiment the second
time, I noticed the change in temperature. I took the temperature, when I conducted it the second time. The initial temperatures were way too high.
Moreover the last experiment (Unknowns), place the two unknowns C and D into capillaries and determined their boiling point. Unknown C melted at
137C, while D melted at 95C. This experiment determined the melting point of pure urea and cinnamic acid, and a mixture of Urea and Cinnamic Acid.
Cinnamic Acid showed signs of melting at the temperature of 128C. Then it became completely

The Evolution Of Modern Cattle Breeding
INTRODUCTION:
Modern cattle breeding increasingly involves the widespread use of advanced reproductive technologies, including artificial insemination (AI) and
multiple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET), frequently with the germplasm of elite international sires and dams selected through individual and
progeny performance recording schemes. These technologies facilitate the rapid worldwide multiplication of offspring from elite animals to assist the
propagation of genes that improve milk yield, meat production and other desirable traits. However rapid propagation of 'desirable' genes is
accompanied by simultaneous propagation of genetic mutations that may results in production losses and animal welfare problems, such as
Citrullinaemia. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Incidence of heterozygotes for citrullinemia has been estimated at less than 0.5% among U.S. Holsteins cattle.
Harper and co–workers have reported citrullinemia in the Friesian cattle breed (Friesian are a breed of dairy cattle identical to the Holstein breed
commonly used in the United States) in Australia.
Bovine citrullinemia was not a useful marker for milk, fat and protein production because 1) the frequency of the defective allele was low and 2)
within family differences was non–significant between normal and heterozygous half–sisters (Roger, 1998).
Pathogenesis:
Citrullinemia is an inborn error of metabolism due to a deficiency of the urea cycle enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase. The affected animals have
liver AS mRNA levels at less than 5% of controls due to a single base pair mutation (Dennis, 1989). This metabolic disorder was first identified in
humans and later in dogs and
Friesian calves (Odalys, 2009). The genetic disorder results in a deficiency in arginino–succinate synthetase, leading to enzymatic disruption of the
urea cycle.
Argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS, EC 6.3.4.5) is a urea cycle enzyme which is expressed at high levels in the liver. The enzyme catalyzes the
conversion of citrulline, aspartate, and ATP to yield argininosuccinate, the immediate precursor of arginine (Husson, 2003). The mutation responsible
for citrullinemia has been characterized as a single–base substitution (C–T) in exon 5

Medicine has Flourished Since the Introduction of the...
Since the introduction of the magnetic resonance imaging unit, diagnostic medicine has flourished. The ability to see different pathologies in a
detailed soft tissue image has helped guide doctors in providing patients with better treatment and therefore a better prognosis. In many cases,
magnetic resonance imaging is the golden standard in diagnostic studies. This is especially true when studying blood vessels. The majority of
doctors turn to a magnetic resonance angiography(MRA) method called bright blood imaging when they are concerned with any blood flowing
vessels. A few main areas of concern include vessels in the brain, neck, thoracic, abdominal aorta, renals, and vessels in the legs called a "run off".
When doctors order an MRA using bright blood imaging they want to rule out serious pathologies such as aneurysms, aorta dissection, or stenosis.
Bright blood imaging uses a strong magnetic field and specific pulse sequences. Below we will discuss three different techniques and their own unique
advantages and disadvantages. Time–of–flight(TOF) also called inflow angiography, is a non–invasive procedure that produces flow contrast. The more
RF excitation pulses used in an image plane the more saturated the spins become so we want to limit the amount of RF pulses to the flowing spins
by setting up thin slabs perpendicular to the vessels or blood flow. New blood is always flowing in and out of the slice, and because the spins only
receive a few RF pulses, signal is

Acute Renal Failure
1. Explain the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. Include prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes. Acute renal failure is when the kidneys
suddenly are unable to filter the blood of the waste products. Acute renal failure is alternatively called acute kidney failure or acute kidney injury. The
causes of acute renal failure are divided into three categories based on their point of origin: prerenal, intrarenal, and post renal. The most common type
of acute renal failure is prerenal, which can be described as a sudden drop in blood pressure or an interruption in blood flow to the kidneys. The
common causes of prerenal AFR include hypovolemia, reduced renal perfusion, and septic shock. "Prerenal AFR is generally reversible when renal
perfusion pressure is restored" (Liu, pg.98). Intrarenal, or intrinsic, acute renal failure is caused by acute tubular necrosis, renal artery obstruction, renal
vein obstruction, interstitial nephritis, and glomerulonephritis. Postrenal occurs between the kidney and the urethral meatus. The major causes to
postrenal AFR are tubular precipitation, urethral obstruction and bladder obstruction. Acute renal failure has four phases: onset, oliguria, diuresis and
recovery. Onset begins with onset of the event and lasts for hours to days. The oliguria stage doesn't always occur in certain patients; however it lasts
for 8–15 days. Oliguria deals with multiple acid–base balance diseases. The diuresis stage begins when the kidneys start to recover

