2nd puc additional information to crack NEET and CET exam. Topic: Human health and disease

1. II PUC BIOLOGY
TOPIC: HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES
MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE
Resource Person:
C. Rashmi
Extra SYNOPSIS:
Mostly micro-organisms are used in
many industries as alcohol, enzymes,
vaccines, vitamins, antibiotics, organic
acids, etc. So biotechnology is controlled
use of microbes for benefit of human beings.
In this science, principles of biochemistry,
molecular biology and microbiology are
mostly used. Some important examples of
biotechnology products are :
Alcohol : It is the result of yeast
fermentation, which is the incomplete
oxidation of complex organic compounds
with the help of enzymes produced by yeast
(Invertase and Zymase)
In the middle of the 19th century, Louis
Pasteur reported that alcohol, beer and
butter milk are the result of yeast
fermentation. Yeast fermentation is the basis
of baking as well as brewing industries,
besides preparation of fermented foods like
idli, dosa etc.
Types of yeasts
(1) Baker’s yeast : These include the
selected strains of Saccharomycescerevisiae
and Torulopsis utilis grown on molasses.
They are available in the form of powder or
cakes. These yeasts have ability to ferment
the sugar in the dough. The carbon dioxide
produced during fermentation is
responsible for the leavening (i.e., raising
the dough). (2) Brewer’s yeast : Brewing
industry produces alcoholic beverages of
several types depending upon the
fermenting agent and the medium.
Fermenting agents are Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, S. sake, S. ellipsoidens (wine
yeast) and S. pireformis (ginger yeast) is a
saprophytic unicellular ascomycetes
fungus. Molasses is dark coloured syrup left
after extraction of sugar. It still contains
30% sucrose and about 32% invert sugar
(mixture of glucose and fructose).
Some other common products of yeast
fermentation are :
Beer : It is produced from Hordeum
vulgare (barley) malt and alcohol content is
4-8%.
Wine : Produced from grapes by
fermentation and alcohol content is 10-
20%.
Brandy : Produced by distillation of wine
and alcohol content is 43-57%.
Gin : Produced from fermented
European rye, i.e., Secale cereale.
Rum : Produced from molasses of
sugarcane and alcohol content is 40%.
Industrial production of alcohol :
Although industrial fermentations to
produce alcohol are performed almost
exclusively with S. cerevisiae, the bacterium
Zymomonas mobilis is a potentially useful
organism for the commercial production of
alcohol. Zymomonas can permit glucose,
fructose and sucrose, thus producing
relatively high yields of alcohol.
Organic acids : Microbes are useful in
the manufacture of a number of organic
acids as follows :
(1) Acetic acid (Vinegar) : It is most
important acid being produced by two step
fermentation of sugarcane juice by yeast
and Acetobacter aceti bacteria.
(2) Lactic acid : It was the first organic
acid to be produced from microbial
fermentation of lactose (milk sugar).
Fermenting agents are bacteria, e.g.,

2. Streptococcus lactis and Lactobacillus and
Fungi, e.g., Rhizopus. Lactic acid is used in
confectionery, fruit juices, essence, pickles,
canned vegetables and fish products.
(3) Citric acid : It is obtained by the
fermentation of sugar syrup by Aspergillus
niger and Mucor species. It is used in dyeing,
engraving, medicines, flavouring and
preservation of food and candies.
(4) Gluconic acid : This acid is
produced, during glucose oxidation by
most Aspergillus sps. and many species of
other fungal genera like Penicillium,
Mucor, Fusarium, Pullutaria, etc.
It is used in pharmaceuticals, food,
infant feed, detergent textile, leather,
photographic and concrete industries.
(5) Fumaric acid : This is obtained by
the activity of Rhizopus nigricans on sugar.
Enzymes : The term 'enzyme' was coined
by William Kuhne in 1876. Buchner (1897)
found that living cells of yeast are not
required for alcoholic fermentation, but
their extract also causes fermentation. In
dialysis process, which is used to remove
small molecules from enzymes. Enzymes
are the organic substances which enhance
the rate of biochemical reactions (without
themseleves undergoing any change).
Enzymes are also called biological catalysts
or biocatalysts. Enzymes can also be used
outside the cell to catalyse some specific
biochemical reactions to manufacture many
industrial products. Out of total over 2200
enzymes known today, only a few are used
in industries, medicines and food.
Enzymes obtained by microbial
activity
(1) Proteases or proteolytic enzymes :
Obtained from Aspergillus oryzae and
Bacillus subtilis and are used in detergents
to remove some proteinaceous stains on
clothes.
(2) Amylases : Obtained from Bacillus
subtilis, Aspergillusniger, A. oryzae etc., and
are used in beer and bread making. Also
used for softening starched clothes.
(3) Lactase : Obtained from
Saccharomycesfragilis and Torula cremoris.
Lactases convert lactose (milk sugar) into
lactic acid which is responsible for
coagulation of milk protein (casein).
(4) Rennin (Rennet) : Danish chemist
Christian Hensen (1874) first obtained it
from calf stomach and used for cheese
formation.
(5) Invertase : Obtained from
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is used to
prevent sandiness in dairy products.
(6) Pectinases : Obtained from
Aspergillus lucherisis and used for
destruction of penicillin action.
(7) Cellulase : Obtained from
Myrothecium verrucaria and used in
production of dextrin and fructose.
Role of enzyme in medicine
(1) Thrombin : Obtained from beef
plasma and is used for blood clotting in
surgical operations.
(2) TPA (Tissue Plasminogen Activator)
: This enzyme is specifically used in heart
patients to dissolve blood clots. Some
enzymes are also used to modify protein
molecules. Pig insulin has been converted to
human insulin (or humulin) by the action of
enzymes.
(3) Papain : This protein digesting
enzyme obtained from latex of papaya, is
used for making meat tender.
(4) Protein modifying enzymes : Some
enzymes are known to modify proteins for
human used e.g., conversion of pig insulin
into human insulin and called Pseumcelin.
Vitamins : Vitamins are the organic
compounds provided to the body with diet
and are required for some biochemical

