This document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles. It begins by defining nanoparticles as particles between 1-100 nanometers in size, including an interfacial layer that affects their properties. The document then covers the history of nanoparticles, their properties, common synthesis methods like sol-gel processing, functionalization for biological applications, and potential health and safety issues. It concludes by describing some applications of nanoparticles in medicine, optics, electronics, and as drug delivery systems to achieve spatial and temporal control of drug release.

1. TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
NANO PARTICLES
E.RAMKMAR B.PHARM
RVS COLLEGE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SULUR,COIMBATORE

2. NANO PARTICLES
DEFINITION
HISTORY
PROPERTIES
SYNHESIS
FUNCTIONALISATION
HEALTH AND SAFETY
APPLICATIONS

3. NANO PARTICLES
IUPAC definition
 Nanoparticles are particles between 1
and100 nanometres (nm) in size with a surrounding interfacial
layer. The interfacial layer is an integral part of nanoscale matter,
fundamentally affecting all of its properties.
 The interfacial layer typically consists of ions,
inorganic and organic molecules. Organic molecules coating
inorganic nanoparticles are known as stabilizers, capping and
surface ligands, or passivating agents.
 A nanoparticle (or nanopowder or nanocluster or
nanocrystal) is a microscopic particle with at least one dimension
less than 100 nm. Nanoparticle research is currently an area of
intense scientific research, due to a wide variety of potential
applications in biomedical, optical, and electronic fields.

4. HISTORY
 Nanoparticles were used by artisans as far back as Rome in
the fourth century in the famous Lycurgus cup made of dichroic glass
as well as the ninth century in Mesopotamia for creating
a glittering effect on the surface of pots
 In modern times, pottery from the Middle
Ages and Renaissance often retains a distinct gold- or copper-colored
metallic glitter.
 This luster is caused by a metallic film that was applied to the
transparent surface of a glazing. The luster can still be visible if the
film has resisted atmospheric oxidation and other weathering
SILICON NANO PARTICLE
Silicon nanopowder
1 kg of particles of 1
mm3 has the same
surface area as 1 mg
of particles of 1 nm3

5. PROPERTIES
 Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they are, in effect, a
bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures.
 A bulk material should have constant physical properties regardless
of its size, but at the nano-scale size-dependent properties are often
observed.
 Thus, the properties of materials change as their size approaches the
nanoscale and as the percentage of the surface in relation to the percentage
of the volume of a material becomes significant.
Semiconductor
nanoparticle of lead
sulfide with complete
passivation by oleic
acid, oleyl amine and
hydroxyl.
Ligands
(size ~5nm)
Semi-solid and soft
nanoparticles have
been manufactured

6. SYNTHESIS
 There are several methods for creating nanoparticles, including gas
condensation, attrition, chemical precipitation, ion
implantation, pyrolysis and hydrothermal synthesis.
 In attrition, macro- or micro-scale particles are ground in a ball mill, a
planetary ball mill, or other size-reducing mechanism.
Sol–gel
 The sol–gel process is a wet-chemical technique (also known as chemical solution
deposition) widely used recently in the fields of materials science and ceramic engineering.
Such methods are used primarily for the fabrication of materials (typically a metal oxide)
starting from a chemical solution (sol, short for solution), which acts as the precursor for
an integrated network (or gel) of either discrete particles or network polymers.
 Typical precursors are metal alkoxides and metal chlorides, which
undergo hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions to form either a network "elastic solid"
or a colloidal suspension (or dispersion) – a system composed of discrete
(often amorphous) submicrometer particles dispersed to various degrees in a host fluid.
Ion implantation
 Ion implantation may be used to treat the surfaces of dielectric materials such as
sapphire and silica to make composites with near-surface dispersions of metal or oxide
nanoparticles.
 See ion implantation#Ion implantation-induced nanoparticle formation

7.  Functionalization is the introduction of organic
molecules or polymers on the surface of the nanoparticle.
 The surface coating of nanoparticles determines many of
their physical and chemical properties, notably stability, solubility,
and targeting.
 A coating that is multivalent or polymeric confers high
stability. Functionalized nanomaterial-based catalysts can be used
for catalysis of many known organic reactions.
Functionalization
Main article: Nanoparticle–biomolecule conjugate
 For biological applications, the surface coating should be polar to give high
aqueous solubility and prevent nanoparticle aggregation.
 In serum or on the cell surface, highly charged coatings promote non-specific
binding, whereas polyethylene glycol linked to terminal hydroxyl or methoxy groups
repel non-specific interactions. Common address tags are monoclonal
antibodies, aptamers, streptavidin or peptides.
 These targeting agents should ideally be covalently linked to the nanoparticle
and should be present in a controlled number per nanoparticle.
 Multivalent nanoparticles, bearing multiple targeting groups, can cluster
receptors, which can activate cellular signaling pathways, and give stronger anchoring.
Surface coating for biological applications

8. Health and safety
 Nanoparticles present possible dangers, both medically and environmentally.
 They are also able to pass through cell membranes in organisms, and their
interactions with biological systems are relatively unknown.However, it is unlikely the
particles would enter the cell nucleus, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum or other
internal cellular components due to the particle size and intercellular agglomeration.A
recent study looking at the effects of ZnO nanoparticles on human immune cells has found
varying levels of susceptibility to cytotoxicity.
Carbon Nanotubes: Carbon materials have a wide range of uses, ranging from
composites for use in vehicles and sports equipment to integrated circuits for electronic
components.
 The interactions between nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and natural organic matter
strongly influence both their aggregation and deposition, which strongly affects their transport,
transformation, and exposure in aquatic environments
Cerium oxide: Nanoscale cerium oxide is used in electronics, biomedical supplies,
energy, and fuel additives.
Titanium dioxide: Nano titanium dioxide is currently used in many products.
Depending on the type of particle, it may be found in sunscreens, cosmetics, and paints
and coatings
Nano Silver: Nano silver is being incorporated into textiles, clothing, food packaging,
and other materials to eliminate bacteria. EPA are studying certain products to see whether
they transfer nano-size silver particles in real-world.

9.  Scientific research on nanoparticles is intense as they have
many potential applications in medicine, physics,optics, and electronics.The
U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative offers government funding focused on
nanoparticle research.
 The use of nanoparticles in laser dye-doped poly(methyl
methacrylate) (PMMA) laser gain media was demonstrated in 2003
 It has been shown to improve conversion efficiencies and to decrease
laser beam divergence.Researchers attribute the reduction in beam divergence to
improved dn/dT characteristics of the organic-inorganic dye-doped nanocomposite.
 Nanoparticles are being investigated as potential drug delivery system.
 nanoparticle-assisted delivery allows for spatial and temporal controls of
the loaded drugs to achieve the most desirable biological outcome.
 Nanoparticles are also studied for possible applications as dietary
supplements for delivery of biologically active substances, for example mineral elements
Applications