Evolution Of Nanoscale Science And Technology

Evolution Of Nanoscale Science And Technology
In the last twenty years Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies have become more significant and have
found a lot of applications in many aspects; the synthesis making nanostructured materials with
helpful and tunable properties is central to the evolution of nanoscale science and technology.
Nanometre scale metal particles exhibit optical, electronic, magnetic and chemical properties which
have wonderful technological and scholar value. Among them silver, copper, and gold nanoparticles
(NP) offer powerful adsorption bands (Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance, LSPR) in the visual
spectrum. The frequency of the LSPR is mightily dependent on various properties of the NP. The
optical properties of metal NP are mightily affected by their composition, shape, size, and
concerning climate, like the closeness of other particles. These nano–particles, in a collective
surround the core, will do a shell. Metal nanoshells have shown formidable troth for systematic
engineering of SPR. These are composite nanoparticles that make of a dielectric core covered with a
few nanometers to a little tens of nanometers of a metal, ordinarily gold or silver. The SPR of these
nanoparticles may be alteration over hundreds of nanometers in wavelength, across the visible and
into the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum by the relative dimensions of the core and
the shell.
Firstly, the fabricated unclosed nanoshell composite SiO2@ Au–Cu was made by chemical methods
for different cases.
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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Oxide Nanoparticle
Nowadays, in adsorptive separation and purification, activated carbon, zeolites, activated alumina,
and silica gels, as existing commercial sorbents, have important roles. However, innovative
technological developments are needed in the new economy and under the stringent environmental
regulations. Despite very promising features of the newly developed nanostructured sorbent
materials, basically exploring and systematic investigations are needed on both synthesis methods
and adsorption characteristic studies (Deng 2006).
The goal of nanotechnology is to make nanostructures or nano arrays with special properties, which
do not exist in their bulk or single particle types. Oxide nanoparticles can present unique physical
and chemical properties, because of their limited size and a high density in their corner or edge
surface sites (Fernandez–Garcia & Rodriguez 2009; Bhattacharjee et al. 2011). ... Show more
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2011; Li et al. 2012), metal oxides (Yuan et al. 2011; Dou et al. 2011), and bimetals (Shirsath et al.
2011; Ai et al. 2011). A composite of montmorillonite–ZnO prepared by Fatimah and Huda activity
test was evaluated in methanol dehydration reaction (Fatimah & Huda 2012). Zn immobilized
montmorillonite was evaluated as photocatalyst in a photocatalytic antibacteria of Eschericia coli
and Staphylococcus aureussystem and showed the significant activity of material as photocatalyst
(Fatimah

Nowadays, a large spectrum of the studies focus on...
Nowadays, a large spectrum of the studies focus on nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles (Ag–NPs)
have a lot of application in many aspect from medicine and biotechnology to industry. Despite of
the increasing studies on Ag–NPs, the mechanism, associated to their effects, especially probable
toxicity on reproduction procedure, developmental process and offspring behavioral following this
period, are not so clear. Therefore in the present study the effect of Ag–NPs exposure during
gestational period on offspring's depression behavior was assessed. Thirty virgin female mice were
divided into three groups (n= 10 for each group) including: one control and two experimental
groups which one received low dose (0.2mg/kg) and the other received high ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Increasing application of Ag–NPs has increased its environmental exposure. Nanomaterials have
some neuro–toxicity including short–term memory reduction and learning ability decreasing[6].
Also, it was reported that the prenatal exposure to nanoparticles can effects on neurobehavioral
development[7] via ROS augmentation in hippocampus[8]. In particular, females are more prone to
nanoparticle diverse effects as their toxicity may lead to impairment of reproductively and fetal
development[9]. Ag–NPs, in perticular, can pass blood brain barrier (BBB) so, they can accumulate
in the brain[10]. Also it was shown that even in low concentration, silver has long maintenance time
in brain than the other tissues[11]. Furthermore, Ag–NPs retention time in mouse body was more
than 4 months. These findings provide enough time for Ag–NPs to affect on neural cells natural
physiology and development. It was recorded that Ag–NPs pass from placenta, as a vital barrier, so
it causes neurotoxicity in the fetus[12], [13]. Also some studies reported that Ag–NPs are
accumulated in fetuses tissues by passing from placenta[14]. But still little information is available
associated to the relation between prenatal Ag–NPs exposure and following behavioral performance.
Various application in medicine, passage from the placenta and following that passing from the
BBB, long maintaining and long retention time come to consideration this

The Synthesis Of Gold Nanoparticles
Abstract: In this study, we report a convenient, simple, economically viable and eco–friendly
method for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with carboxymethyl gum kodagogu
(CMGK). Carboxymethyl gum kondagogu is a nontoxic and renewable. It is used as reducing,
stabilizing and capping agent for the synthesis of AuNPs without using any chemical reducing
agent. The effect of various parameters such as concentration of HAuCl4 and CMKG and reaction
time for the synthesis of AuNPs was studying. The green synthesized AuNPs were characterized by
UV−vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) and X–ray diffraction techniques. The resultant CMGK capped AuNPs are
extremely stable and had significant antibacterial action on both Bacillus subtilis (B.subtilis) and
Escherichia coli (E. coli). The catalytic activity of the CMGK capped AuNPs was studied the
reduction of 4–nitrophenol (4–NP) to 4 Amino phenol (4–AP) in the presence of NaBH4. With
respect to the 4–NP the kinetics of the reaction were found to be a pseudo–first–order.
Key Words: Gold nanoparticles, carboxymethyl gum kondagogu, Catalytic activity, Antibacterial
activity, Nanomaterials.
Introduction:
Nano science and nanotechnology have the ability to provide solutions to the society in various
areas like the environment challenges viz. water treatment, sustainable chemical production etc. as
well as in fields like medicine, solar energy conversion

Activity Of Egyptian Propolis Nanoparticles
Antiproliferative activity of Egyptian propolis nanoparticles/liposomes in cancer cell monolayers:
multimode of action including apoptotsis and nitric oxide production
Rehab T.A.a, Sherif S.M.b,c, Hamdia A.Z.a, Torchilin P. V.c aAin Shams University, College of
Women for Arts, Science and Education, Cairo, Egypt, bBiophysics and Laser Science Unit,
Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt and c Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern
University, Boston, USA.
ABSTRACT
Natural products are invaluable resource of anticancer drug discovery. They generally viewed as
safe but weak, within the framework of nanotechnology, they can serve as template for potent
anticancer drugs. We first evaluated the cytotoxic activity of different propolis extracts (water,
hydroalcohol, ethanol and hexane) in many cancer cell lines, then the solid nanoparticles from the
organic solvent extracts were prepared and their cytotoxicity was evaluated as well. Finally, 1,2–
dipalmitoyl–sn–glycero–3–phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2–dioleoyl–sn–glycero–3–
phosphocholine (DOPC) liposomes were prepared from the most cytotoxic organic solvent extract
and their cytotoxicity was also evaluated.
All results collectively showed that hexane extract and its solid nanoparticles as well as its
liposomal form exhibited high cytotoxic activity. DPPC/DOPC–hexane extract cytotoxicity was
selectively depends on the cell line and