Acute Renal Failure: A Case Study
Acute renal failure is defined as a substantial deficiency in renal function (Huether, 2017, p. 760). Dirkes (2016) article explains:
Acute renal failure (ARF) was used in the past to describe any kind of kidney failure. The new term acute kidney injury (AKI) indicates that this
problem is a clinical manifestation of several disorders that affect the kidney acutely. AKI indicates injury is occurring and it can be graded into mild,
moderate, and severe injury. The key is to identify kidney injury before it becomes kidney failure. (p. 75)
AKI syndrome occurs when there is a sudden loss of excretory function by the kidney along with buildup of nitrogenous metabolics such as creatinine
and urea (Bellomo, Kellum, & Ronco, 2012, p. 756). The purpose of this essay is to describe and explain the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations,
and treatment of acute kidney injury.
Specific criteria for defining AKI, identified by the AcuteDialysis Quality Initiative, include the following (RIFLE): Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and
End–stage kidney disease (Bellomo et al., 2012, p. 756). There are three classifications for AKI: prerenal AKI (renal hypoperfusion); intrarenal AKI
(intrinsic renal injury); or postrenal AKI ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there are indications of prerenal AKI, hemodynamic resuscitation must begin immediately and intravascular volume should be upheld or returned
(Bellomo et al., 2012, p. 760). Management of AKI includes: maintaining appropriate fluid and electrolyte levels, controlling extreme blood pressures,
treating and preventing infections, observing nutritious habits, and acknowledging that specific drugs or their metabolic products may not be excreted
and could be toxic. If AKI is not diagnosed within a reasonable time, or if an individual has been in uncontrolled acidosis, hyperkalemia, or severe
fluid overload, then dialysis may be indicated (Huether, 2017, p.

Urea To Citrate
The experimental analyses on the preferential interactions of urea to citrate anions were conducted by the vapor pressure osmometry (VPO). Two
systems with sodium citrate(Na3CIT) and potassium citrate(K3CIT) were considered, and the transfer free energy of those citrate compounds in 1M of
urea solution was quantified from the VPO measurements. Such a quantity directly provides the preferential interaction coefficient of urea in each
system, which can be predicted from the simulations. With applying the potential parameters of urea [shukla2009] and citrate [Quinn2011], we
simulate two aqueous 1M urea systems including Na3CIT and K3CIT separately for 30ns. Atomic trajectories from the simulations are applied to
quantify the number of urea and

Using Medications As A Worldwide Problem
Scenario: A 42 year old female with a history of T2DM arrives to the clinic for a quarterly office visit. The patient's blood pressure Data: 148/84.
BMI 42. Medications: Insulin Rational Use of Medications: The APN wants to start antihypertensive therapy since this is the second visit with an
elevated blood pressure. The APN needs to make a choice given there are a wide array of medication classes. The WHO coined the term "rational
drug use" in 1985. The WHO identifies "Irrational" use of medications as a worldwide problem. 1.Describe the key concepts in rational use of
medications. (20 points) According to the World Health Organization, rational use of medicines requires that "patients receive medications appropriate
to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate period of time, and at the lowest cost to them and their
community" (WHO, 2012). There are 12 key concepts that the WHO advocates to promote more rational use. These are: establishment of a
multidisciplinary national body to coordinate policies on medicine use, use of clinical guidelines, development and use of national essential medicines
list, establishment of drug and therapeutics committees in districts and hospitals, inclusion of problem–based pharmacotherapy training in
undergraduate curricula, continuing in–service medical education as a licensure requirement, supervision, audit and feedback, use of independent
information on medicines, public

