TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Prepared by:
Marianne T. Evangelista
MSHRM
TOUR 106: TOURISM
PLANNING
AND
DEVELOPMENT
UNIVERSITY OF THE
EAST CALOOCAN

2. CHAPTER
01

3. TOURISM
• Tourism is one of many
activities in a community or
region that requires planning
and coordination.
• This course provides a
simple structure and basic
guidelines for comprehensive
tourism planning at a
community or regional level.

4. PLANNING
• Planning is the process of
identifying
objectives and defining and
evaluating methods of achieving
them.
• Tourism planning considers all of
the tourism resources,
organizations, markets, and
programs within a region.
• Comprehensive planning also

5. DEVELOPMENT
• Tourism development
involves broadening the
ownership base such that more
people benefit from the tourism
industry, skills development, job
and wealth creation and ensuring
the geographic spread of the
industry throughout the
province .

6. REASONS FOR
PLANNING
1. Ensure that planners understand
the importance of tourism and
take this fully into account
when preparing development
plans and taking planning
decision.
1. Ensure that planners and the
tourism industry work together
effectively to facilitate,
promote and deliver new tourism

7. Cont:
3. Ensure that those involved in
the tourism industry understand
the principles of national
planning policy as they apply to
tourism and how these can be
applied when preparing
individual planning applications
and

8. TOURISM PLAN
• A formal tourism plan provides a
vehicle for the various interests
within a community to
coordinate their activities and
work toward common goals.
• It is also a means of
coordinating tourism with other
community activities.

9. TYPES OF TOURISM
PLANNING
• Site Level Planning
• Destination Level Planning
• Regional Level Planning
• National Level Planning
• International Level Planning

10. SITE LEVEL
• The most popular planning
today is at the site level, i.e.,
individual property development.
Business sectors , non-profit orgs.
and government agencies have
increasingly employed professionals
to plan and design their properties.
• The demand for resorts and
other specific attractions has
generated the need for new forms
of cooperation and guidelines
between the decision makers and

11. DESTINATION LEVEL
• In some countries or regions,
there is need for sub-regional or
local level planning.
• This is more specific than the
regional level planning.
• This level of planning is also
called destination/zonal planning.
For planning purposes, a
destination zone is defined as a
geographic area containing critical
mass of development that satisfies

12. REGIONAL LEVEL
• The regional level of tourism
planning is for one region of a
country. This can be a state, a
province or a tourist circuit (like a
group of islands, special areas and
etc).
• However, regional plans are
formulated within the broader
framework of the national tourism
policy and plan, provided it exists in
a country. At the same time
absence of a national level plan

13. Regional planning
focuses on the elements
of:
• Regional policy and Regional
access and the internal
transportation network of
facilities and services;
• Type and location of tourist
attractions
• Location of tourism
development areas including resort
areas;
• Amount, type and location of

14. Cont.
• Regional level environmental,
socio -cultural and economic
considerations and impact analyses;
• Regional level education and
training programmes; Marketing
strategies and promotion
programmes;
• Organizational structures,
legislations, taxations, regulations
and investment policies; and
Implementation techniques including
project programming and regional

15. NATIONAL LEVEL
• The national level of tourism
planning is what takes place
within a country at the behest
of it’s government.
• However, an ideal situation in
this would be to involve the
private sector, public sector and
also public opinion.

16. The national level of
tourism planning is focused
on several elements like:
• Defining tourism objectives;
• Tourism policy;
• A physical structure plan including
identification of major tourist
attractions, designation of tourism
development regions, international
access points and the internal
transportation network of
facilities and services;

17. Cont.
• The major tour routes in the
country and their regional
connections;
• Tourism organizational
structures, taxation, legislation
and investment policies;
• Tourism marketing: research,
strategies and promotion
programmes;
• Human resource development,

18. Cont 2.
• Facility development and design
standards;
• Socio-cultural, environmental
and economic considerations and
impact analysis;
• National level implementation
techniques, including long term
and short term development
strategies and project
programming; and Research to

19. INTERNATIONAL
LEVEL
• This level of planning is
concerned mostly with:
1) international transportation
services,
2) the flow and tour programming
of tourists among different
countries,
3) development of major attraction
features and facilities in nearby
countries, and

20. PLANNING PROCESS
• Like any planning, tourism planning
is goal-oriented, striving to achieve
certain objectives by matching
available resources and programs with
the needs and wants of people.
• Comprehensive planning requires a
systematic approach, usually involving
a series of steps.

21. STEPS IN PLANNING
PROCESS
1. Define goals and objectives.
2. Identify the tourism system.
3. Resources
4. Organizations
5. Markets
6. Generate alternatives.
7. Evaluate alternatives.
8. Select and implement.
9. Monitor and evaluate.