Ternary Nannocomposites : An Analysis Of Ag-Cu2o / Rgo
Ternary nanocomposites (NCs) comprising Ag–Cu2O supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO)
with enhanced stability and visible light photocatalytic activity were synthesized via a facile and
green approach using Benedict's solution and glucose solution at room temperature without the need
of any toxic reagent, surfactant or any special treatment. Besides mild reducing capability to GO,
glucose also induces the functionalization of rGO sheets, preventing the aggregation of the reduced
sheets and providing a site for the stabilization of Cu2O. Further, the reaction time for the synthesis
of Ag–Cu2O/rGO NCs was significantly controlled by varying the concentration of Benedict's and
glucose solution. The photocatalytic efficiency of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, various efforts have been focused on the design and synthesis of Cu2O–based
nanocomposite materials to achieve high photochemical stability and improve the charge separation
ability for high photocatalytic efficiency. In this context, the fabrication of Cu2O materials with
noble metal nanoparticles is an efficient approach to improve the photocatalytic efficiency, as the
schottky barrier developed at the heterojunction interface inhibits the recombination of
photogenerated electrons and holes in photocatalytic reactions. Further, the surface plasmon
resonance (SPR) of noble metal nanoparticles also enhances the photocatalytic efficiency by
increasing the absorption of photons on the surface of the catalyst. However, the use of
stabilizing/capping agents for the synthesis of noble metal–semiconductor nanocomposite materials
decreases the catalytically active surface area by aggregating on its surface and cause lower catalyst
contact with the reactant molecules. Further, surfactants affect the shape, size, and growth of the
deposited metal nanoparticles and prompt the formation of large sized aggregated nanoparticles with
low photochemical stability and reduced catalytic efficiency. In this context, graphene oxide (GO)
was used as an efficient support for Cu2O–based NCs, because of its large surface area, high
electron conductivity, and high optical transparency to achieve enhanced photochemical stability

Delivery of Low Molecular Drugs Using Chitosan and Its...
Delivery of low molecular drugs using chitosan and its derivatives
1. Introduction
The primary focus of this term paper consists of two parts. First, review chitosan–based drug
delivery system for the delivery of traditional low molecular weight drugs based on a review paper
titled "targeted delivery of low molecular drugs using chitosan and its derivatives" (Advanced Drug
delivery reviews, 2010). Second, critique an original research paper about hydrotropic oligomer–
conjugated glycol chitosan as a carrier for tumor–targeted paclitaxel delivery, which was published
in Journal of Controlled Release in 2013 (title: Enhanced drug–loading and therapeutic efficacy of
hydrotropic oligomer–conjugated glycol chitosan nanoparticles for tumor–targeted paclitaxel
delivery).
Chitosan, a linear aminopolysaccharide composed of randomly distributed (1→4) linked D–
glucosamine and N–acetyl–D–glucosamine units, is obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, a
structural element in the exoskeleton of crustaceans, which is the second most abundant natural
biopolymer after cellulose (Fig. 1). The most easily exploited sources of chitin are the protective
shells of crabs and shrimp. The primary aliphatic amines of chitosan can be protonated under acidic
conditions (amine pKa is 6.3). Fig 1. Chemical structure of chitosan
Research showed that long circulating macromolecules (polymer–drug conjugates) and nano–sized
particulates (such as micelles and liposomes) accumulate passively at the

Essay On Polyphenolics
As shown in Fig. 1, the bonds about 278 and 335 nm were related to the presence of polyphenolics
as the antioxidant for green synthesis of nanoparticles, which assigned to the π → π* transitions
[40]. The addition of the Safflower extract to the HAuCl4 solution was resulted in the Au3+
reduction and visual color change from light yellow to reddish brown is meaning the formation of
Au–NPs. Therefore, this color change is due to Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) excitation the
collective oscillation of free conduction electrons induced by an interacting electromagnetic field.
The strong SPR band was observed near 520 nm. These bands are centered in the ideal wavelength
range reported for Au–NP colloidal solutions [41]. 3.2. XRD
The wide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.3. BET–BJH
The porosity and volumetric characteristics of the materials were evaluated by volumetric analyses.
In both materials (Fig. 4), the "Type IV" N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms with "H1–type"
hysteresis corresponded to condensation and evaporation steps, and were characteristic of periodic
mesoporous materials. The textural properties of SBA–15, NH2–SBA–15 and Fe3O4–SBA–15–
Cya–Cit–Au–NPs have been summarized in Table 1. It is noteworthy that the surface area, pore
volume, and pore size decreased following the modification, confirming that the surface
modification occurred on the inner surface of the silica wall [23]. A considerable decrease in the
BET surface area upon grafting of cyanuric–citric acid and Au nanocrystallites at the surface of the
functionalized SBA–15 material (B) clearly suggests that the cyanuric– citric acid and Au
nanoparticles have been anchored on the inner surface of the mesopores.
3.4. IR
For identification of Fe3O4, SBA–15 and SBA–15–CA–Fe3O4/Au functional groups were studied
FT–IR analysis (Fig. 5). As shown in Fig. 5a, Fe–O bond at 580 cm–1 and 634 cm–1 and –OH bond
at 3398 cm–1 indicate the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. In addition, in Fig. 5b, at around 800
cm–1, 950 cm–1 and 1090 cm–1 were related to the Si–O symmetric stretching, Si–OH and Si–O–
Si asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibration respectively, which confirms

The Growth Of Eco Friendly And Reliable Methods For Our...
Introduction
During the course of human history, fungi has always been used as food and exploited to preserve
and ferment beverages and foods. By the twentieth century, we had learned to protect human health
by harnessing fung (immunosuppressive agents, anti–cholesterol statins and antibiotics), while
industries made us of fungi to support large scale production of acids, biosurfactants and enzymes.
In the 1980's, with the dawn of fresh nanotechnology, fungi had remained important by being able to
synthesize nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles or nanomaterials are materials including particles or constituents that are of nanoscale
proportions, or something that has been produced via nanotechnology. Biologically hazardous or
environmentally toxic reducing agents are normally associated in the nanoparticles chemical
synthesis. Today, the growth of eco–friendly and reliable methods for the production of
nanomaterials is a vital facet of nanotechnology. One such approach that has shown potential
beyond measure is centred on the use of biological micro–organisms, such as fungi for the
biosynthesis of these nanoparticles.
Fungi can invariably be used for the synthesizing of metallic nanoparticles from their salt, since
fungi contain enzymes and proteins as reducing agents. Should be cautious while handling them
during experiments, as some fungi are disease causing. Fungal biomass generally grows quicker
than that of bacteria in consistent conditions. While production of metal

Cell Replication And Gene Mutation
Introduction Cancer disease is one the most complicated fatal disease which scientists are looking
for methods to either stop or cure this malady (Hook, Ptak, Farrell, Hinkal, Panaro and Grodzinski,
2010). Based on the cancer overlook disease, the cells are transformed and infected to cancer after a
while and it starts to metastasize and proliferate (ibid). The cardinal issue is that how cancer may
occur based on transformation of cells and genes. To illustrate that question, there are two factors
that must be carried out together preemptory; one is cell replication and gene mutation and both of
which results in programmed cell death, apoptosis. (Mansoori, Mohazzabi, McCormack, and
Jabbari, 2007). Veraciously, apoptosis will likely to happen when the healthy cells could not be
repaired and the errors stay put on the cells (ibid). The stimuli of this kind of cells behavior still
debatable (Hook et al, 2010), yet there are some explanation that how it started by a virus infection
which is not going to be discuss in this paper. Nevertheless, there are multifarious techniques for
cancer treatment clinically, one of the significant promising methods to struggle inhibition or
prognosis of cancer is nanotechnology. Nanotechnology in health care defines as a science of
constructing extremely small (1–100 nm) particles equipped in a system like robots which
particularly interact with atoms and molecules (Sinha, Kim, Nie, and Shin, 2006). Therefore, the
equipped system were