Summary Of The Great Bird Poop
In the articles "The Great Bird Poop Disaster" and "How to Solve the Problem of Bird Poop" both by Anna Starecheski. It talks about how there is a
huge problem with birds coating our cities and streets is gooey, slippery piles of white and black poop, but is there a solution of some of the maney
problems caused by this epidemic. In the article "The Great Bird Poop Disaster" it talks about how there are a lot of problems that are caused by bird
poop, one is that it has acid in it so it is corrosive. In the article, it says "At the center of a bird dropping is a black substance; that is poop. The white,
gloppy stuff is the urine, which consists mainly of uric acid. Uric acid is corrosive. That means it can eat away at the surfaces of buildings and
bridges. Bird poop can also ruin everything from the paint on your mom's car to your favorite T–shirt. In the U.S., pigeons cause about $1.1 billion in
damages every year." (Starecheski 18). This shows that this isn't just a little inconveniences, no it's a big deal that if it is not fixed soon the U.S
will be deeper in debt than bird poop. This is why squinted across the world are trying to find a solution to this problem that spreads across the world.
In the article "How to Solve the Problem of Bird Poop" It talks about some of the solutions that we have tried and some that we still use to try to get
some of the birds to leave. In the article, it says "Placing spikes on window ledges, bridges, fences, and other areas where birds

What Makes A Fertiliser?
Also in the production of fertilisers there is corrosive and highly toxic therefore the pumps and pipes used need to be made of a resistant material to
ensure longevity of the infrastructure. Furthermore the sealant need to properly selected to avoid toxic steam escaping and causing possibly lethal
circumstances (Sulzer Pumps Ltd, 2010).
Application
A fertiliser is usually in the solid either as a prill or a granule; in some circumstance the liquid form is more useful.
Forms of fertilisers
The form in which the fertiliser is used is based on the crop, there are two main forms in which fertilisers are used solid granules/ prills and fluid.
Granules/ prills
Granules and prills are homogeneous they have contain a uniform amount of each nutrient and this is distributed is to the soil, which allows the crop to
grow with uniformity.
Fluid
There are two types of fluid fertilisers
1.Clear solution – which is the fertiliser dissolved in water, these fluids are used because handling the fluid is simple, however when distributing the
fluid there is no uniformity of the nutrients and analysis of the fertiliser is difficult.
2.Suspension–, which is when the fertiliser becomes insoluble and clay, is added to stop separation of the fertilizer occurring. The main advantage of
this method is that it can be handled like a fluid and analysis is easier than the clear solution. However suspension requires constant stirring even in
storage (Douglas, 2015).
Distribution
1.Broadcast

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Inorganic Fertilizer
Inorganic fertilizer may look as if to propose that the fertilizer is not natural it is chemical made by the industries or a factory. Industrial fertilizer is
fertilizer supply from mineral deposit or artificial from man–made compound. This type of fertilizer also contains natural compounds. The mixture of a
formula is put together in a factory, rather than collecting by environment as it occurs with organicfertilizer. Inorganic fertilizer also contains beneficial
chemical and mineral deposits and materials the nutrients essential to produce plants. This type of fertilizer can be offered mostly in different
agriculture different stores. Some of the farmers prepared to use inorganic fertilizer for them to salvage the malnourishment of the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also affordability, convenience, and effectiveness in nourishing plants; however it can also have disadvantages when using chemical based
fertilizers. Plants will show signs of lacking nutrient the inorganic fertilizer was separate help over organic choices, it depends on soil organisms to
first, break down the organic substance before the nutrients can be out. Inorganic fertilizer's fast delivery elements and minerals eliminate this potential
problem. Inorganic fertilizer, which is often reasonably priced, consists of mineral–based nutrients manufactured for instant application on crops.
Unlike the organic variety, inorganic fertilizer does not need to decompose over time to supply nutrients to plants. Inorganic fertilizer contained
balanced amounts of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus to supply plants and to grow it faster. These are the substance of chemical gain from the
processes in cultivating the first one is urea. Nitrogen as urea can be lost to the atmosphere if fertilizer urea remains on the soil surface for total periods
of time throughout warm

