Criminology Theory

Criminology Theory
The best way to prevent crimes in the community is to have all agencies affected by crime and
working to minimize crime coming together, I call this theory ONE SYSTEM. I believe all theories
mentioned in chapter one of our criminology theory book have one common goal, to understand.
Are understanding and research enough to begin the evolution needed to change or have we given
up? We will review some of the different criminology theories we reviewed in class, one system, the
pros and cons of one system, so a true comparison can be understood would one system truly be
effective.
There are so many theories in place to help understand the criminal mind and to help bring change.
A very good theory is observational research, which emphasize being part of the community, and
living among the participant in order to better understand. Longitudinal research is also a good
theory because gathering groups with similarities would allow field workers to better study subjects
over ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yet, I have to state the fact crime rates dropped in one area but increase in another. The positive side
of this is any decrease in crime rate is always a plus. I believe that dealing with crime on a macro
level is good and a quicker approach especially when government funding is involved. Yet micro
level is far more effective. When an exterminator deals with a bug problem, they usually set up a
trap one insect takes the bait and takes it back to the group and the extermination happens rapidly.
We even see the spread of disease happen this
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criminology Essay
This essay is going to discuss the causes of crime and evaluate the theories of criminalisation using
one theory for each of the following themes. The themes are labelling and deviant identity of
criminalisation, theory of delinquency and criminalisation, theory of political economy and
criminalisation, and finally radical theory of criminalisation. This essay will also show some of the
weaknesses of each of the theories used for these themes.
The first theme is labelling and deviant identity theory of criminalisation, one of the main
contributors to this theory was Howard Becker who in 1963 wrote the book "Outsiders" which
provided the foundations of labelling theory. Becker looked at how social groups created deviance
by creating the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sykes and Matza state that there is five contributory factors to the rationalisation process these are "
denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, and
appeal to the higher loyalties." Denial of responsibility is when a delinquent will blame another
group for his criminal act such as his parents did not give them a good upbringing or his school let
him down, they look at themselves as the victim. Denial of injury is when they rationalise there
action because nobody was hurt, for example vandalism or shoplifting from a large store chain who
they believe can afford the lose. Denial of the victim is when they state that the victim deserved it.
Condemnation of the condemners they blame the other group for there actions and try to deflect
responsibility and appeal to higher loyalties they are fighting for the ethical good. Chambliss and
Snider state that capitalism is the main contributor to delinquency as we strive to achieve personal
wealth and gain an individual who does not achieve this feel justified in delinquent behaviour.
Theory of political economy and criminalisation this looks at how capitalism can shape delinquent
and deviant behaviour. Chambliss argues :
"The heart of the capitalist economic system is the protection of private property, which is, by
definition, the cornerstone upon which capitalist economies function. It is not surprising, then to
find that criminal law reflects this basic

Theory Of Peacemaking Criminology
Essay Portion – Peacemaking The section explores the concept of peacemaking which emerged
within the criminology discipline in the late 20th century. As this segment progress, the readers will
become acquainted with the historical background of peacemaking, proponents of the theory, and
explanations as to what is peacemaking, expanding on restorative justice, a form of peacemaking
criminology and finally conclude this section with critiques and discussion on peacemaking
criminology as discussed during the class presentation. Peacemaking criminology grew out of the
conflict and radical theories of the 1960s and 1970s and is grounded in the way of philosophy and
peace (Klenowski, 2009). The 1960s and 1970s were a time of war and revolution ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is crucial to make clear that, peacemaking as a concept is a rational which differs from pacifist
and civil disobedience techniques, though they are often practiced by the same group of people.
Peacemaking criminology outlines that in order to reduce crime, we as a society attempt to alleviate
the suffering which may perpetuate criminogenic factors that lead to criminal behavior. In the
excerpt from Cullen and Agnew (2003), Quinney outlines "crime is suffering and the ending of
crime is possible only with the ending of suffering" (387). Moreover, to achieve this, human
transformation must take place on both the micro and macro levels of society and that individual
change must proceed societal change. To achieve peace and progress with the nonviolent
criminology of Peacemaking, the following pillars are crucial to its success: awareness of human
suffering – recognizing that crime occurs due to human suffering, right understanding – accepting
that oppression which leads to crime is because of individuals that are not spiritually aware, those
who live by greed, fear, egoism and a craving for power over others, and finally compassion and
service – being enlightened spiritually to engage in service of others (389–390).
It is important to acknowledge that the "out of the box" thinking behind the idea of peacemaking
criminology deserves praise, but proponents of rationalism outline numerous concerns and critiques
in relation to