Abstract: “Nanoparticle Vaccines”, An Article Written By
Abstract: "Nanoparticle vaccines", an article written by Liang Zhao et al. condenses a large amount
of information on the topic of nanovaccinology and presents that information in an organized and
straightforward manner, however, it only scratches of the field and the lack of clarity relating to its
audience can lead to it being confusing. The article could prove useful to a scientist possibly
interested in doing research in nanovaccinology, however it would likely not be any new
information for experts in the field.
The article "Nanoparticle vaccines", by Liang Zhao et al., seeks to condense information regarding
nanotechnology and its role in vaccine development. The authors support the use of nanoparticles
when developing vaccines, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why do the authors think developing these vaccines is so important? Perhaps the authors thinking
that developing these vaccines is important could be considered an opinion, but if so, it's a very
broad and nonspecific opinion. What is their reasoning behind thinking these vaccines are so
important? What impacts (economically, medically, etc.) could the vaccines have, and do they think
the benefits of the vaccines outweigh the consequences? They don't address these questions, which
can again relate to the lack of a clear target audience: what audience are they trying to target, and
would that audience have the same questions? It is certainly a negative feature of the article.
One positive feature of the article was its organization; it was clear what topics it intended to touch
upon, and it laid out the general plan for the article very concisely. It is used well when Zhao et al.
explain how "we (the authors) first survey advances in the types of nanoparticles...then conclude
with remarks about the further potential and future prospects for vaccinology" (2013, pg. 328). They
set up the course the article would take very early, which made it clear what subjects they wanted to
speak about.
However, as a reader, it was quite easy to get lost in the article. Many different aspects of the
technology behind nanoparticle vaccines were thrown at the audience at once, and it was almost
overwhelming. There is an immense amount of dense material seen throughout the article, from

The Pros And Cons Of Green Nanotechnology
Introduction:
Nanotechnology is one of the most advanced and well reputed branches of modern sciences.
Nanotechnology is handling of matter at the atomic or molecular level. Scientists from all over the
world are now considering forthcoming effects of nanotechnology on human and environment.
Nanotechnology is likely to be crucial to the 21st century scientific and medical advancement and
its developments will be determined by the collective hard work of natural, physical, medical,
engineering and related sciences. The materials in Nano scale can show different properties
compared to what they exhibit on a macro scale. A nanoparticle by definition is, an ultra–refined
particle that has all the dimensions in the Nano range i.e. from 1nm to 100 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Green nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary, rapidly spreading knowledge at the interface of
chemistry, physics, agriculture, medical, engineering and biological science. Green nanotechnology
makes use of the principles of Green Chemistry, Green Engineering and Industrial Ecology to make
nanoproducts without using the hazardous chemicals. Over the last few years an enhanced attention
has been paid to the green chemistry processes, which helps to eliminate or minimize hazardous
waste products to the mankind and his surroundings. Green Chemistry is the manipulation of sets of
principles that helps to eliminate the reduction and assembly of harmful materials during the
production and use of chemical products. Green chemistry is also known as ecological or clean
chemistry because synthesis, handling and the use of chemicals that reduce risks to humanity and
have a positive effect on the environment. It is a fast developing and a significant area of the
chemical sciences. To justify the principles of green chemistry, numerous researches tried to
eliminate the procedures of harmful chemicals and solvents by using natural material as an
alternative of noxious substances (Pal

A Study Of Adhesion And The Entry Of Magnetite Nanoparticles
We present experimental and theoretical results from a study of adhesion and the entry of magnetite
nanoparticles (MNP) into MDA–MB–231 breast cancer cells. The adhesion between Luteinizing
Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH) and breast cancer cells is studied using an atomic force
microscopy (AFM) technique. The adhesion force between LHRH coated AFM tips and MDA–
MB–231 breast cancer cells is shown to be about twice that between bare/uncoated AFM tips and
breast cancer cells, while the adhesion force between LHRH–MNP coated AFM tips is also
approximately twice as much as that between MNP coated AFM tips and breast cancer cells. The
increased adhesion of the LHRH–coated tips suggests that LHRH can be used as a molecular
recognition unit for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also the leading cause of cancer death in women aged from 20 to 59 years old [1]. These
alarming statistics arise from the fact that there are limitations in both current detection and
treatment methods [2–5]. Advancements are, therefore, needed in early detection, to increase
survival rates and improve clinical outcomes [6]. In addition, localized treatments are needed to
overcome the side effects that are associated with current breast cancer therapies [7]. One of the
specific targeting receptors for human breast cancer cells is Luteinizing Hormone Releasing
Hormone (LHRH). Approximately 52% of human breast cancers express binding sites for LHRH
receptors [8]. With LHRH coated magnetite nanoparticles, studies have shown that the specific
interaction between LHRH receptors and its ligands can be used for the targeting of breast cancer
cells. This can be use to enhance the early detection of breast cancer and its metastasis [6, 9, 10].
Furthermore, the specific receptor–ligand interaction between LHRH and LHRH receptors can be
used to facilitate the attachment of LHRH conjugated magnetite nanoparticles to breast cancer cells.
This can be used as a contrast agent to enhance the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of breast
tumor sites and their metastases [6, 11]. Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted a great deal
of attention in recent years. Their potential applications in cancer research, including areas

The Use Of Nanotechnology On Other Types Of Brain Cancer
Glioma, a destructive type of brain cancer, and other types of brain diseases have been mostly
untreatable due to the blood brain barrier (BBB). There have been drugs produced that are effec–
tive in treating these diseases, but simply cannot bypass the barrier due to its special properties. It
serves to restrict and control the movement of molecules in and out of the brain. In recent years, the
use of nanotechnology show promise with their abilities to bypass the BBB to deliver drugs and
small molecules into the brain. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) obtained the most interest, as it has
been used in earlier applications, and their ability to be tracked by CT imaging or atomic ab–
sorption. By first looking at the size of the nanoparticle, researchers were able to decide which size
of nanoparticles would have the most AuNP uptake across the BBB. It was found AuNPs less than
50nm are the most ideal for the amount of delivery within brain cells. A precursor prob–lem of
reaching the BBB is the protein corona. It labels AuNPs immediately when it enters the bloodstream
for phagocytosis. By adding a hydrophilic surfactant onto these AuNPs, it allows for them to have
an increase circulation time in the blood to reach the BBB and into the brain. The option of using
adsorptive–mediated transcytosis (AMT) or receptor–mediated transcytosis (RMT) will allow
nanoparticles to increase their permability acorss the BBB. By utilizing these techniques,
nanoparticles are able to enter the brain with