A Longitudinal Cross Sectional Study
Patients and methods This is a longitudinal cross sectional study of all children and adolescents patients with LN following inPediatric Allergy and
Immunology clinic, Children 's Hospital, Ain Shams University in the period between October 2013 and February 2014. Lupus nephritis in patients
with pediatric onset SLE was diagnosed and graded on pathological basis according to 2003 ISN/RPS classification of LN into Class I: Minimal
mesangial LN. Class II : Mesangial proliferative LN. Class III: Focal LN (в‰¤50% of glomeruli). Class VI: Diffuse LN (в‰Ґ50% of glomeruli). Class
V: Membranous LN. Class VI: Advanced sclerotic LN (90% of glomeruli globally sclerosed without residual activity) (Weening et al. 2004). All
patients fulfilled at least four of the revised classification criteria for SLE of American College of Rheumatology (ACR) as described in table ()
Table (5): Revised classification criteria for SLE of American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Malar rash Fixed erythema, flat or raised, over the
malar eminences, tending to spare the nasolabial folds. Discoid rash Erythematosus raised patches with adherent keratotic scaling and follicular
plugging: atrophic scarring may occur in older lesions. Photosensitivity Skin rash as a result of unusual reaction to sunlight, by patient history or
physician observation. Oral ulcers Oral or nasopharyngeal ulceration, usually painless, observed by physician. Arthritis Nonerosive arthritis involving
two or more peripheral joints,

Acute Renal Failure Essay
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common syndrome which causes a rapid decline in glomerular filtration, homeostasis, disturbance of fluid volume, and
accumulation of nitrogenous waste which the kidneys are unable to excrete. Acute renal failure is usually asymptomatic and normally diagnosed when
standard laboratory tests show a sudden rise in blood creatinine and urea. A patient who develops acuterenal failure will recover in most cases.
When the nephron is compromised, it is unable to perform the many functions required of it. Twenty percent of the blood contents get filtered through
the glomerular capillaries. The blood contains water and electrolytes, protein and sugar. The body filters about 180 liters of blood per day and the...
Three types of ARF exist and are classified according to their effect on the kidneys. Prerenal accounts for approximately 70% of ARF cases and is
characterized by, a physiological response to renal hypoperfusion in which the integrity of renal tissue is preserved (Brady, 1995, p. 1533)
In other words, prerenal occurs from a problem "outside" of the kidney that reduces blood flow to the vessels in the renal system. Although there is
decreased perfusion to the glomerulus and nephrons they continue to function normally. If treated quickly the kidneys can return to full normal function.
Intrarenal occurs in 25% of cases and evolves from diseases of specialized organ tissue of the kidneys. (Brady, 1995) This happens when the kidneys
are directly affected by hypertension, diabetes, infection, or other dysfunctions of the renal system such as acute glomerulonephritis.
Postrenal is seen in less than 5% and is caused from acute obstruction of the urinary tract. (Brady, 1995) If removal of the obstruction is immediate, the
kidneys can return to normal function.
Many diagnostic tests exist for the treatment and diagnosis of ARF and include:
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): BUN measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from the waste product urea. If your kidneys are not
able to remove urea from the blood normally, your BUN level increases. This is a good indicator of dysfunction in the renal system.
Creatinine clearance: The creatinine

An Effective Modern Human Resource Management
From the personnel to Human Resource Management requires re–thinking of traditional approaches of changing nature of work, workers and
organizations. Efficiency and productivity and also demand fairness and equity for an organization, Human resource gives their vital
contributions and is unique. The overall productivity of an organization can give a blow by equity. In the organization, to give a proper balance
an effective modern Human Resource Policies is required. The functioning of the organization can disrupt with any disparity factors like job
satisfaction or job description training programme or appraisal system. The performance of employees is the base of the foundation of
organization. The best performance can only be given by the employees if they are fully aware of their duties and responsibilities. The organization
defines all the duties and responsibilities. Organizations are building to achieve some goals or objectives. And thus, achieving those goals requires
efforts of number of people, so they are collective rather than individual. A job is called when the worker and work comes together and the role of
worker is played properly. Through job analysis information about jobs are obtained. This helps in forming a sound PMS as job analysis helps in
securing all sorts of job data. Through this report the reader will get to know about the organization following old traditions of Human Resource deals
with Performance Management System. My Dissertation is a