3. processes in very small amounts. First
vitamin was discovered by Casimir Funk in
(1911) when he succeeded in isolating
vitamin B1 (thiamine), the deficiency of
which causes beri beri. This discovery was
followed by the discovery of vitamin A by Mc
Collum, vitamin D by Mellanby and vitamin
C by Albert Van Szent Gyorgy. The first
vitamin which was produced during
fermentation was vitamin C. This
fermentation was carried out by using a wild
bacterium. Some important examples of
microbes-produced vitamins are :
Tissue culture : This is also a latest
method of crop improvement. Besides also
used in manufacture of antibiotics,
alkaloids and dyes (like Shikonin, a red dye
used in silk-industry and in treatment of
burns is obtained from culture of cells of
Lithospermum root).
Antibiotics : These are the substances
of microbial origin and having antimicrobial
activity or these are the chemical
substances secreted by one micro-
organism, which inhibit or check the growth
of other micro-organisms. Antibiotics are
secondary metabolites and therefore,
medium is so selected that the organism is
diverted to its secondary metabolism.
First antibiotic discovered was Penicillin
(wonder drug), from Penicillium notatum by
Sir Alexander Fleming (1928). However the
term "antibiotic" was given by Waksman
(1942). Waksman himself discovered two
antibiotics i.e., Actinomycin (1941) and
Streptomycin (1942). Main sources of
antibiotics are fungi, bacteria and
actinomycetes and about 7,000 antibiotics
are known at this time. There are two main
groups of antibiotics
) Sedatives and Tranquillisers : These
drugs depress the activities of the central
nervous system. They give a feeling of
calmness, relaxation or drowsiness in the
body. Their higher doses induce sleep.
Tranquillisers lower tension and anxiety
without inducing sleep. Examples :
barbiturates and benzodiazephines (e.g.,
Valium).
Barbiturates are synthetic drugs derived
from barbituric acid and are called sleeping
pills.
(2) Opiate Narcotics : These drugs
suppress brain activity and relieve pain.
They are called pain killers. Examples
opium and its derivatives and some
synthetic drugs (e.g., pethidine and
methadone).
Opium and its Derivatives : Opium is
the extract from the unripe capsules of the
poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). It has
bitter taste. The opium addict loses weight
fertility and interest in work. Its derivatives
are morphine, codeine and heroin. Opium
derivatives immediately reduce respiratory
and cardiovascular activity, constricts the
pupils of the eye, reduce the visual activity
and cause nausea and vomiting. An
overdose leads to respiratory arrest and
death. If the supply of the drug is not
available, the addicts exhibit terrible “with-
drawal symptoms” in the form of muscle
cramps, running nose, vomiting and
epilepsy.
(1) Morphine and Codeine : These are
derived from opium. Morphine is a most
valuable analgesic but it causes addiction.
Codeine is a mild analgesic but causes no
addiction so codeine is commonly used in
many medicines and cough syrups.
(2) Heroin (Diacetylmorphine or
Diamorphine) : Heroin is formed from
morphine by acetylation. It is highly
addictive and, therefore, considered most
dangerous opiate. It is banned even for

