2. In this unit, we will work on…
• Vocabulary: Literary genres
Compound nouns
• Grammar: Past Simple and Continuous
Past Perfect
Time expressions with the Past Perfect
• Reading: ‘Dog Star’: a short story
A success story
3. • Listening: Book or film?
• Speaking: Talking about books
Asking for and giving opinions
• Writing: A book review
Describing books
• Our project: Our oral presentations
4. Vocabulary 1: Literary Genres
• Play: obra de teatre
• Adventure (book/ novel): llibre/ novel.la d’aventures
• Romantic novel: novela romàntica
• Biography: biografia
• Autobiography: autobiografia
• Science fiction / sci-fi (book): (llibre) de ciència ficció
• Fantasy: de fantasia
• Thriller: de thriller (misteri i suspens)
• Non-fiction: no-ficció
• Poetry: poesia
• Comic: comic
• Crime (story / novel): història/ novel.la de crim
• Short story: història curta
• Historical fiction: ficció històrica
5. Vocabulary 2: Compound Nouns
NOUN + NOUN
• Book deal: ‘pacte literari’ (quan
un autor negocia les condicions
de publicació del seu llibre)
• School holiday: vacances escolars
• Postcard: postal
• Computer program: programa
d’ordinador
• Bookshop: llibreria
• Love letter: carta d’amor
• Text message: missatge de text
• Audiobook: audiollibre
ADJECTIVE + NOUN
• Social life: vida social
• Best-seller: èxit de vendes
• Popular press: premsa
popular/populista
• Secondary school: escola
secundària
• Public library: biblioteca
pública
• Graphic novel: novel.la gràfica
6. PAST SIMPLE FORM
AFFIRMATIVE
+
NEGATIVE
-
QUESTIONS
?
SHORT
ANSWERS
USE We use the Past Simple to talk about events in the past.
TO BE I /he / she / it
WAS
(era / estava)
You / we / they
WERE
I /he / she / it
WASN’T
You / we / they
WEREN’T
(QW) + WAS /
WERE + Subject
(S) ?
Were you at
school?
Yes, subject +
WAS /WERE
NO, subject +
WASN’T /
WEREN’T
OTHER VERBS
v -ed
S + (Reg. V.)
Irregular V.
I PLAYED chess.
I WENT home.
S + DIDN’T + V
I DIDN’T PLAY…
I DIDN’T GO…
(QW) + DID +
SUBJECT +
Verb?
What DID you
do?
DID he PLAY?
Yes, S + DID
NO, S + DIDN’T
-
Yes, he DID.
No, he DIDN’T.
7. IMPORTANT!
• USE: We use the Past Simple to talk about short
actions in the PAST.
• -ed formation rules:
1. Vb. + -ed play + -ed = played / discover = discovered
2. V- consonant + -e + -d explore = explored
3. One syllable V- ending in cons. + vowel + cons. We
double the last consonant.
stop + -ed = stopped travel + -ed = travelled
4. Vb. Consonant + -y -ied
Cry + -ed = cried try + -ed = tried
8. PAST CONTINUOUS FORM
AFFIRMATIVE + NEGATIVE -
Subject + WAS / WERE + V-ing
She was reading a fantastic book.
Subject + WASN’T / WEREN’T + V-ing
She wasn’t chatting on the Internet.
I WAS READING
Jo estava llegint
I WAS NOT / WASN’T READING
Jo no estava llegint
You WERE READING
Tu estaves llegint
You WERE NOT / WEREN’T READING
Tu no estaves llegint
He
She WAS READING
It
Ell/a estava llegint
He
She WASN’T READING
It
Ell/a no estava llegint
We
You WERE READING
They
Nosaltres estàvem / vosaltres estàveu
Ells/-es estaven llegint
We
You WEREN’T READING
They
Nosaltres no estàvem / vosaltres no
estàveu / Ells/-es no estaven llegint
9. PAST CONTINUOUS FORM
QUESTIONS ? SHORT ANSWERS (sh.a.)
(Question + WAS / + subject + verb –ing?