Cirque With Sub Acute Renal Disappointment
Classiп¬Ѓcation for HRS:. Sort 1: cirque for quickly progressive intense renal disappointment. Kind 2: cirque with sub–acute renal disappointment.
Kind 3: cirque with sorts 1 alternately 2 HRS superimposed once constant kidney sickness alternately intense renal damage. Sort 4: fulminant liver
disappointment for HRS. Symptomatic Criteria to HRS. I. Unending alternately intense liver infection for propelled hepatic disappointment Also portal
hypertension. Ii. Low GFR as shown by serum creatinine > 1. 5 mg/dL or 24 hr. Creatinine freedom < 40 mL/min. Iii. Nonattendance about shock,
on–going bacterial infection, Also current or late medication for nephrotoxic medications Also nonattendance from claiming gastrointestinal alternately
renal liquid misfortunes. Iv. No maintained change Previously, renal capacity (decrease On serum creatinine в‰¤ 1. 5 mg/dL alternately expand over
creatinine freedom will в‰Ґ 40 mL/min) Emulating diuretic withdrawal and extension for plasma volume with 1. 5 l for isotonic saline. V.
Proteinuria < 500 mg/dL Furthermore no sonographic proof about obstructive uropathy alternately parenchymal renal ailment (Salerno et al. , 2007).
Predictors about HRS:. A few investigations bring been performed with research possibility predictors for HRS. Gines et al. , discovered three free
variables should a chance to be predictive of HRS, nonattendance of hepatomegaly, helter skelter plasma renin activity, Furthermore low serum sodium
(Gines et al. , 1993. Montoliu

Smear Case Study: Why Patients Transfer To Robert Packard...
Since the patients transfer to Robert Packard Hospital he has been on telemetry for monitoring. While in Troy he was discovered to be in atrial
fibrillation and treated with intravenous Cardizem (once resolved he was switched to metoprolol by mouth), however has since been in normal sinus
rhythm, with occasional premature ventricular contractions. As long as his rhythm is within normal limits telemetry will be discontinued after a full
24 hours of monitoring. The patient has tested positive for Clostridium difficile, and a second stool sample was obtained to rule out giardia and
cryptosporidium (parasites that causes intestinal infection). Due to fluid retention (the patient has edema to his upper extremities, lower extremities and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Low levels of hematocrit can mean blood loss, which is the case for this patient. Along with testing the patient's stool and completing a computerized
tomography scan, KH also tested positive for occult blood in the stool, using a simple smear test called a guaiac. The guaiac test will indicate blood in
the stool that is not visible to the naked eye. Patients who have a slightly low hematocrit and hemoglobin may be asymptomatic or have mild symptoms.
Symptoms of anemia present in this patient are fatigue, dyspnea and shortness of breath (Honan, 2013). Acarbon dioxide level of 19mEq/L is low
compared to Guthrie Health's healthy range of 22–30mEq/L. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of metabolism. As oxygen is delivered to our cells,
carbon dioxide is picked up and carried in the blood to the lungs where it will be eliminated via exhalation. With these low levels acid accumulates
in the blood and causes metabolic acidosis. Symptoms of metabolic acidosis present include hyperventilation and lethargy. In this patient, low carbon
dioxide can be caused by several factors; diarrhea, kidney disease or uncontrolled diabetes (Honan, 2013). A blood glucose level of 113 is high
compared to Guthrie Health's normal range of 70–99mg/dL. Glucose is the primary source of energy for our body's cells. As the amount of glucose in
our body rises, insulin is released from the pancreas to lower those levels and maintain a homeostatic

