3. SUBJECT
PRONOUNS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVES SHORT ANSWERS
I WAS WAS NOT / WASN’T WAS I …? YES, I WAS. / NO, I WASN’T.
YOU WERE WERE NOT / WEREN’T WERE YOU …? YES, YOU WERE. / NO, YOU WEREN’T
HE WAS WAS NOT / WASN’T WAS HE …? YES, HE WAS. / NO, HE WASN’T.
SHE WAS WAS NOT / WASN’T WAS SHE …? YES, SHE WAS. /NO, SHE WASN’T.
IT WAS WAS NOT / WASN’T WAS IT …? YES, IT WAS. / NO, IT WASN’T.
WE WERE WERE NOT / WEREN’T WERE WE …? YES, WE WERE. / NO, WE WEREN’T.
YOU WERE WERE NOT / WEREN’T WERE YOU …? YES, YOU WERE. / NO, YOU WEREN’T
THEY WERE WERE NOT / WEREN’T WERE THEY …? YES, THEY WERE. / NO, THEY WEREN’T.
SUBJECT
PRONOUNS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVES SHORT ANSWERS
I AM / ‘M AM NOT / ‘M NOT AM I …? YES, I AM / NO, I’M NOT
YOU ARE / ‘RE ARE NOT / AREN’T ARE YOU …? YES, YOU ARE / NO, YOU AREN’T
HE IS / ‘S IS NOT / ISN’T IS HE …? YES, HE IS. / NO, HE ISN’T.
SHE IS / ‘S IS NOT / ISN’T IS SHE …? YES, SHE IS. /NO, SHE ISN’T.
IT IS / ‘S IS NOT / ISN’T IS IT …? YES, IT IS. / NO, IT ISN’T.
WE ARE / ‘RE ARE NOT / AREN’T ARE WE …? YES, WE ARE. / NO, WE AREN’T.
YOU ARE / ‘RE ARE NOT / AREN’T ARE YOU …? YES, YOU ARE. / NO, YOU AREN’T
THEY ARE / ‘RE ARE NOT / AREN’T ARE THEY …? YES, THEY ARE. / NO, THEY AREN’T.
VERB TO BE : PRESENT
VERB TO BE : PAST
4. SUBJECT
PRONOUNS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVES SHORT ANSWERS
I HAVE GOT / ‘VE GOT HAVE NOT GOT / HAVEN’T GOT HAVE I …? YES, I HAVE./ NO, I HAVEN’T.
YOU HAVE GOT / ‘VE GOT HAVE NOT GOT / HAVEN’T GOT HAVE YOU …? YES, YOU HAVE./ NO, YOU HAVEN’T.
HE HAS GOT / ‘S GOT HAS NOT GOT / HASN’T GOT HAS HE …? YES, HE HAS. / NO, HE HASN’T.
SHE HAS GOT / ‘S GOT HAS NOT GOT / HASN’T GOT HAS SHE …? YES, SHE HAS. /NO, SHE HASN’T.
IT HAS GOT / ‘S GOT HAS NOT GOT / HASN’T GOT HAS IT …? YES, IT HAS. / NO, IT HASN’T.
WE HAVE GOT / ‘VE GOT HAVE NOT GOT / HAVEN’T GOT HAVE WE …? YES, WE HAVE./ NO, WE HAVEN’T.
YOU HAVE GOT / ‘VE GOT HAVE NOT GOT / HAVEN’T GOT HAVE YOU …? YES, YOU HAVE./ NO, YOU HAVEN’T.
THEY HAVE GOT / ‘VE GOT HAVE NOT GOT / HAVEN’T GOT HAVE THEY …? YES, THEY HAVE./ NO,THEY HAVEN’T.
HAVE GOT : PRESENT
5. LIKES & DISLIKES
LIKE / LOVE / HATE / DON’T – DOESN’T MIND
+
VERB-ING
She likes playing football.
They hate studying for the exams.
8. PRESENT SIMPLE
Uses
•ROUTINES & HABITS: I play football every Saturday
•PERMANENT ACTIONS: The sun rises in the east.
•WITH STATIVE VERBS: He thinks that his proposal is a good one.
STATIVE VERBS:
9. Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic:
Be
be is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means 'behaving' or 'acting'
you are stupid = it's part of your personality
you are being stupid = only now, not usually
Feel
feel (stative) = have an opinion: I feel that Mr. Peters is a good teacher.
I’m feeling a little tired today.
Have
have (stative) = own : I have a car
have (dynamic) = part of an expression : I'm having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time / a break
Look
It looks cold outside
She’s looking out the window
See
see (stative) = see with your eyes / understand : I see what you mean / I see her now, she's just coming along the
road
see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with: I've been seeing my boyfriend for three years
Smell
Something smells bad. What is it?
Anne is smelling the perfume to see if she wants to buy it.
Taste
taste (stative) = has a certain taste : This soup tastes great
taste (dynamic) = the action of tasting : The chef is tasting the soup
('taste' is the same as other similar verbs such as 'smell')
Think
think (stative) = have an opinion: I think that coffee is great
think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head: “what are you thinking about?” “I'm thinking about my next holiday”
10. Time expressions
EXPRESSIONS OF FREQUENCY:
I play tennis_____________
Once / twice / three times... a day / week / month / year…
On Mondays...
Everyday / Every… Monday / August / year / class…
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY:
I __________ play tennis.
I don’t ____________ play tennis.
I am _____________ tired.