4. medical use. It is used in research. Heroin
is taken orally or inhaled or injected. As the
heroin addicts are careless about the
needles and syringes so they can cause
blood poisoning, serum hepatitis and AIDS.
(3) Stimulants : These drugs stimulate
the nervous system; make a person more
wakeful, alert and active; and cause
excitement. The stimulants include caffeine,
cocaine and amphetamines.
(i) Caffeine : It is an alkaloid derived
from the leaves of tea plant (Thea chinesis),
seeds of coffee plant (Coffea arabic) and
seeds of Cocoa plant (Theobroma cocoa). Tea
plants and coffee plants are shrubs while
cacao plants are trees. Caffeine is a mild
stimulant and is commonly taken as
beverages – tea, coffee, coca and cola drinks.
It increases alertness and thought. As it is
mild stimulant, it is used in medicines as a
cardiac stimulant. Its excessive use causes
addiction.
(ii) Cocaine : It is extracted from the leaves
and young twigs of the South American shrub
Erythroxylon coca. Cocaine is used as local
anaesthetic and stimulant. The bad effects
are lack of sleep, loss of appetite and
hallucination which ultimately lead to
damaged mental functions and insanity. The
misuse may also produce severe headache,
convulsion or death due to cardiovascular or
respiratory failure.
(iii) Amphetamines : These are synthetic drugs, which are strong stimulants.
Amphetamines are taken by truck drivers and night workers to keep awake. They do not
remove fatigue. However, they impair vision and judgement of distance.
(4) Hallucinogens : These drugs change
thoughts, feelings and perceptions of an
individuals. Hallucinogens (drugs) cause
hallucinations (illusion of seeing objects or
hearing sounds, etc., not actually present).
They include chemicals such as LSD.
(Lysergic acid diethylamide), mescalin,
psilocybin and products of hemp plant.
(i) LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) : It
is derived from Ergot fungus. It is most
powerful hallucinogen which causes
horrible dreams, chronic psychosis, and
severe damage to the central nervous
system. LSD also brings about
chromosomal and foetal abnormalities.
(ii) Products of Hemp Plant : Bhang
(hashish), ganja and charas are three drugs
obtained from the dried leaves and flowers
of the hemp plant (Cannabis indica)
commonly called bhang. Another drug
Marijuana is derived from another species of
hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Immediately
after the intake of these drugs, the pupils of
the eye dilate, blood sugar level rises and
frequency of urination increases. These
drugs are often mixed with tobacco and
smoked. Compared to the other drugs, these
drugs may appear to be less harmful, but
these may lead to the opiates (opium group)
addiction. They are dangerous if taken along
with alcohol. Some of these drugs (e.g.,
Marijuana) cause anxiety and may lead to
psychosis

5. 1. ‘SMACK’ is a drug obtained from the
1. Latex of Papaver somniferum 2. Leaves of Cannabis sativa
3. Flowers of Datura 4. Fruit of Erythroxylon coca
2. The substance produced by a cell in viral infection that can
protect other cells from
further infection is
1. Serotonin 2. Colostrum
3. Interferon 4. Histamine.
3. Cancer cells are more easily damaged by radiation than normal cells
because they are
1. Starved of Mutation 2.undergoing rapid division
3. Different in structure 4. Non dividing.
4. A person with sickle cell anaemia is
1. More prone to Malaria 2. More prone to Typhoid
3. Less prone to Malaria 4. Less prone to typhoid.
5. Lysosomes are found in
1. Saliva 2. Tears 3. Saliva and tears both 4. Mitochondria.
6. The treatment of snake bite by antivenine is an example of
1. Artificially acquired active immunity 2. Artificially acquired
passive immunity.
3. Naturally acquired passive immunity 4. Specific natural
immunity.
7. The Philadelphia chromosome is found in the patients suffering
from
1. Albinism 2. Hepatitis 3. Insomnia 4. Rickets 5.
Leukemia.
8. Which one of the following is a stimulant?
1. LSD 2. Cocaine
3. Opium 4. Heroin 5. Cannabis

6. 9. AIDS is characterized by a sharp reduction in
1. Helper T cells 2. Killer T- cells
3. suppressor T cells 4. B- Lymphocytes.
10. Which is an AutoImmune disease?
1. Cancer 2. Asthma
3. Erythroblastosis foetalis 4. Rheumatoid arthritis.
11. Antigen binding site in an antibody is found between
1. Two light chains 2. Two heavy chains
3. one heavy and one light chain
4. Either between two light chains or between
one heavy and one light chain depending upon the nature of
antigen.
12. Cytokine providing non- specific immunity against virus is
1. Interleukin 2. Tumour necrosis
3. Colony stimulating 4. Interferon.
13. Alcohol is the most socially accepted narcotic drug .Excessive
consumption of alcohol leads to
1. state of hallucination 2.loss of memory
3. suppression of brain function 4. Cirrhosis of liver.
14. The name of Norman Borlaug is associated with
1. White revolution 2. Green revolution
3. Yellow revolution 4. Blue revolution.
15. Column I lists the components of body defense and column II lists
the corresponding description. Match the two columns. Choose the
correct options from those given
COLUMN I COLUMN II
A Active natural immunity P Injection of gamma
globulins
B First line of defense Q Complement proteins and
interferons
C Passive natural immunity R Direct contact with the
pathogens that have
entered inside.
D Second line of defense S Surface barriers