Acute Kidney Injury : Acute Liver Injury
Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury Pathophysiology The human body has paired kidneys at the back of the abdominal wall. The kidneys play an important
role in filtering blood, removing wastes and maintaining the body's electrolyte and fluid balance by means of creating urine. Kidneys also play a
crucial duty in producing red blood cells and regulating blood pressure by the secretion of hormones (Huether & McCance, 2012). Kidney function is
vital for life and the disruption of function could be detrimental to one's health.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is rapid renal function decline with a decrease in glomerular filtration and consequently the build up of nitrogenous waste
products in the body. AKI is reversible, but is it also more likely to progress into chronic kidney disease. Acute kidney injury incidence is common in
the United States and it's growing. According to research, acute kidney injury accounts for ten to twenty percent of hospitalized adults (Levey, 2015).
Since it is fairly common there is a need to diagnose earlier with increased meticulousness in order to prevent total kidney failure. Acute kidney injury
can be categorized as prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal (Yaklin, 2011) Prerenal injury prevalence is the most common and will be discussed further.
Pathophysiology
The main development in prerenal acute kidney injury occurs from the blockage of the renal artery. This blockage is what ultimately leads to an
insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Flying Toilets
PeePoo's creator is Anders Wilhelmson, a Swedish architect and professor. It is omni present in Kenya, Nigeria and Bangladesh as a sanitation business
as a substitute for toilets. Peepoo recognises that merely building toilets is not enough and making people use the toilet is of critical importance. It is
the behaviour intention that diffuses an innovative product. It must be applicable in slums where sanitation is absent.
Without toilets, people resort to relieving themselves in plastic bags, which they throw as far away from their home as they can; a phenomenon known
as flying toilets. In some areas, flying toilets have become a public health concern.
Flying toilets are a common problem in urban areas like slums. To provide access to safe and acceptable toilet system in urban areas with a dense and
generally poor population, one has to face the challenges of the lack of availability of space, willingness to pay and the absence of an institutional
infrastructure. The Peepoo toilet could be an alternative solution. It is a personal, biodegradable toilet for single–use. It can be used either sitting or
standing, where and whenever the user wants and it is easy to carry around.
The PeePoo is a bag that contains five grams of urea, which breaks down waste into ammonia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the bag there is a thin inner–gauze (26 x 24 cm), and a filling of urea . When the urea comes into contact with faeces or urine, a breakdown
into ammonia and carbonate takes place, driven by enzymes, which are naturally occurring in faeces. As the urea is broken down, the pH value of the
material increases and hygienisation begins. Organisms, which produce diseases (pathogens) and may be found in faeces (bacteria, viruses and
parasites) are inactivated within 2 to 4 weeks depending on the surrounding temperature , In the end, when the Peepoo degrades in the soil, the
ammonia acts as a harmless fertiliser taken up by

Synthesis Lab Report Examples
I chose for my enrich topic for this week the subject of the "Synthesis of Urea". I chose this because I like the historical aspect of scientific
discoveries. I immediately learned that when you do a Google scholar search for "synthesis of urea" that you get a number of results about modern
patents on synthesizing urea. It was sort of difficult to find a historical article on the synthesis or urea in the scientific journal databases. I found a
couple of articles from the 1920s that talked about Friedrich WГ¶hler, the man credited with the first synthesis of urea, "a naturally occurring organic
compound from inorganic materials." ("urea". EncyclopГ¦dia Britannica. EncyclopГ¦dia Britannica Online. EncyclopГ¦dia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web.
26 Oct. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During an attempt to synthesize ammo–nium cyanate, WГ¶hler (1800–1882) heated a solution of silver cyanate and ammonium chloride. Separately, he
also heated lead cya–nate and aqueous ammonia. In both cases, he obtained not the expected product, but urea (Scheme 1). WГ¶hler's synthesis
showed that inorganic starting materials could be used to synthesize substances previously associated only with living organisms. In other words,
chemical synthesis requires no 'living' or 'vital force' to make biologically active compounds." (The origins of chemical biology, Kim L Morrison &
Gregory A Weiss, NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY VOLUME 2 NUMBER 1 JANUARY 2006, p3

phase of perioperative care beginning with the decision to...
phase of perioperative care beginning with the decision to perform surgery and continuing until the client reaches the operating area. Starts off whether
the patient wants to perform the surgery then continues until the patient reaches the operating area. When a patient is admitted into ambulatory surgery
or short before surgery the time for preoperative assessment, nursing diagnoses, and evaluation of the nursing management may be limited. It's
important to recognize the patient's immediate preoperative needs. Although, the preparation for the surgery is still required by the nursing process.
Assessment: in preoperative care it requires a complete assessment of the patient. The assessments differ based on the importance of the surgery and ...
Preoperative Teaching: during preoperative period its best to teach the patient about their surgical procedure and probabilities before and after the
surgery. During this time the patients are alert and free. It's better for the patient and their family if they know what to expect so they can participate in
the recovery. Nurses alter the instructions given and explains them to the patient to they are able to understand them properly. The teaching plan helps
the nurse assess the patient's perception. Once the patient understands what they have to do in order to recover quicker than they are most likely to
follow the preoperative instructions and cooperate with the healthcare team members. The information given in the preoperative plan varies with the
type of surgery and the length of the hospitalization. Examples of information to include in preoperative teaching: Preoperative medications–when they
are given and their effects, Postoperative pain control, Explanation and description of the postanesthesia recovery room or postsurgical area, Discussion
of the frequency of assessing vital signs and use of monitoring equipment. Preoperative Preparation: for preoperative care it is essential that the patient
is prepared for surgery both physically and psychosocially. Preoperative Medications: anesthesiologists frequently order preoperative medications.
Before administering

Urea Cycle Lab Report

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