ALWAYS / USUALLY / OFTEN / SOMETIMES / HARDLY EVER / ALMOST NEVER/
NEVER
11. Structure
(+) VERB / VERB –S / -ES* (3rd person singular = he / she / it)
I play tennis / She dances a lot
* verb finishes in.... –O : go / goES -S: kiss / kissES
-CH: watch / watchES -X: fix / fixES
-SH: wash / washES - Z: buzz / buzzES
* Verb finishes in consonant + y: cry / crIES
BUT ... if a verb finishes in vowel + y: play / playS
(-) DON’T / DOESN’T + VERB
I don’t play tennis / She doesn’t dance a lot
(?) DO / DOES + SUBJECT + VERB...?
Do you play tennis ? Yes , I do / No, I don’t.
Does she dance a lot? Yes, she does / No, she doesn’t.
12. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Uses
•THINGS THAT ARE HAPPENING NOW ( I’m explaining Present Continuous)
•TEMPORARY THINGS (I’m living in Lleida, only this summer)
•FUTURE PLANS (I’m having dinner with Joe next Friday)
Time expressions
NOW / RIGHT NOW / AT THE MOMENT / THIS MOMENT
TONIGHT
TODAY
THIS YEAR
AT PRESENT / PRESENTLY
TOMORROW / NEXT WEEK
You aren’t listening to me now.
13. Structure
VERB TO BE + VERB-ING Yo estoy cantando = I am singing
He is singing They are listening.
He isn’t singing They aren’t listening
Is he singing? Yes , he is / No he isn’t
Are they listening? Yes, they are / No, they aren’t.
SPELLING – ING:
1)Verbs which end in –e : the –e disappears
Write : writeing / writING
2)Verbs which end in –y
Play: playING
Cry: cryING
3)Verbs which end in CONS + VOW + CONS (tonic syllable)
Stop: stoPPING Cut: cuTTING
15. They are subordinate clauses which give
information about a noun (person, thing, place,
idea…) in the sentence.
The noun just before the relative clauses is the
antecedent.
Relative clauses start with a relative pronoun.
The shop which opened last week is around the corner.
Relative clause
Main clause
Antecendent Relative pronoun
16. TYPES OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS
WHICH objects
The phone which is on the shelf is already broken.
The phone which I bought a week ago is already broken.
Please use the kit which you’ve been provided with.
Please use the kit with which you have been provided. (FORMAL)
WHO / WHOM people
My neighbour is the person who won the lottery.
Have you seen those people who we met on holiday?
The person who they were talking about is Paul.
The person about whom they were talking is Paul. (FORMAL)
17. WHEN time
The month when we met wasn’t very rainy.
WHERE place
The café where we met is being torn down.
The house where we lived is being torn down.
WHOSE possession
The man whose wallet was stolen was very angry.
That’s the woman.
The woman’s house was set on fire yesterday.
That’s the woman whose house was set on fire yesterday.
18. WHAT= the thing(s) that.
•It does not refer to a noun that comes before it.
•Clauses beginning with “what” act as subject or objects
and are called NOMINAL RELATIVE CLAUSES
I couldn’t believe what he was saying.
Direct object of verb “believe”
What she said made me cry
Subject of verb “made”
19. TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
Defining
They give essential information about the
antecedent.
The main clause would be meaningless if there
wasn’t a relative clause.
In these clauses:
•some relatives can be substituted by “that”
•some relatives can be omitted.
20. THAT SUBSTITUTION
WHO:
We didn’t recognize the people who / that had just had an
accident.
WHICH:
This the law which / that is very important for us.
We also use “that” after something, anything,
everything, nothing, etc.., all , superlatives…
Here’s something that you can read in the car.
The Wimbledon men’s final was the best game of tennis that I’ve
ever seen.
21. RELATIVE OMISSION
We can omit relative pronouns who / whom / which / that
when they function as objects in the subordinate clause.
SUBJECT
The newspaper reported that the tiger which killed its keeper
has been put down.
OBJECT
The house (which/that) we rented in London was fully
furnished.
22. We didn’t recognize the people.
•The people had just had an accident.
•We were looking at the people.
We didn’t recognize the people who had just had an accident.
We didn’t recognize the people(who /that) we were looking at.
We didn’t recognize the people at whom we were looking.
=
We didn’t recognize the people (whom) we were looking at.
23. This is the law.
•This law is very important for us.
•The government has just passed this law.
This the law which is very important for us.
This the law (which /that) the government has just passed.
24. I don’t remember the date.
She was born on the date.
I don’t remember the date (when / that) she was born.
We can also omit relative pronoun when if the antecedent is a
time word like “date, day , year...”
25. TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
Non-defining
They add extra information about the
antecedent.
The main clause would be meaningful if there
wasn’t a relative clause.
26. Shakespeare wrote very famous plays.
•Shakespeare died in 1616.
•I read an essay about Shakespeare.
Shakespeare , who died in 1616, wrote very famous plays.
Shakespeare , who I read an essay about, wrote very
famous plays.
Shakespeare , about whom I read an essay, wrote very
famous plays.
My new bike is fantastic.
•My new bike is very expensive.
•I bought my new bike last week.
My new bike, which is very expensive, is fantastic.
My new bike , which I bought last week, is fantastic.
27. In 1999 I found my first job.
•I finished university in 1999.
In 1999, when I finished university, I found my first job.
Seville can be very hot in the summer.
•My friend Anne lives in Seville.
Seville, where my friend lives, can be very hot in the
summer.
Beyonce is a very famous singer.
•Beyonce’s latest album is great.
Beyonce, whose latest album is great, is a very famous
singer.