I Am My Graduate Career
When I began my undergraduate career, I had no inkling of what I wanted to do in the future. It was
early on that I discovered my passion for chemistry, math and physics classes which galvanized my
hunger for knowledge. In due time, I developed a proclivity for research that was stirred largely by
my first mentor, Dr. Daniel Lambrecht, during an American Chemical Society meeting. I was so
engrossed in his research on nanocatalysis and piezoelectrics that I walked up to him as soon as the
meeting ended and immediately made clear of my interest to join his group.
I left my undergraduate career conflicted about whether to pursue a degree in chemistry or chemical
engineering. Through a combination of independent research, advice from mentors, and on–the–job
industrial experience, I have realized that my interests align more with chemical engineering. The
broad range of career paths and opportunities for technological innovation draws me to the field of
engineering. With chemical, physical, and mathematical concepts as well as industrial know–how,
engineers transform ideas into useful and attainable products that impact the lives of many.
My experiences during my undergraduate and professional careers have had profound impacts on
me by providing opportunities for self–discovery and allowing me to explore my interests. At the
University of Pittsburgh Chemical Engineering Ph.D. program, I hope to explore my interests in
nanotechnology, surface chemistry interactions, and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Vesicles
Vesicles are spherical aggregates composed by amphiphilic compounds where the lipid bilayer
surrounds an aqueous void volume, which can be "loaded" with almost any variety of water soluble
marker molecules. Therefore, the vesicles may contain both lipophilic and water–soluble
substances. Phospholipids form vesicles being also the fundamental matrix of natural membranes
and represent the environment in which many proteins and enzymes display their activity [1, 2].
Moreover, phospholipids present advantages over synthetic materials including lack of toxicity,
biodegradability and biocompatibility. Consequently, vesicles are utilized as versatile carriers in the
fields of medical, therapeutic and analytical applications [1–4]. Several strategies ... Show more
In this synthesis, the glycerol acts as the solvent for the synthesis reaction as well as the reducing
agent and as stabilizers of the AuNP. Therefore, this work describes the self–assemblage of AuNP
photochemically synthetized in glycerol on vesicles structures. After the optimization of some
analytical features of the AuNP synthesis (irradiation time, HAuCl4 concentration), these AuNP
were immobilized onto vesicles structures composed by the phospholipid DOPC (1,2–Dioleoyl–sn–
glycero–3–phosphocholine). This nanosystem was characterized by using UV–VIS spectrometry,
transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and cyclic voltammetry
(CV). The results show that the vesicles were decorated with gold nanoparticle of (8 nm) with the
advantage that the method is fast and reliable since no nanoparticle extraction is needed and can be
used in immunoafinnity column and biosensor field.

Color of Gold Practical Report Essay
Nanotechnology | Colour of Gold | Practical Investigation Report | |
Introduction
Gold is a precious metal which has been used for years and when we think of gold we think of
shining bars in a bank vault, coins or beautiful jewellery. When we think of gold it's usually a
shining yellow gold however can come in many colours. The colour of gold can range from red
through the visible spectrum to purple and violet.
Aim
The whole point of this experiment was to create gold that wasn't the colour gold. The aim was to
find out how a variable amount of sodium citrate would change the colour of a gold solution.
Meaning the hypothesis was: if more sodium citrate is added the nano particle size will increase and
the colour of the gold ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* The magnetic stirrer can cause glass breakages if spun too fast.
Method
To create the colloid 1. Turn the hotplate on and heat to 300°C. 2. Using the pipette measure 20ml of
the gold solution (HAuCl4) 3. Empty the gold solution into a 100ml conical flask. 4. Shine a laser
through the solution to observe whether light is scattered. Scattered light won't pass through in a
straight line, and can't be seen from the other side. 5. Shine the laser beam through the sodium
citrate and observe scattering. 6. Place the flask containing the gold solution onto the hot plate. 7.
Add the magnetic stirrer, and turn up to one third of possible speed. 8. Occasionally turning the
spinner off to check, bring the gold to the boil. 9. Add a volume of 5% sodium citrate to the gold
solution. 10. Keep the magnetic spinner stirring the mixture as the colour develops and changes.
Turn the hotplate off so the mixture can simmer for about 10 minutes. Make sure the solution
doesn't boil. 11. When the colour change has finished remove the flask from the hotplate using the
wooden peg to prevent burnt fingers and put onto a heat proof mat, and continue stirring with a
stirring rod while the mixture cools.
Measuring the Colloid 1. 400μl
400μl
Dilute the colloid in a 2ml of the gold solution to 10ml of distilled water, and

Essay On Nanoparticles
In recent years, inorganic and chemosynthesized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
(SIONPs) such as Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MgNPs) have attracted extensive interest
for their biocompatible (Kunzmann et al., 2011) and low toxic properties mainly in the human body
studied (Jeng and Swanson, 2006; Karlsson et al., 2009) which make them as promising remedial
tools in related fields. Magnetite nanoparticles is the most–studied for many technological
applications in biomedicine, such as high sensitivity biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) (Bulte et al., 2001), in vivo targeted drug delivery (Sunderland et al., 2006), hyperthermic
agents and enhancer in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer (Gupta and Gupta, 2005; ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whereas, marine macroalgae have richness in minerals (Wells et al., 2017) that can be used for the
greener route synthesis of Fe3O4–MgNPs, and as bionanofactories materials (LewisOscar et al.,
2016) have the ability to accumulate metals and reduces ions, and could be the superior contender
for biosynthesis of metallic NPs (Davis et al., 1998). However, the synthesis of stable Fe3O4–
MgNPs using algae extracts are very complicated due to the high reactivity, high particle instability,
great propensity of iron ions to oxidization and reduced with a wide array of various chemical
compounds, and high tendency to aggregate into agglomerates within the solution (EL–Kassas et al.,
2016; Makarov et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2007). In view of inorganic iron oxide nanoecotoxicity,
little studies report in the human (mainly inorganic Nano–Fe3O4) (Jeng and Swanson, 2006;
Karlsson et al., 2009) and existence the criteria to define the toxicity of nanomaterials does not
guarantee that iron oxide nanoparticles pose no potential risks in a challenge with environmental
systems and are suitable for use in widespread applications. Hence, due to their

Assay Of Nano Aluminium Oxide Essay
Entomotoxic assay of nano–aluminum oxide and nano–zinc oxide against Sitophilus oryzae as a
promising insecticide
By
El–Bendary,* H. M.; Abdel–Wahab, A. S.; El–Helaly, A. A.
* Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University,
Giza, Egypt ABSTRACT
Rice is one of the most important food crops for more than half of the world 's population, the rice
weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major pest of stored rice in Egypt.
The use of nanoparticles as pesticide could be promising alternative strategy to affect pests which
have become resistant to pesticides. Two nano materials nano aluminum oxide and nano zinc oxide
were tested against rice weevil under laboratory and store conditions. Nano aluminum oxide was
found to be highly effective against S. oryzae, while nano zinc oxide has lowered effectiveness
against the weevil.
Results showed that mortality percentage of S. oryzae were 65.34 ± 8.9 and
58.58 ± 8.3 after treatment with 0.5 gm / kg, 100.00± 9.6 and 81.81 ± 4.2 with
1 gm / kg. The mortality scored with 2 gm / kg 100.0 ± 0.0 and 80.80 ± 2.3 after 14 days of
treatment with nano aluminum oxide and nano zinc oxide, respectively as compared to 0.0 ± 0.0 in
the control and 59.4 ± 3.2 with
Malathion at LC50 value. Newly emerged adults were checked 20,