Theories Of Cultural Criminology
Considered the "new criminology", the cultural and anarchic criminological theory explains how
globalization has led to cultural homogeneity. It is a distinct speculative, procedural, and
interventionist approach to the study of crime that places criminality and its control directly in the
context of culture; that is, it observes crime and the agencies and institutions of crime control as
cultural products or as creative constructs. So, they must be read in terms of the meanings they
carry. The focus of the field is extensive, including situated and symbolic significance; fabricated
social identity; subcultural study; space, place, and cultural geography; the continuing
transformations and fluctuations associated with hypercapitalism; variations of power, resistance,
and state control; existentialism and theories of risk, "edgework," and personified practice. In all
this, cultural criminology attempts to familiarize criminology to contemporary social and cultural
changes and thus to imagine a "postmodern" or "late modern" theory of crime and control. In this
regard, cultural criminology is involved in how individuals attempt to resolve certain internal
spiritual and emotional conflicts that are themselves generated by the paradoxes and particularities
of modern–day life. Put otherwise, cultural criminology seeks to combine "a phenomenology of
modern crime with a sociocultural analysis of late modern culture" (Hayward 2004, p. 9, cited under
Markets, Consumption, and Crime).

Eugenic Criminology
It has been suggested that genes inherited play a very important role in persons involved in criminal
activity, and that genes effect the thought process which determines if a individual chooses to
become active in criminal activities.
Genes pertains to any living organism chemical make, which is passed from one generation to the
next, and effect blood type, eye color, skin color, and other traits which help classify living
organism. The study of Genes, or Genetics is considered a field of biology but is entwined with
other sciences and studies. Certain fields of study focus on the genetic structure of living organisms
and the effects that the environment have on genes, while at the same time, studying the effects of
genes in an individual, and the effect on the environment caused by an individual.
In the late 1800s studies were performed on individuals in each generation of a family, focusing on
criminal activity of each generation. It was suggested that criminal activity in families could be
passed from one generations to the next, not by teaching, but by genes passed from parent to child,
or through the blood line of a family. This began the development of eugenic criminology which
stated the criminality was passed through the blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some studies show that imbalances or balance of chemicals, and the number of chromosomes cause
a person to reflect this imbalance or balance and act based on the need to balance or to unbalance
theses chemicals. Some studies reflect that genes become defective in the mist of being passed down
through generations which effect a person ability to make choices which causes that person to
become criminal active. Research and studies show that a lot of factors are in involved in making
the structure of genes, and can be effected by a lot of outside or environmental factors which can
change in each

Theories In Criminology
According to a report delivered on 14th march 1991, by the independent commission formed to
bring to trial the case, was that the four defendant police officers pleaded not guilty to the charges.
The police department reactions were that they never brutally assaulted Rodney King and that the
allegations made against them were not true. The United States criminal code was violated by the
police officers by committing assault in possession of a deadly weapon. Before the Rodney King's
case, the constitution of the United States did not criminalize the police officers for infringing on the
rights of the arrested persons who fell at their hands. This case led to the fourth, fifth and sixth
amendments of the constitution of the United States which now safeguards against the rights of all
people regardless of gender, race or ethnic origin such as the freedom of speech "In ... Show more
The jury members in the criminal court system in Los Angeles was found to have erred in law to
acquit the four police officers on the charges of assault with deadly weapon. This is because the
investigations redone by the Federal Bureau of Investigations gave a different report that indeed the
crimes were committed by the police officers yet no action in law had been taken against them. An
unfair criminal justice system encourages more perpetrators to commit crimes (Yin, 2004). This
research paper will discuss various theories in criminology which connote that failure to punish
perpetrators, increases the levels of crimes committed. When criminals are let to walk free, the level
of crimes must increase. Different criminology scholars state that a severe punishment is the best
possible way to deter criminals from repeatedly committing crimes. Deterrence also serves as a
lesson to other criminals in the society to control their behaviors in the