Word - QW) WERE
What were you doing ?
Was he listening to music?
Yes, subject + WAS /WERE
NO, subject + WASN’T / WEREN’T
-
Yes, he was. // No, he wasn’t.
WAS I PLAYING?
Estava jo jugant?
Yes, I WAS.
No, I WASN’T.
WERE you PLAYING?
Estaves tu jugant?
Yes, I WAS.
No, I WASN’T.
He
WAS She PLAYING?
It
Ell/a estava jugant?
Yes, he / she / it WAS.
No, he / she /it WASN’T.
We
WERE You PLAYING?
They
Nosaltres estàvem / vosaltres estàveu /
ells/-es estaven jugant?
Yes, we WERE.
No, we WEREN’T.
Yes, they WERE.
No, they WEREN’T.
10. IMPORTANT!
• USE: We use the Past Continuous to talk about
actions in progress in the PAST.
• Gerund formation rules:
1. V- + -ing play + -ing = playing / study + -ing = studying
2. V- consonant + -e + -ing come + -ing = coming
3. One syllable V- ending in cons. + vowel + cons. We
double the last consonant.
stop + -ing = stopping swim + -ing = swimming
4. Irregular forms:
Die + -ing = dying Lie + -ing = lying
11. PAST SIMPLE vs. CONTINUOUS
PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS
WE USE IT FOR …
• Short finished actions
Mike BROKE his leg.
• Longer actions
I WAS HAVING a shower.
• An event that interrupts
a longer action
WHEN she ARRIVED
Quan ella va arrivar
everybody WAS DANCING.
tothom estava ballant.
WHEN + Past Simple
(quan)
My father was cooking
(Past Cont.)
when I got home.
(Past S.)
El meu pare estava cuinant
quan vaig arribar a casa.
WHILE + PAST CONT.
(mentre)
While my father
was cooking, my mother
(Past Cont.)
was fixing the lights.
Mentre que el meu pare
estava cuinant, la meva mare
estava arreglant les llums.
12. PAST PERFECT FORM
• We use the past perfect to talk about an action that happened before another action in the past
AFFIRMATIVE + NEGATIVE -
Subject + HAD + past participle
(V-ed/3rd column)
She had read a fantastic book.
Subject + HADN’T + past participle
(V-ed/3rd column)
She hadn’t read on the Internet.
I HAD READ
Jo havia llegit
I HADN’T READ
Jo havia llegit
You HAD READ
Tu havies llegit
You HADN’T READ
Tu no havies llegit
He
She HAD READ
It
Ell/a havia llegit
He
She HADN’T READ
It
Ell/a no havia llegit
We
You HAD READ
They
Nosaltres havíem / vosaltres havíeu
Ells/-es havien llegit
We
You HADN’T READ
They
Nosaltres no havíem / vosaltres no
havíeu / ells/-es no havien llegit
13. PAST PERFECT FORM
QUESTIONS ? SHORT ANSWERS (sh.a.)
(Question + HAD + subject + p. part. ?
Word –QW)
What had you done ?
Had he listened to music?
Yes, subject + HAD
NO, subject + HADN’T
-
Yes, he had. // No, he hadn’t.
HAD I PLAYED?
Havia jugat?
Yes, I HAD.
No, I HADN’T.
HAD you PLAYED?
Havies jugat?
Yes, I HAD.
No, I HADN’T.
He
HAD She PLAYED?
It
Ell/a havia jugat?
Yes, he / she / it HAD.
No, he / she /it HADN’T.
We
HAD You PLAYED?
They
Nosaltres havíem / vosaltres havíeu / ells/-
es havien jugat?
Yes, we HAD.
No, we HADN’T.
Yes, they HAD.
No, they HADN’T.
14. Time expressions with the
Past Perfect
• By the time: en el moment
By the time we arrived, the film had started
• After: després
We arrived after the film had started
• Before: abans
The film had started before we arrived
• Already: ja
The film had already started when we arrived
• By then: en el temps/moment
We arrived at 7 pm. By then the film had started