The Pros And Cons Of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the gateway to near limitless possibilities for the human race. It opens the
window to a new realm we previously have never experienced–– Nanotechnology is a branch of
engineering that deals with the manipulation of atoms at the molecular level. The Institute of
Nanotechnology in the U.K. expresses it as "science and technology where dimensions and
tolerances in the range of 0.1 nanometer (nm) to 100 nm play a critical role". Once automated, the
nanoparticles will infiltrate every aspect of our lives– from medical, engineering, biomaterials
energy production, to name a few. Practically everything we use today could be replaced by
nanomaterial in some way, and it even has the capability to create new materials. ... Show more
Overall, theoretical evidence can suggest that the financial stability of the future economy with
nanotechnology will be fine. It could make the use of money almost obsolete, or it could drive a
much further, deeper wedge between the wealthy and the poor. The above examples are used only in
theory, and like all theory, can be disbelieved and disproven. Because we haven't yet created the
advanced technology, we can't say for sure what the outcome will be. Because of this, there are both
strong opposers and supporters, and both have very valid points for their decisions. The slim
possibility that nanotechnology would open up a world that we aren't able to fully control, and thus
lose control of, is a very real possibility. It is also worth mentioning that nanotechnology does
include the seeds of mass destruction, (7) and that that aspect has not been fully been explored yet.
The dangers associated with manipulation at the molecular level are indeed very real, and the
potential for disaster is not exactly statistically low–scale. But pushing the boundaries of what is
reality and what is science fiction has always driven mankind, and much

Essay On Metal Nanoparticles
In recent years Nano sized materials play the significant role in science and technology due to their
unique shape, size, peculiar properties and potential applications. Metal nanoparticles, which
possess considerable electronic, chemical and optical [1, 2] properties, are different from those of
the bulk materials. Among the several metal nano particles gold (Au) nanoparticles have attracted
rigorous consideration for their numerous applications in catalytic , sensing, imaging, diagnostics
[3–6], tunable surface Plasmon resonance, surface enhanced Raman scattering, electrical, magnetic,
thermal conductivity chemical and bio stability and anti–bacterial activity [7–13]. Besides, Gold
nano particles have widely been used as the platform ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is exuded from the bark of cochlospermum gossypium (bixaceae family) and it is largely collected
by tribes. The primary structure of gum kondagogu is made up of sugars such as galactose,
aabinose, mannose, glucose, gluconic acid, rhamnose and galactoronic acid with sugar linkage of
(1→2) β–D–Gal p, (1→4) β–D–Glc p, (1→6) β–D–Gal p, 4–O–Me–α–D–Glc p, (1→2) α–L–Rha
(29). Gum kondagogu is an acidic gum with major functional groups and identified in the gum is
acetyl, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid and carbonyl groups.
Gold has usually been regarded to be inactive as a catalyst. But gold in the form of nanoparticles
shows excellent catalytic activity towards several chemical reactions (30). Nitro phenols are
environmental poisons due to their toxicity (31) and inhibitory nature. In addition, Nitro phenols
have highly solubility and stability in water (32). Due to this reason the reduction of 4–NP in to 4–
AP is prominent. Sodium borohydride is a strong reducing agent, but, it has no ability to reduce the
nitro phenol. NaBH4 is not effective in this reaction except provided with some catalyst to reduce
the kinetic barrier of the reaction. A variety of catalysts were used in the past and, recently, pt (33),
Ag (34) nanoparticles have been used for the same purpose. In this study the green synthesis of gold
nano particles made by gum kondagogu is a core subject. This gum acts as a reducing and
stabilizing agent. We studied the synthesis of AuNPs and their

Essay On Carbogenic Nanoparticles
THE AIMS OF THE RESEARCH
Carbogenic nanoparticles or as loosely named in literature C–dots ,CDs, CQDs is a new rising star
in the class of photo luminescent materials that were reported to be non– toxic and biocompatible.
In terms of shape and internal structure they are largely considered to be quasi–spherical Nano–
entities with diameter ranging from 3–30 nm. Their elemental content, C–dots characteristically
contains a large amount of carbon (at least 44.50%), along with Hydrogen and Oxygen, in addition
to heteroatoms such as Sulphur , Nitrogen, etc might also be present with varying quantity
depending upon the synthetic approach and precursors used in their synthesis conditions.
As mentioned their structural and morphological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A growing number research and literatures focuses on this exciting topic, however the technology
involved needed further enhancement and investigations in terms of quantum yield, biocompatibility
and surface functionalization. In principle, surface passivation is a very effective technique to
improve intensity and t same applies to Quantum yield. (Figure 2)
Main target of the this research :
– Synthesize and characterize the structure and morphology of C–dots from a variety of molecular
precursors following pyrolytic treatments and surface passivation strategies
–The evaluation of the quantum yield of the C–dots as a function of their different chemical
composition
–Assessing the effects of surface passivation to the photoluminescent intensity.
– Assessment of the competence of C–dots modification as a bioimaging agent. This will be done in
collaboration with researchers in Pharmacy.
–Further application such as solar cells sensitizers might be followed.
Figure 2. Schematic representation of photo luminescent CNPs after surface oxidative treatment (a)
and after functionalization with surface–passivation reagents (b) (Adapted from Baker et al., 2010).
THE RESEARCH

The Effect Of Nanoparticles On Lung Cancer
The Effect of Nanoparticles on Lung Cancer
As time has gone on, the search to find a cure to lung cancer continues to this day. Researchers and
scientists have spent years constructing numerous labs and tests trying to find an answer to the age
old disease that has taken the lives of thousands. Lung cancer involves the rapid growth of unknown
cells in the lung region. Unfortunately, similar to many other forms of cancer, it is difficult to detect
symptoms at an early stage. In most cases, patients are diagnosed during the point where the cancer
has spread too far out into the body to be cured. Although one may take the chance and go through
various types of therapy to help reduce the size of the cancer, in many cases, the ultimate ending has
not been a positive one. Fortunately the past few years of nanotechnology based research have
proven to be of use to lung cancer related treatment methods.
Nanotechnology involves the handling of functional systems at a very small scale (Bamrungsap,
Zhao, Chen, Wang, Fu, Tan & Li, 2012). When talking about nanotechnology in relation to health, it
can commonly be referred to as nanomedicine. Nanotechnology, specifically nanoparticles, have
had a recent uprising in research studies. Fortunately new studies are proving to show how
nanoparticles can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. The correlation between both
lung cancer and nanotechnology in modern day medicine, is believed to be very beneficial to
patients and doctors

The Role Of Self Assembly And The Construction Of A...
A nanoparticle is the most basic component in the construction of a nanostructure. In general, the
size of a nanoparticle spans the range between 1 and 100 nm. The properties of many conventional
materials change when formed from nanoparticles. This is typically because nanoparticles have a
greater surface area per weight than larger particles which causes them to be more reactive than
other molecules. Self–assembly refers to the process by which nanoparticles or other distinct
components spontaneously organize due to direct specific interactions and/or indirectly, through
their environment. Self–assembly is typically linked with thermodynamic equilibrium, the
organization of the structures characterized the minimum of the system's free energy. An important
aspect of self–assembly is that the building blocks organize into macroscopic structures. This can
happen through direct interactions (Interparticle forces) or through indirect interactions like using a
template or external field as a guide. The grouping of matter in nanomaterials can be broken down
into two techniques. Top–down miniaturization techniques or bottom–up methods which are
typically based on self–assembly or directed assembly. The most widely used materials in bottom–
up assembly are colloid micro– and nanoparticles. A lot of time and effort has recently been spent
on the fabrication of functional materials from organized particles. These advanced assemblies can
find applications in areas such as photonics,