Classical Crime And Criminology
Jacob Zucker
CJ102
Dr. Wenger
Crime and Criminology
The origins of criminology can be traced back to 1750 BCE when the Code of Hammurabi was
developed in Babylonia which was the first written criminal code. However, the Mosaic Code, or
the laws of the ancient Israelites that was found in the Old Testament of the Judeo–Christian Bible,
could be considered the first set of established laws (Seigel, 2014, p. 17). During the Middle Ages
(1200–1600), people who violated social norms or religious practices were believed to be witches or
possessed by demons. The use of cruel torture to extract confessions was common. Those convicted
of violent or theft crimes suffered extremely harsh penalties, including whipping, branding,
maiming, and execution (Siegel, 2014, p. 8). This evolved into what is known as Classical
Criminology during the eighteenth century when social philosophers began to argue for a more
rational approach to punishment (Seigel, 2014, p. 9). They wanted a more balanced and fair
relationship between crime and punishment. Classical criminology theory had several basic
elements, the first being people have free will to choose criminal or lawful solutions to meet their
needs or settle their problems. The next being crime is attractive when it promises great benefits
with little effort. Followed by crime may be controlled by the fear of punishment. Lastly,
punishment that is (or is perceived to be) severe, certain, and swift will deter criminal behavior

Conflict Criminology
The three schools of conflict theories of criminology are Radical criminology, Feminist criminology,
and peacemaking criminology. Radical criminology is an ideology of conflict. The specific ideology
has perspectives that are based off of crime and on law as well. Being based off of crime and law, it
is in the belief that capitalist societies precipitate and define crime. The societies precipitate and
define crime as the owners of the means of production use their power to enact laws that will control
the working class and repress threats to the power of the ruling class. With Radical criminology,
there is a conflict perspective. The conflict perspective sees crime as endangered by the unequal
distribution of three different things. Those things are wealth, power, and other resources that its
adherents believe is especially characteristic of capitalist societies.
(http://www.nssa.us/journals/2007–29–1/2007–29–1–05.htm) Feminist criminology is criminology
based off feminine aspects. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The specific movement social injustice, violence, and oppression. The belief that goes along with
peace–making criminology is that crime control agencies should take action. Along with the
citizens, they should work together to alleviate human suffering and social problems. Also so that
crime may be reduced. Peace–making criminology is known as an idea that is radical when it is
contrasted with the way that the American Justice System often functions. There is a specified
calling for with the question of individuals' intentions on committing crimes. There is also a calling
for an expression of empathy to those individuals who commit the crimes and their situations in
particular.

Skeletal Criminology
Criminology is defined as "an interdisciplinary profession built around the scientific study of crime
and criminal behavior, including their forms, causes, legal aspects, and control" (p. 8). In layman's
terms, Criminology is the study of law enforcement and the criminal justice system (Schmalleger,
2015, p. 8). Criminology is not just determining the crime, it is also assessing the "why" portion, in
order to hypothesize solutions, whether it is ways to prevent crime or deciding a punishment for a
crime. Evidence shows that skeletal remains were located showing signs of cranial surgery that may
indicate the preliterate people explained deviant behavior by sprit possession (Schmalleger, 2015,
p.7). During a period of time where mental illness ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And the final condition of that person is worse than the first. That is how it will be with this wicked
generation" (Matthew 12:43–45 New International Version). The first verse of this scripture
indicates this body has been overcome with an evil that has exhausted their body and caused their
spirit to deteriorate. It demonstrates that an evil has made itself a new home in the body, and it will
make their spirit darker, and darker until it eventually causes them to commit evil acts. Since we
know that there are already theories that early criminology was said to be associated with spirit
possession, this scripture could be evidence that during this time period they believed that "evil"
acts might be demonic possession. If this were true, and people were indeed possessed by an evil
spirit, then when Jesus was crucified and stated "Father, forgive them, for they do not know what
they are doing..." (Luke 23:34 NIV), it would conform to the early criminology theory. There are
numerous present day cases that relate to early criminology, such as the case involving David
Berkowitz AKA "Son of Sam" who, in 1976 and 1977, murdered six and wounded seven, claiming
to be "demon possessed." Berkowitz argued that "Sam" was a six thousand year old male that had
possessed the body of a neighbor, Sam Carr, and had instructed

