safety and risk management in outdoor recreation

1. RECREATIONAL INSTRUCTORSHIP
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3. COMBINED ABOVE IS POWERFUL FOR PERSONAL
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BY BUILDING SELF
ESTEEM AND SELF CONFIDENCE.
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4. RISK MANAGEMENT AND OUTDOOR
EDUCATIONS
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6. WHEN USING THE ELEMENTS OF ADVENTURE, RISK AND
CHALLENGE OUTDOOR EDUCATORS NEED TO ENSURE THAT
THEIR PROGRAMS SATISFY 3 IMPORTANT CRITERIA:
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7. MANAGING
Managing risk in outdoor education hinges on the reduction of the
degree of real risk to a level considered acceptable to everyday
exposure. Understandably, this aim may be an objective of any outdoor
program where risk of injury inherent. Safety, is a paramount
consideration, however, it cannot be guaranteed.
This because there are many factors over which little or no
control can be exerted (eg. Sudden rock fall, gear failure,
human error, or inclement weather.
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8. Risk management planning is an attempt to identify
particular hazards of an injury or death to participants ( Ewert 1983).
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9. ****
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10. THERE ARE 3 MAIN STEPS TO THE MANAGEMENT
OF RISK IN ANY OUTDOOR EDUCATION PROGRAM;
1. Risk identification
2. Risk assessment
3. Risk reduction (brown 1995, TOLC
1996)
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11. 1.
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12. 2.
The degree of risk and the probability of an incident
relates to the assessment of risk. to assess the level of
risk in an outdoor education program will require an
evaluation of the amount of risk identified and the like
hood of an incident or accident occurring (TOLC 1996).
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13. 3.
 The aim of risk reduction is to implement range of strategies that will
minimize risk to an acceptable level in attempt to prevent incidents
occurring.
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14. A RANGE OF STRATEGIES APPROPRIATE
FOR REDUCING RISK IN OUTDOOR
EDUCATION MAY INCLUDE.
a) Safety policy guidelines-being familiar with any
workplace, health and safety guidelines….
b) Risk disclosure-by outlining the nature activity to
participant (and their parents/guardians if under 18 year of age)….
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15.  Knowing the participants-ice breakers trust activities….
 Staff training-qualified staff
 Equipment selection, inspection and maintenance-using approved
gear…
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16. YOUR RESPONSIBILITY AS A RISK MANAGER!!!
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17. 1. Establish Public Relations. Let people know about
your risk management effort. It is evidence of your
responsibility and accountability
2. Identify and correct hazardous condition. Area and
facilities should be analyzed on regular basis. If
possible, hazards should be correct! If not, warned
users about them or area or facility should be
discontinued
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18. 3.Provide in service education & training. To enhance skill
and level of safe environment. CPR accident reporting,
agency policies understanding, emergency procedures
(What to do first)
4. Insist on Good & continuous Maintenance. Routine,
schedule records of maintenance and inspection
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19. 5. Establish accident policies. What procedure you/staff required to
perform in case and accident? Policies and procedures should
clearly defined and accessible by all staff.
6. Keep accident report.
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21. 1. FAUNA
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22. 2. GEOLOGI
 CLIFF
 CAVES
 HOT SPRING
 VOLCANOES
 MOUNTAIN ELEVATION
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23. 3.
 RAIN- depression and interpersonal conflicts among
visitor, cold and illness
 HEAT AND SUN-sunburn and dehydration
 WINDS(HURRICANE)- high wind
 LIGHTING-thunderstorms
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REMBAU – “Saya tidak dengar bunyi petir, tetapi saya nampak cahaya
yang seribu kali lebih terang daripada cahaya kamera,” kata salah seorang
jurupandu Gunung Datuk yang hanya ingin dikenali sebagai Din, 30-an,
ketika ditemui di kaki Gunung Datuk, dekat sini, malam kelmarin.

25. 4.
 TOXIC VEGETATION- rengas and others poisonous shrub.
 BARRIERS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS- cactus, fig, thorn will
restrict visitors movement
 TREE FAILURE MECHANICAL- shallow rooting- damage the property
 MECHANICAL TREE FAILURE- insect and trees disease, high winds,
soil condition
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26. 5.
 DROWNING-swimming is the most popular cause of
death
 WATER TEMPERATURE-hypothermia
 CURRENTS – oceans, lakes, stream and lakes-restrict
swimmer/boater to reach safety area, drown over
waterfall, forced against rock and pulled under the water
 FLOODS AND WATER FLUCTUATION- based on drastic
rain downpour and seasonal changes
 NATURAL OBSTACLE IN WATER- logs, slick rock
 WATERFALL AND RAPIDS- undertows, whirlpools
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27. OTHER TYPE OF RISK PERSONNEL RISK
1. Human behavior-exploratory behavior, ego,
fighting, selfish
2. Employee termination-hasil ketidak
seimbangan akibat dibuang kerja
3. Sexual harassment-you are too cute!!
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28. 4. Discrimination- race, gender, marital status, disabilities
5. Employee safety and health aware with human needs
hierarchical and their exposure affect to outdoor
environment
6. Seasonal and part time employees-contract, part
time guide
7. Disabilities act
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29. HIGH RISK RECREATION
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30.  High risk recreation should not be eliminated, but participants should
be warned of the danger
 Benefit of high risk: increased self confident, leadership development,
teamwork, self esteem, overcoming failure, increased peer trust and group
problem solving, youth crime prevention programs, criminal rehabilitation.
 Most popular is a rope activity which includes rope course,
rope ladder, suspended rope, swinging rope, slider web ropes,
climbing wall and balance beams. All rope activities are capable of
causing serious injuries.
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31.  Other high risk outdoor recreation activities and
some inherent danger of participation:
White water rafting, canoeing, kayaking and rafting: turbulent water
injuries, drowning, hypothermia
Mountain climbing-equipment failure, falling, land slides, dehydration,
falling rock and tree (branch)
Cave exploration-equipment failure, lost in cave, falling, lack of
medical aid
Wilderness use (camping, expedition, trekking)-dehydration, lack of
medical aid and communication, animal attack, losing direction, falling, hit by
trees, broken legs.
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32.  High risk require extraordinary care, training and
specialized equipment. For examples. White water
canoeists must develop a higher level canoeing
skill, wear protective life jacket and know the
dynamics and hydraulic of fast flowing rivers
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33.  Avoid “home made and designed” equipment
facilities. All facilities must design, installed or
check by those expertise and experience in such
matters provider, seller and manufacturer.
 Instructor should teach a student the proper way
to handle the risk in order to minimize the
potential of injury.
 Give attention to the mental and psychological
readiness of participant must determine general health,
cardiovascular and strength
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34. Warning should be clearly and
repeat in high risk situation.
Always give how to instruction before starting an activity.
No person should be forced or pressured into
participation.
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