Synthesis Of Tio 2 Nanoparticles
INTRODUCTION
In nature Titanium Oxide exists in three primary phases, namely, Anatase, Rutile and Brookite. In
each case the sizes of different cells vary.[1]
In recent years TiO2 has been widely used for preparation of various and varying types of
nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires as well as nanoporous TiO2 containing
materials.[3] Regardless of its scale Titanium Oxide maintains its photocatalytic activity. Nanoscale
TiO2 has an advantage of being surface reactive that fosters its interactions with biological
molecules, such as phosphorylated proteins and peptides [4] as well as nonspecific binding with
DNA [5].
The surface molecules of nanoscale TiO2 particles are "on the corner" of the particle and are forced
by confinement stress into a pentacoordinated, square–pyramidal orientation. Such molecules have
an affinity for stable nanoparticle conjugation to ortho substituted bidentate ligands such as
dopamine.[7,8]
The various methods used for the synthesis of TiO 2 nanoparticles include sol gel, solvothermal and
hydrothermal methods[3], although new methods are now being used. One of the new methods is
the use of different dopants in the synthesis of Titanium oxide nanocomposites, such as the different
noble metals[11]. Also different nanoparticle coating materials and photosensitizing dyes.[13–17]
In this paper the various applications of TiO 2 nanocomposites are briefly summarized. Some of the
major applications of TiO2 nanocomposites are in

Applications Of Nanoparticle
A nanoparticle is a microscopic particle with at least one dimension less than 100 nm. Nanoparticles
exist in the natural world and are also created as a result of human activities. Because of their
submicroscopic size, they have unique material characteristics, and manufactured nanoparticles may
find practical applications in a variety of areas, including medicine, engineering, catalysis, and
environmental remediation. (King, Jarvie, & Dobson, 2017)
Application of Nanoparticles
The nanoparticles is a revolutionary new technology that is allowing us to make great advances in
the scientific world. Although they are of use in a variety of areas, we will focus on the application
of nanoparticles in medicine and our health care system. Some ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Secondly, they are also lighter in weight compared to particles of similar size, they are more ductile
and malleable, and they can be controlled to hold and release drugs when desired. Thirdly,
nanoparticles have also been used in the development of sunscreen. This newly developed sunscreen
is transparent in visible light but retains ultraviolet–blocking action on the skin. Nanoparticle
sunscreen has been deemed both safe and effective (Wright, 2016). Old sunscreen used large
particles of either zinc oxide or
NANOPARTICLES EXPLAINED 4.
titanium dioxide which have the ability to damage skin cells and DNA (King, Jarvie, & Dobson,
2017). Lastly, nanoparticles occur naturally and can have beneficial impacts on the environment by
contributing to natural processes.
Some of the risks involving nanoparticles are as follows. Firstly, "studies have indicated that large
quantities of nanoparticles can cause cellular damage in the lungs, with lung cells absorbing the
particles and becoming damaged or undergoing genetic mutation." (King, Jarvie, & Dobson, 2017)
Secondly, relating to drug delivery systems, nanoparticles have toxic effects on

Nanoparticles Essay
Nanoparticles are materials with overall dimensions less then one hundred nanometers, they are also
known as zero–dimensional materials. These particles differ from other nanomaterials because all
their dimensions are in nanoscale, apposed to one dimensional or two–dimensional nanomaterials
which have one or two dimensions greater then a nanoscale. Nanoparticles have amazing
applications in medicine pushing the boundaries of what we can accomplish in areas like medical
imaging and drug and gene delivery. Nanoparticles are replacing conventional organic dyes used to
dye tissue and cells for imagining with quantum dots. In drug delivery, they are using natural nano–
polymers delivery methods to increase the solubility of drugs and prolong the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most advanced applications of QD's is its use in drug and gene delivery, methods like
polymer and liposome based drug deliveries. Polymer based delivery is the use of a natural polymer
that is known to be or have antiviral or antitumor characteristics, these are referred to a PEG. PEG is
known for there high–water solubility and biocompatibility, these PEG's are attached to drugs to
increase their solubility, increase drug uptake by cells and decrease their renal clearance of the drug.
The PEG's ability to do this prolongs the half life of a drug and reduces dosing frequency. Liposome
based drug delivery, is the formation of vesicles where an amount of fluid is trapped inside a Nano–
phospholipid molecule. Vesicles can range in size from tens of nanometers to thousands of
nanometres (Torchilin and Weissig 2003). Liposome and polymer delivery methods are being used
to treat cancer, Paclitaxel is an anti–cancer drug that had to be administered with a verity of other
drugs due to its side effects. In 2005, it was improved and a form of Paclitaxel was loaded within a
nanoparticle of a natural polymer, in tests it eliminated some of the side effects of the drug but also
provided some additional benefits. In treatment of tumors that have become resistant to specific
delivery methods, Paclitaxel can be loaded into different forms of polymer nanoparticles and this
ability to provide a drug in a

Nanotechnology Case Study
Nanoscience is a rapidly–developing field that covers a wide–range of application in a large variety
of areas of science and technology. It is a phenomenon and manipulation of materials at atomic,
molecular and micro molecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger
scale. The subject nanotechnology deals with study of manufacturing and manipulation of matter at
nano–scale in the size range of 1–100 nm in any of the one dimension of the object which are called
as nanoparticles (Rajan, 2004). Nanoscience and nanotechnologies are widely seen as having huge
potential to bring benefits in areas of interfacing physical, chemical, medical, biological,
agricultural, environmental, and engineering sciences with myriad ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Future decade's green nanoparticles are one of the alternatives to presently ruling pesticides for
efficient management of plant pathogens/diseases.
Preparation of nano–materials and their applications were more in electronics, physics, chemistry,
medical and engineering fields but in recent years due to various innovative research activities in
scientific communities nanoscience application is getting more interest in agricultural and allied
fields including textiles, food technology and veterinary sciences. In agriculture many disciplines
are working on nanotechnology with regard to nanoformulations for plant disease and insect pest
management, nano–fertilizers, nano–micronutrients and nano–biotechnology. It has been shown that
the physical properties of the nanoparticles are different from bulk substance, made of the same
atoms due to increasing the surface area to volume ratio. The present review encompasses literature
related to synthesis, characterization and applications of green nanotechnology in plant disease
management,
Synthesis of nanoparticles
Synthesis of nanomaterials by a simple, low cost and high yield has been a great challenge since the
early development of nanoscience. The methods for designing of nanoparticles (1–100 nm)
generally involve top–down or bottom–up approach. Synthesis of nanoparticles by top down
approach is mainly size reduction from suitable substance. In top down approach, physical
properties and significant effects

The Use Of Magnetite Nanoparticles And Its Effects On The...
The XRD results revealed the presence of magnetite nanoparticles and indicated their sizes from 30
– 40 nm (Figure 1a). SEM micrograph clearly illustrates that the magnetite nanoparticles sizes
varied from 27.3– 34.62 nm (Figure 1b).
Leaf fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW)
FW and DW of peppermint leaves decreased in different concentrations of NaCl (Table 1). Several
factors such as reduction of photosynthesis, degradation of cell membranes, reducing of plant
available water and Na+ accumulation in the leaves were the main causes of weight loss under salt
stress (Hajiaghaei–Kamrani et al., 2013). Also results showed that Fe2O3NPs treatments increased
the FW and DW values as compared to the control plants. The highest value of leaf FW and DW at
all concentrations of NaCl were observed in 30 µM of Fe2O3NPs (Table 1). Iron was directly
involved in the photosynthetic activity of plants and, consequently, their growth and productivity.
Typically, approximately 80% of iron was found in photosynthetic cells where it was essential for
the biosynthesis of cytochromes and other heme containing molecules, including chlorophyll, the
electron transport system, and the construction of Fe–S clusters (Briat et al., 2007). Nano
compounds quickly absorb by plants and supply required nutrients for the plants. Therefore,
increase in plant growth occurs with use of nano materials (Mohamadipoor et al., 2013).
Shankramma et al. (2015) reported that Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles enhanced the

