Consider the many protein functions. Identify the protein function by.pdf

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Consider the many protein functions. Identify the protein function by a check mark. DNA transcription encoding of genes cell membrane receptors ion channels DNA replication Solution 1. DNA transcription: Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by enzyme RNA polymerase. 2. Encoding of genes: Protein encoding genes, or protein coding sequences are commonly described as structural or regulatory. Structural genes encode enzymes and proteins. So, this is a function of proteins. 3. Cell membrane receptors: Cell surface receptors are integral proteins that bind to external ligand molecule. SO, this is a function of protein. 4. Ion channels: Thy are pore forming membrane proteins whose functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, Shaping action potential and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ions across the cell membrane controlling the flow of ions across secretory and epithelial cells and regulating cell volume.So, this is a function of proteins. 5. DNA replication: The process of DNA replication cannot work if the DNA strand cannot be separated. To separate the DNA strands, proteins are used. So, this is a function of proteins..

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Gene regulation is how a cell controls which genes, out of the many genes in its genome, are "turned on" (expressed). Thanks to gene regulation, each cell type in your body has a different set of active genes – despite the fact that almost all the cells of your body contain the exact same DNA. you can dowenload the interactive powerpoint through this link: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Flqis6oX3Tq7nbRAiRcE71DTYcQ2TDkl/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=107152891770522030883&rtpof=true&sd=true

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• Define transcription • Define translation • What are the 3 steps of translation? • Define the “genetic dogma” • What is the function of Transfer RNA? • What is the function of RNA polymerase? • What is the function of DNA polymerase? • Define “splicing of RNA” • What is an exon? • What component of the cell does the translation? • What molecule in the cell does transcription? • What are the functions of: operon, promotor? • What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon? Solution • Define transcription Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of transcription. • Define translation Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation: • What are the 3 steps of translation? Step # 1. Initiation: Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs). These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from the ribosome once initiation is completed. Step # 2. Elongation: Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation. Step # 3. Termination: Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons) present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty. • Define the “genetic dogma” A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation • What is the function of Transfer RNA? The tRNA molecule, or tr.

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Gene expression-Transcription and translation. Transcription: Initiation, elongation, termination, processing. Splicing, exon, intron, promoter, enhancer, silencers or repressors. Translation-Initiation, elongation, termination, post-translation. Gene regulation, transcription factors. Gene expression models, prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, signal transduction, gene expression technology

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Homework: hmwk 5 Score: 0 of 1 pt Bookmatch 4-17 (book/static) Oli 3 of 5 (0 complete) HW Score: Que (Ratio analysis) Artz, Inc.\'s financial statements for 2015 are shown in the popup windowEE The chief financial officer for Artz has acquired industry averages for the following ratios in the popup window: EEB a. Compute the ratios listed above for Artz. b. Compared to the industry: (1) How liquid is the firm? (2) Are its managers generating attractive operating profit on the firm\'s assets? (3) How is the firm financing its assets? 4) Are its managers generating a good return on equity? a. Compute the ratios for Artz. The current ratio is (Round to two decimal places.) Solution a. Current ratio = total current assets / total current liabilties = 2000 / 800 = 2.5.

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Hand geometry 1. Definition 2. Importance 3. Advantages and disadvantages Signature recognition 1. Definition 2. Importance 3. Advantages and disadvantages Hand geometry 1. Definition 2. Importance 3. Advantages and disadvantages Signature recognition 1. Definition 2. Importance 3. Advantages and disadvantages 1. Definition 2. Importance 3. Advantages and disadvantages Signature recognition 1. Definition 2. Importance 3. Advantages and disadvantages Solution Hand geometry (1) Definition Hand geometry readers measure a user\'s hand along many dimensions and compare those measurements to measurements stored in a file. Hand geometry is a biometric that identifies users by the shape of their hands. Hand geometry is not thought to be as unique as fingerprints, palm veins or irises, fingerprinting, palm veins and iris recognition remain the preferred technology for high-security applications. (2) Importance Hand geometry biometrics is not a new technique. It is first mentioned in the early 70’s of the 20th century and it is older than palm print which is part of dactiloscopy. This technique is widely accepted and the verification includes simple data processing. Hand geometry is an ideal candidate for research and development of new acquisition, preprocessing and verification techniques. (3) Advantages Disadvantages Signature Recognition (1) Definition Biometric identification by automatically scanning a person\'s signature and matching it electronically against a library of own signature. It is a behavioural biometric. It can be operated in two different ways: Static: In this mode, users write their signature on paper, digitize it through an optical scanner or a camera, and the biometric system recognizes the signature analyzing its shape. (2) Importance (3) Advantages Disadvantages.

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a) Briefly describe three key differences between the genomes of prokaryotes and the genomes of multicellular eukaryotes. b) Chromosome inversions can have a major impact on evolutionary processes. Describe how chromosome inversions arise and the effect chromosome inversions have on the process of meiosis. What is the potential evolutionary significance of chromosome inversions? Solution a) Genomes of prokaryotes Genomes of eukaryotes Composed with single nacked, circular DNA. Composed with many linear DNA molecules, number varies from species to species. Chromosome organization is absent. Chromosome organization is present. Introns are absent. Introns are present. Centromeres, telomeres are absent Centromeres, telomeres are present. B) Chromosome inversion: Rearrangement of a chromosome segment. Inversion occurs when a single chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself. These are two types includes pericentric inversions include a centromere, while paracentric inversions do not. Effect chromosome inversions have on the process of meiosis: A major or key evolutionary effect of inversions is that they suppress recombination in heterozygotes. This follows from the loss of unbalanced gametes that result from recombination. Large inversions show very low (but still positive) rates of recombination as heterozygotes, which results from double cross-overs and gene conversion, but the rates are orders of magnitude smaller than those in homozygotes. Evolutionary significance: Like other types of mutations, inversions evolve under selection and random drift. Many inversions, particularly small ones in intergenic regions, are likely to evolve neutrally (by drift alone). Selection can result in three ways. Inversions can generate structural problems with meiosis, as with some pericentric inversions. Alternatively, a breakpoint can disrupt an open reading frame or alter gene expression. The consequences can be deleterious, as in some human genetic diseases [6], but in other cases could cause an adaptive mutation. Finally, selection can act on an inversion when it carries one or more selected alleles. Genomes of prokaryotes Genomes of eukaryotes Composed with single nacked, circular DNA. Composed with many linear DNA molecules, number varies from species to species. Chromosome organization is absent. Chromosome organization is present. Introns are absent. Introns are present. Centromeres, telomeres are absent Centromeres, telomeres are present..

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