22. DEFINING GOALS
AND OBJECTIVES
• It is important to understand
how a tourism plan serves these
broader purposes.
• If tourism is identified as a
means of serving broader
community goals, it makes sense
to develop plans with
more specific tourism
development objectives.

23. IDENTIFY THE
TOURISM SYSTEM
• When planning for any type of
activity, it is important to first
define its scope and
characteristics. Be clear about
exactly what your plan
encompasses.
• You can begin to clarify the
tourism system by breaking it down
into three subsystems:
(1) tourism resources,

24. 1. TOURISM
RESOURCES
• Are any (1) natural, (2)
cultural, (3)
human, or (4) capital resources
that either are used or can be
used to attract or serve
tourists.
• A tourism resource inventory
identifies and classifies the
resources available that provide

25. a) NATURAL
RESOURCES
• Climate-seasons
• Water resources-lakes, streams,
waterfalls
• Flora-forests, flowers, shrubs, wild
edibles
• Fauna-fish & wildlife
• Geological resources-topography,
soils, sand dunes, beaches, caves,
rocks & minerals, fossils
• Scenery-combinations of all of the

26. b) CULTURAL
RESOURCES
• Historic buildings, sites
• Monuments, shrines
• Cuisine
• Ethnic cultures
• Industry, government, religion,
etc.
• Anthropological resources
• Local celebrities

27. c) HUMAN
RESOURCES
• Hospitality skills
• Management skills
• Seasonal labor force
• Performing artists-music, drama,
art, storytellers, etc.
• Craftsman and artisans
• Other labor skills from chefs to
lawyers to researchers
• Local populations

28. d) CAPITAL
RESOURCES
• Availability of capital, financing
• Infrastructure-transportation
roads, airports, railroads,
harbors & marinas, trails &
walkways
• Infrastructure: utilities water,
power, waste treatment,
communications

29. 2. TSM
ORGANIZATIONS
• It is important to recognize
the diverse array of public and
private organizations involved
with tourism.
• The most difficult part of
tourism planning is to get these
groups to work toward common
goals. You should develop a list of
these organizations within your
own community and obtain their

30. 3. TOURISM MARKETS
• Tourists makeup the third, and
perhaps most important subsystem.
Successful tourism programs
require a strong market
orientation.
• The needs and wants of the
tourists you choose to attract and
serve must be the focus of much
of your marketing and
development activity. Therefore,
it is important to clearly

31. GENERATE
ALTERNATIVES
• Generating alternative
development and marketing options
to meet your goals requires some
creative thinking and
brainstorming.
• The errors made at this stage
are usually thinking too narrowly or
screening out alternatives
prematurely. It is wise to solicit a
wide range of options from a
diverse group of people. If tourism
expertise is lacking in your

32. EVALUATE
ALTERNATIVES
• Tourism development and
marketing options are evaluated
by assessing the degree to which
each option will be able to meet
the stated goals and objectives.
• There are usually two parts
to a systematic evaluation of
tourism development and
marketing alternatives:

33. cont.
• Feasibility analysis, and
• Impact assessment.
• These two tasks are interrelated,
but think of them as trying to
answer two basic questions:
(1) Can it be done?, and
(2) What are the consequences?
A decision to take a specific
action must be based both on
feasibility and desirability.

34. IMPLEMENTATION,
MONITORING AND
EVALUATION
• Monitor progress in implementing
the plan and evaluate the success
of the plan in meeting its goals and
objectives on a regular basis.
• Plans generally need to be adjusted
over time due to changing goals,
changing market conditions, and
unanticipated impacts. It is a good
idea to build monitoring and
evaluation systems into your

35. ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
• The primary role of public /
government is governance,
enactment and implementation
of laws and regulations.
• Certainly, understanding the
many policies and practices of
governmental agencies is
essential to all forms of tourism
planning and development.

36. ROLE OF PRIVATE
SECTOR
• The private sector’s involvement in
tourism is most likely to be motivated
by profit, as tourism entrepreneurs
invest in business opportunities.
• In a capitalist or mixed economy,
development of tourist facilities and
services such as hotels and other
accommodation, tour and travel
agencies, commercial type tourist
attractions and activities and local
infrastructure are usually the
responsibility of the private sector, or
in some areas, of public corporations.

37. PUBLIC / PRIVATE
SECTOR
INVOLVEMENT
• Private sector
– Primarily interested in meeting the
needs of tourists
• Public sector
– Infrastructure, planning and
regulation
– Facilitate and control
– Public interest
– Relationship to government policy at

38. CHAPTER
02