Nanotechnology Essay
Now a days, Nanotechnology is widely used in many industrial areas such as, computing,
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textile industries and many more. The major challenge is not only to
make these materials smaller in size in order to store or process more information but also to
optimize the synthesis process. However, the additional key point of the nanotechnology revolution
within the next decades is that it will have the capability to use the advantage of mesoscopic
properties of such Nano sized materials. These properties can strongly differ from the respective
bulk counterparts due to quantum confinement or the high surface–to–volume ratio. For example,
there will be increase in bandgap of these Nano materials for which it can be used ... Show more
As the range of the implanted ions become comparable to the size of the small structures, important
effects are taken in to account in experimental planning such as , structural changes induced by
point defects, strongly enhanced dynamic annealing and sputtering. Even though a huge number of
different nanomaterial systems can be realized with sophisticated synthesis methods, a lot of desired
nanostructures will still remain inaccessible due to chemical and physical reasons. The main reason
for that is, most of the synthesis method work close or even at thermodynamic equilibrium which is
an ideal case. For example, superconductivity at higher temperatures is hard to achieve and yet
under research. Issues like solubility limits or surface reconstructions are difficult or even
impossible to overcome during synthesis. One alternative option is the subsequent modification of
prepared nanomaterials such as Nano wires using energetic ion beam irradiation, which enables
processes far from thermodynamic equilibrium. This can result into metastable phases of the
nanomaterials/nanostructures with unusual or even exotic structural, electrical, optical or magnetic
properties. Furthermore, ion implantation is a very precise and controllable doping method widely
used both in research and semiconductor industries. It was already established in the 70s, however,
mainly used for the electrical doping

Nanoparticles : HIV And The Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Nanoparticles are used because of their versatility in targeted drug delivery while minimizing
toxicity. Gold is used as the basis for nanoparticles because it has a relatively high stability of ligand
binding along with its decreased stability with other cells. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) also have a
high concentration of glutathione, which is an antioxidant that prevents damage to cells from things
like free radicals and peroxides. We are using AuNPs to carry drugs to cells infected with the
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV is a virus in the Retroviridae family. Retroviruses are
known to be highly evolved and for their use of reverse transcription to turn viral RNA into DNA.
The nucleic acid then becomes a part of the host cell's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2– Clinical latency, when you do not show symptoms of having the virus, but it can still be spread
via bodily fluids. 3 – AIDS, when your CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells/mm3 (the normal count
is 500–1,600 cells/mm3) and you get an infection such as tuberculosis or pneumonia and your body
cannot fight the infection, where the survival rate is usually about 3 years. Originally, the treatment
for HIV was done with a one–step process called AZT (azidothymidine) in 1964. Although AZT did
wonders in decreasing deaths amongst HIV patients, AZT was only one drug in the treatment. The
limitations of only having one drug in the regiment became apparent quickly, as the virus was
quickly able to adapt to the one drug. Therefore, combination therapy started to be used so that the
virus would not become resistant to the drugs simultaneously. The effects of the two–drug treatment
were better than the first, but improvements were still being made. A triple drug therapy was
introduced in 1996 that was tested and proven to be more effective than the two–drug therapy. The
most current treatment for HIV is Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). ART is using a combination of HIV
medications to treat HIV. If is recommended that everyone with HIV use ART. ART is not meant to
cure HIV, but to help people with HIV live longer, healthier lives. There are some complications
with the ART that arise. Some drug interactions can occur in the regiments, but the main

Nanocrystalline Materials Lab Report
Photophysical Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials
Allison Bray, Harsha Rao, David Sanchez
Abstract:
Introduction: Nanoparticles are widely researched because of their size dependent properties that
progressively differ from their bulk formations. Nano, meaning these particles are measured to be
~100 nm or less, are structures where the majority of the atoms are located at the surface of the
particle. This gives nanoparticles a high surface area to volume ratio. In comparison to their bulk
counterparts, when materials are in the nano scale, the physical and chemical properties of these
different materials tend to stray from the norm. These changes allow nanoparticles to be effective in
several fields of science and engineering based research, for example, chemical catalysis. These size
dependent properties will be analyzed through three experiments: (1) absorption and fluorescence
emmission of CdSe nanocrystals, (2) Plasmon resonance of metal nanocrystals, and (3) Raman
scattering and surface enhanced Raman scattering.
Nanoparticle orbitals embody valence bands(bonding) and conduction bands(anti–bonding), where
the space between these two bands is known as the Bohr Exciton Radius. Depending on the number
of molecules in the nanocrystal, this will determine the distance between the valence and conduction
bands. As the size of the nanocrystal decreases the band gap inherently increases. This development
is due to the process of when the nanocrystal decreases in size

Lab Report : Chemical Synthesized Nanoparticles
V. Discussion Chemical synthesized nanoparticles raises certain toxicity issues that lead to
development of eco–friendly methods to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Green synthesis of silver
nanoparticles using plant extract is eco–friendly nanoparticle synthesis approaches (13). This is one
step reaction as reducing and stabilization agents both are present in the plant extract. Silver nitrate
and extract when mixed together forms light yellow coloured solution in starting that turns into dark
brown solution later. The appearance of a dark–brown color in solution containing the extract and
silver nitrate was a clear indication of the formation of AgNPs in the reaction mixture. Nanoparticle
shape and size as observed by TEM reveled that these particles are not perfectly spherical but also
have quasi–spherical, triangular and pentagonal shapes. Heterogeneous particles formation occurs
due to rapid utilization of the capping molecules. Particles formed later are with less capping
molecules and becomes thermodynamically unstable. These particles with less number of capping
molecules then tends to minimize high surface energy and gets shape of a triangle or pentagonal
having smooth angles (14, 15). XRD analysis and peak matching with similar AgNPs confirmed the
crystalline structure of AgNPs. Two extra peaks present in the XRD spectra marked by star indicate
the presence of biological moieties in the AgNPs (14). Hence, biological functional group
involvement in

Antimicrobial Potency Of Silver Nanoparticles
Abstract Bacteria have long since existed alongside humans, and while some are not harmful, there
are many that are. Plants are commonly used natural remedies for diseases, and have been known to
retain immense antibacterial properties that can fight bacteria. Silver nanoparticles have been also
known to possess antimicrobial properties that aid in the fight against various bacteria. The use of
plants as well as silver nanoparticles to fight against bacteria has caused much interest in the
nanotechnology and medicine fields, and has been the basis of many studies. The purpose of this
paper is to scrutinize the antimicrobial potency of silver nanoparticles, and how they may be utilized
to fight against various harmful bacteria. Bacteria: The Antimicrobial Potency of Biosynthesized
Silver Nanoparticles against It Bacteria are found all over the world in all types of regions and
climates, and can also exist within other organisms ("Bacteria," n.d.). Bacteria make up a large
portion of the population of prokaryotic organisms that coexist with us ("Bacteria," n.d.). As
technology has evolved and our understanding of these organisms has increased, it has come to the
attention of many in the scientific community that there is a significant amount of bacteria that live
symbiotically within organisms such as humans ("Introduction to the Bacteria," n.d.). As a matter of
fact, human beings rely on bacteria to live. There are bacteria known as actinomycetes, that have
been