7. T Antibodies transferred
through placenta.
1. A-R ,B-S,C-T,D-Q 2. A-T, B-R, C-Q, D-P
3.A-S,B-R, C-T,D-Q 4. A-R, B-S, C-Q, D-T.
16. Ascaris occurs inside
1. Stomach 2. Intestine
3. Rectum 4. Urinary Bladder.
17. In Mammals, the skin takes part in
1. Protection 2. Excretion
3. thermoregulation and sensation 4.All of the above.
18. He La cells used in cell biology are
1. Cancerous cells grown in cancer research laboratory
2. Cervical cancer cell derivatives
3. Both 1 and 2 4 None of these.
19. Schizogony of Plasmodium occurs in
1. Liver of human 2. RBC of human
3. Intestine of parasite 4. Both 1 and 2
20. To confirm ELISA for AIDS we use
1. Western blotting 2. Northern blotting
3. Southern blotting 4. Eastern blotting
21. Identify the wrong statements
1. The tumour of haematopoietic cells is called as Leukemia.
2. Cancer arising from the epithelial tissues of internal organs and
glands is
referred as melanoma.
3.Sarcoma is a type of canc er
4. Only benign tumours are called as true cancer or neoplasm.
22. Diacetyl Morphine is commonly known as
1. Morphine 2. Heroin
3. Cannabis 4. Cocaine 5. Hashish.
23. Addiction to alcohol causes
1. Neurosis 2. Psychosis
3. Cirrhosis 4. Epilepsy.
24. How does antigen determinant differ from antigen binding site?
1. By its location 2. By its function

8. 3. By its structure 4. All the given options.
25. Which of the following is a pair of viral disease?
1. Ringworm, tuberculosis 2. Typhoid , Tuberculosis
3. Dysentry, Common cold 4. Common cold , AIDS.
26. Which of the following is released initially as an inflammatory
response in Man?
1. Interferons 2. Chitins
3. Cytokines 4. Cytokinins.
27Every time , when the dosage of a drug has to be increased to
achieve the same ‘kick’ that initially occurred in response to a smaller
dose, this condition is known as
1. Rebound effect 2. Tolerance
3. Withdrawal symptoms 4. Addiction.
28 . Which Ig is produced during primary immune response?
1. Ig A 2. Ig E
3. Ig M 4. Ig G.
29. Damage to thymus in a child may lead to
1. Loss of cell mediated immunity 2. Loss of antibody mediated
immunity
3. A reduction in the amount of plasma proteins.
4. A reduction in the haemoglobin content in the blood.
30. Use of antihistamines and steroids give a quick relief from
1. Nausea 2. Headache 3. Allergy 4. Cough.
33. Dipsomania is
1. A type of depression 2. Insanity due to psychosis
3. severe addiction to alcohol 4.Tendency to take much water.
34. People administered with preformed antibodies get
1. Active immunity 2. Innate immunity
3. Auto immunity 4. Natural immunity 5. Passive
immunity.
35. Sports persons generally abuse drug
1. Morphine 2. Cocaine
3. Heroin 4. Amphetemine.

9. 36. Which of the following is not used for treating cancer?
1. 131 I 2. 60 CO
3. Taxol 4. Streptokinase.
37. Short lived immunity acquired from mother to foetus through
placenta and infant through milk is
1. Active immunity 2. Passive immunity
3. Cellular immunity 4. Innate non specific immunity
38. Following are the characters of a disorder in human body
a. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of nasal passage.
b. Watery secretions by mucous glands
c. Continuous sneezing d. Eye watering e. Rise in the body
temperature identify the disorder,
1. Rhinitis 2. Bronchial asthma
3. Emphysema 4. Bronchial asthma.
39. The Humor in the humoral immunity implies
1. Hormones 2. Bone marrow
3. Plasma and lymph 4. Cerebrospinal fluid.
40. Fatty liver syndrome is associated with
1. Smoking 2. Alcoholism
3. Drug addiction 4. Drug abuse