Classical Criminology And Modern Criminology
Classical criminology is "usually seen as the first 'real' criminology" (Tierney,2009), due to its
emergence in the eighteenth century, heralded by scholars Jeremey Bentham and Cesare de
Beccaria. It is centred on the 'act' rather than the 'offender', as well as the use of punishment as a
deterrence. Yet whilst classical criminology has evolved slightly over time, it's narrow minded focus
on the 'offence' rather than the 'offender' can result in the overlooking of crucial details that may
have facilitated the offence. Such details can include low–socio economic upbringing, mental health
issues or social inequality. Therefore, when dealing with youth crime in Melbourne, only a limited
amount of crime is explainable as classical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Young offenders are risking greater 'pain' such as lengthy imprisonment or large fines, for dangerous
offences like car theft, or home invasions. This reckless ignorance of potential outcomes, is not
taken into perspective when looking at it from a classical perspective. The inability to understand
the recklessness and lack of rationality in Melbourne's youth, is a key weakness and limitation of
Classical criminology.
Whilst people do have the free will to make decisions, classical theory does not register the impact
of extenuating circumstances such as a low–socioeconomic upbringing, or mental illnesses as a
motivator for crime. This is due to the classical perception of all humans as rational beings. This
meaning the individual makes rational decisions after calculating the best outcome. They decide
whether to act in a devious manner or to continue abiding by societies rules. Through this definition,
Classical principles render a large number of crimes committed unexplainable, due to its ignorance
towards behaviour deemed irrational. It is summarised perfectly as an "overly rational vision of
human nature"(Criminology,2004). Dr Chris Lennings wrote a paper explaining links between
illness and crimes committed by youths in Australia. Although it is not specific to Melbourne it does
help depict the limitations of classical Criminology's limitations. After an analysis of

criminology paper
Strain Theory in Relation to Crime Strain causes people to act against the law, breaking laws to
attain their means. Merton's theory on strain and anomie provides us with reasons for why the
offender committed the crime break and enter. Merton's strain theory shows us that the offender
understood the norms of society but could not attain the means of it, he needed money go back to
his girlfriend who was out west. Merton's theory states that an individual who is lacking in social
forms is more likely to commit crime due to stress. The offender grew up with many different types
of strain, destine for failure in life when he dropped out of high school. Without a high school
education he had a hard time finding a job and had a strain on ... Show more content on
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"The disparity between what lower class youth are led to want and what is actually available to them
is the source of a major problem of adjustment. Adolescents who form delinquent subcultures ...
have internalized on emphasis upon conventional goals. Faced with limitations on legitimate
avenues of access to these goals, and unable to revise their aspirations downward, they experience
intense frustrations; the exportation of non conformist alternatives ma be the result." (Murphy,
Robinson) 2) To reduce crime in a society using Merton's strain theory there must be equal
opportunities for everyone. With equal opportunities there will be no need to commit crimes to gain
wealth, as everyone has the same opportunity to gain wealth. As today more and more people are
being hired because they have a certain amount of pull with one company are they might know that
person who can give a good recommendation. Basically there is a need to remove the work politics.
There needs to be more social groups and meetings for people that are struggling to find jobs or
those who have lower than normal incomes so crime can be prevented. Without equal opportunity
one will be forced to preclude way to get means illegally. The individual had a loss of attachment
with the social world, also not having any say or direct control like a boss of a company caused him
to commit crime. He committed these crimes because he was in a low social class removed from
society. The community did nothing to