The Pros And Cons Of Solar Cells
Near infrared (NIR) light has attracted much attention owing to its widespread applications in
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––) 5–7 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) In particular, to solve the energy problem
all over the world, efficient utilization of natural energy is strongly required. Si solar cells (SCs) are
the most widespread energy conversion devices used to harvest solar energy. However, Si SCs do
not respond to NIR light of over 1200 nm in wavelength in the solar spectrum owing to their ...
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On the other hand, it has been found that spherical NPs of highly Sn–doped In (–– removed HTML
––) 2 (–– removed HTML ––) O (–– removed HTML ––) 3 (–– removed HTML ––) (ITO), which is
a degenerated semiconductor with a carrier density of approximately 10 (–– removed HTML ––) 21
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the NIR range of 1500–2000 nm. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 13 (–– removed
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doped ZnO (GZO and AZO), with high carrier densities are predicted to be light absorptive
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) is unique in having metal–insulator transition at 69 °C, is a candidate material to fill the gap in the
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applications (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 15–20 (–– removed HTML ––) (––
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of 1000–2000 nm has been reported for VO (–– removed HTML ––) 2 (–– removed HTML ––) NPs
in the

Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Lab Report
Materials Used. For silver nanoparticle synthesis, silver acetate (AgAc–166.91g/mol) was procured
from Sigma Aldrich and oleylamine from. Thiol terminated polystyrene (PS–SH) Mn–1100, Mw–
1230, PDI–1.12 was procured from Polymer Source Inc. Canada. The polymer for micelles
Polystyrene–b–4vinylpyridine (PS–b–4VP) Mn(PS)=18,500; Mn(P4VP)=40,500; PDI–1.10 was
procured from Polymer Source Inc. Canada. The Si sol precursor tetra ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)
was procured from Sigma Aldrich. Sodium borohydride and p–nitrophenol was procured from
Sigma Aldrich (99.9%) and Across Organics (95%) respectively. Organic solvents including Toluene
and Methanol were procured from Acros Organics and Chloroform from Fischer chemicals and
Ethanol from VWR PROLABO was of analytical grade and used as received. Millipore water (18.2
ohm cm at 25 degree C, cleaned with Pure Lab Plus ® ultra purification system) was used as solvent
throughout the experiment and used as received. Synthesis of Polystyrene Capped Silver
Nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were synthesised using a simple method described by Hiramatsu
[Hir01]. For the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10mg of PS–SH was dissolved in chloroform in 1:1 proportion with the nanoparticles and added to
silver nanoparticle/chloroform dispersion drop by drop under stirring. 5ml more chloroform was
added to the AgNP/PS mixture and was stirred for 24hours. Thereafter Ag/PS mixture was
reprecipitated in 10ml of Methanol and centrifuged at 13500 RPM for 10 minutes. To remove the
rest of OlAm and excess of PS–SH, repeated (6–8 times) centrifugation/redispersion steps were
performed by adding chloroform as a solvent (ca. 5 ml) and methanol as flocculating agent (ca. 10
ml for each step). Final product was collected and dried under argon to give a fine metallic powder
of ca. 11mg

College Essay On Gene Therapy
My interest in biology stems from my inquisitive nature and love of discovery. Science is always
changing as information is shared and people build on one another's research. The field of biology is
particularly dynamic as new technology gives scientists tools to conduct research in ways that were
previously impossible. Biology excites me for the simple reason that there is always more to learn.
It is amazing to think that the concepts we learn in class were unheard of when even my youngest
teachers were in school. Take introns, segments of nucleic acid that do not code for proteins. We
learn about them now as concrete ideas, as sure as the ground beneath our feet. It is hard to imagine
that they were discovered just four decades ago. Even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within this field, somatic gene therapy–the replacement of a faulty gene with a functioning one–is
particularly fascinating. One of its interesting aspects is the ability to be customized to the
individual. For example, not all patients suffering from a given cancer will have the same mutations.
After sequencing a patient's genome to detect the carcinogenic mutations, doctors can use gene
therapy to target and treat the illness at its source. However, at this stage of the technology, gene
therapy provides only short–term remission. Studies on blindness showed that the initial success of
gene therapy faded over time–an unsurprising outcome since the cells of most tissues will die and be
replaced by new, untreated ones. With this area of research still in its infancy, much remains to be
done to improve the long–term effectiveness of gene therapy and make it a viable treatment. A
potential solution would be to use gene therapy on stem cells as well as on specialized cells. The
daughters of the treated stem cells can then differentiate, still carrying the therapeutic gene, and
replace the original treated cells as they senesce. For so long, genetic disorders have been seen as
something permanent, something scientists could not change. Changing that reality would be
immensely

Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
Review: Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
Introduction
With the many innovations in the disciplines of nanotechnology and drug delivery their merger is a
very advantages strategy transport of small molecular weight drugs and macromolecules for
localized or targeted delivery to the tissue of interest [1]. Nanotechnology will provided an outlet for
conveying therapeutic agents in biocompatible nanocomposites such as nanoparticles, nanocapsules,
micellar systems, and conjugates. With the rewards of the nano scale and interactions of these
delivery systems, remedies can be used to provide targeted delivery of drugs, to improve oral
bioavailability, to sustain drug/gene effect in target tissue, to solubilize drugs for intravascular
delivery, and to improve the stability of therapeutic agents against enzymatic degradation, especially
of protein, peptide, and nucleic acids drugs [1]. By tailoring polymer qualities, on can specify
design factors that can control the release of therapeutic agents to provide excellent targeting for
optimal efficacy. The ability to theses distant destinations, nanoparticles are led by bio specific
ligand which could direct them to the target tissue. The prime emphasis on the review will be the
mechanism of their intracellular uptake, different pathways of their uptake, intracellular trafficking
and sorting into different intracellular compartments, and the mechanism of enhanced therapeutic
efficacy of the nanoparticle–encapsulated

Nanoparticles Research Paper
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain
cancer, and strokeshave become more and more common and are the second largest category of
diseaseafter cardiovascular disease[1, 2]. However, the success rate of CNS drug development is
very low [3]. The development of new drugs for the treatment of CNS diseases is restricted by many
factors, the most important of whichis how the drug passesthrough the bloodbrain barrier (BBB)[4,
5]. Studies show that the ability of the drug to travel through the BBB is highly dependent on the
size of the molecules, lipid solubility, hydrophilicity, degree of dissociation, and other properties [6,
7]. Almost all macromolecular drugs, including polypeptides, recombinant ... Show more content on
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The BBB is a physiological barrier between blood and brain tissue; it plays an important role in
maintaining the stability of the CNS. It is like a dynamic regulation interface between the
capillariesin the brain and spinal cord and the nerve tissue. In normal physiological conditions, only
gas molecules and small lipid soluble molecules (withamolecular weight less than 400–600) are
allowed. In addition to passive protection, it also can selectively pump harmful or excess substances
out of the brain to maintain the stability of the brain's internal environment, so thatthe CNS can
function effectively [22, 23]. These features of the BBB allow it to play an effective role in the
protection of the brain, butalso createdifficulties for creating drugs that can pass through

Evolution Of Nanoscale Science And Technology

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