The baking yeast is the preferred organism to generate biofuels. Howe.pdf

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The baking yeast is the preferred organism to generate biofuels. However, it requires processed sugar to generate ethanol, which may put a strain on the food industry. Therefore, you decide to choose a photosynthetic organism to generate bioethanol. You select cyanobacteria. which use the sunlight as the primary energy for cell growth and proliferation. What are the two enzymes for which you would like to clone the coding genes and express in cyanobacteria? What are their respective substrate(s) and product(s)? Name the enzyme(s) that is/are also expressed in humans and describe its/their functions. Solution ans. The roke of yeast in production of ethanol is the most important element that distinguishes wine from grape juice, In the absence of oxygen that is under anerobic conditions yeast converts the sugar into ethanol and carbondioxide throufg the process of fermentation. 1, The two enzymes are pyruvate decaroxylase(pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase. (adh) The coding sequence from both the enzymes frm the bacterium zymomonas is cloned into a shuttle vector pCB4r and then transform into cynobacteria strain 2. The major pathway for synthesis of bioethanol involves PDC catalyses the non oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate which results in the production of acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide Acetaldehyde is then reduced to alcohol by alcohol dehydrogenase. PDC is tetramer of 4 identical subunit of 50kd mass. 2 isozymes of ADH present. 3. Enzymes in human for ethanol production is ADH4 which is present in gut.

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Increasing concerns about dependence on fossil fuels has generated research and development of renewable fuels, such as ethanol. Ethanol can be produced from grains (for example, corn) or from plant biomass (tree chips and sawdust, composted food waste or paper products). The production of ethanol is an industrial application of fermentation studied in introductory biology laboratories. Using information from your laboratory experiments, propose the components necessary for converting corn to ethanol. (Consider reactants, products, and environmental conditions). Corn plants store energy as starch, which cannot enter the fermentation pathway directly. Based on your knowledge of the molecular structure of starch, include components necessary to convert starch to simple sugars. Solution Ethanol production from corn is a very recent and important bio-chemical process which can be used as an environmental friendly way to generate fuel. The method is simple and requires following inputs: 1. Corn source: Freshly isolted corn bolts are required for the process with sufficient water content. The dried up corn bolts are difficult to hydrolyze by enzymatic actions. 2. Enzymes: Sequential degradation of the corn\'s carbohydrates and sugar is brought about by activity of various enzymes. Firstly, the corn is milled into smaller pieces in liquid media which is acted upon by enzyme amylase. The amylase enzyme degrades the complex sugars into smaller carbohydrate units which can be further digested by other carbohydrate digesting enzymes. 3. Fermentation: After activity of amylase, yeast mediated fermentaion of corn is performed. This fermentation is performed under controlled environment of oxygen and temperature along with humidity and nutrients. Bio-chemically, the glucose derived from amylase action on the corn is converted into pyruvate while generating 2 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule and generation of two molecules of NADH. This pyruvate can enter glycolysis in the yeast and simultaneously fermented into acetaldehyde and generation of ethanol with consumption of two NADH molecules. Carbon dioxide is released as a by-product. Thus, this explains the utilizty of various enzymes and microbes in ethanol fermentation by yeast to generate ethanol under controlled environment..

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Homework: hmwk 5 Score: 0 of 1 pt Bookmatch 4-17 (book/static) Oli 3 of 5 (0 complete) HW Score: Que (Ratio analysis) Artz, Inc.\'s financial statements for 2015 are shown in the popup windowEE The chief financial officer for Artz has acquired industry averages for the following ratios in the popup window: EEB a. Compute the ratios listed above for Artz. b. Compared to the industry: (1) How liquid is the firm? (2) Are its managers generating attractive operating profit on the firm\'s assets? (3) How is the firm financing its assets? 4) Are its managers generating a good return on equity? a. Compute the ratios for Artz. The current ratio is (Round to two decimal places.) Solution a. Current ratio = total current assets / total current liabilties = 2000 / 800 = 2.5.

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Hand geometry 1. Definition 2. Importance 3. Advantages and disadvantages Signature recognition 1. Definition 2. Importance 3. Advantages and disadvantages Hand geometry 1. Definition 2. Importance 3. Advantages and disadvantages Signature recognition 1. Definition 2. Importance 3. Advantages and disadvantages 1. Definition 2. Importance 3. Advantages and disadvantages Signature recognition 1. Definition 2. Importance 3. Advantages and disadvantages Solution Hand geometry (1) Definition Hand geometry readers measure a user\'s hand along many dimensions and compare those measurements to measurements stored in a file. Hand geometry is a biometric that identifies users by the shape of their hands. Hand geometry is not thought to be as unique as fingerprints, palm veins or irises, fingerprinting, palm veins and iris recognition remain the preferred technology for high-security applications. (2) Importance Hand geometry biometrics is not a new technique. It is first mentioned in the early 70’s of the 20th century and it is older than palm print which is part of dactiloscopy. This technique is widely accepted and the verification includes simple data processing. Hand geometry is an ideal candidate for research and development of new acquisition, preprocessing and verification techniques. (3) Advantages Disadvantages Signature Recognition (1) Definition Biometric identification by automatically scanning a person\'s signature and matching it electronically against a library of own signature. It is a behavioural biometric. It can be operated in two different ways: Static: In this mode, users write their signature on paper, digitize it through an optical scanner or a camera, and the biometric system recognizes the signature analyzing its shape. (2) Importance (3) Advantages Disadvantages.

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Consider the many protein functions. Identify the protein function by a check mark. DNA transcription encoding of genes cell membrane receptors ion channels DNA replication Solution 1. DNA transcription: Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by enzyme RNA polymerase. 2. Encoding of genes: Protein encoding genes, or protein coding sequences are commonly described as structural or regulatory. Structural genes encode enzymes and proteins. So, this is a function of proteins. 3. Cell membrane receptors: Cell surface receptors are integral proteins that bind to external ligand molecule. SO, this is a function of protein. 4. Ion channels: Thy are pore forming membrane proteins whose functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, Shaping action potential and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ions across the cell membrane controlling the flow of ions across secretory and epithelial cells and regulating cell volume.So, this is a function of proteins. 5. DNA replication: The process of DNA replication cannot work if the DNA strand cannot be separated. To separate the DNA strands, proteins are used. So, this is a function of proteins..

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