What Is Criminology?
Criminology is defined as the scientific study of the nature, causes, and the rate of crime, the
punishment and rehabilitation of offenders, and the prevention of crime. The important factors to
determine if criminal acts are realistically thought out before being committed, if society plays a
role in the crime, and what drives the individual to live a life of crime. Over time, many individuals
have developed theories as to why crimes are committed but before you can understand criminology
and its purpose, you must have an understanding of crime. Crime can be defined as an intentional
act or omission in violation of criminal law, committed without defense or justification, and
sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor (Hendrix, 2014, ... Show more content on
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People are given the ability to choose between right and wrong. By having an understanding of
crime, you have the ability to determine if criminal acts are rationally thought out before being
committed, if society plays a role in crime, and what issues lead an individual to live a life of crime.
The term criminology was first defined by an Italian Law Professor in 1885, who used the word
'criminologia.' Since then the word was changed to the term 'criminologie.' In the end it became
known to the modern version of 'criminology'. Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding
delinquency and crime such as social phenomena. It includes the process of making laws, of
breaking laws, and of reacting towards the breaking of laws. It is aimed at finding the connection
between crime and the characteristics of the offender or their environment.
Classical criminology is where individuals who commit crime participate in a process of decision
making when deciding how to commit crime (Williams & McShane, 2010). This is based on the
assumptions that individuals have the right to free will and are guided by the intensification of
pleasure and the minimization of pain. These assumptions are important in that they take away the
attention from punishing an individual's social or physical characteristics, and push it towards
punishing their offensive

Functionalist Criminology And Positivist Criminology Essay
Evaluation of Classicism and Positivism are two theories that assess the mind and different
approaches to human nature; classicist is a rational act and liberty. This method was industrialized
between the 18th and 19th Century, it was created in order to process the criminal justice system and
make sure everyone was treated equally (Classical Criminology is connected with Cesare Bonesana
, Marchese de Beccaria). Positivism Criminology Is a an theory that is established by the concept of
scientific understanding of law–breaking and criminality of people ,the key perception is to assess
how behaviour is stubborn. There are also two types of positivism that illuminate the clarification of
crime and deviancy, these are known as Psychological Positivism and Biological Positivism. This
thesis will reflect to what level Classism and Positivist criminology compete with to each other and
assess if the two theories have any similarities. There will be different aspects which will be looked
at for these theories all variables from the causes of crime, definition of crime, crime prevention
ETC.
During the 19th century people tried to understand the ways of natural laws of society however
Cesare Beccaria had pictured this as being egotistic. Considering that law should be partial to a
certain extent as much as possible also forbid actions which would rise instead of lessening crime.
Cesare had acknowledged management of criminal justice where he knew that the rights of
offenders are

Statement Of Criminology
I'm not going to lie and tell you that I have always known I wanted to study Criminology.
Growing up, I was always confused about what I wanted to do with my career and this concerned
me, a lot. There are so many options! But I'm not a child anymore. I have matured and found
myself.
I want to take this course to fulfill my dreams and learn about this mind–blowing subject.
Criminology connects so certain subjects that I'm highly interested in, such as law, biology, and
psychology. I like to research and examine the variety of behaviors towards a threatening or
awkward situation. What makes people hide something they did wrong, related to theft, death, and
equivalent crimes and how do they live with those actions in their consciousness?
Knowing that life offers countless opportunities, why ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which will be good when times are harder. I intend to never quit. No matter what.
Besides that, I'm a deep and analytical thinker and enjoy to think outside the box. I have realized
this on geography classes where we debate and, usually, my ideas are different from my classmates.
In my free time, I spend an appreciable amount of time reading books, mainly about unsolved
mysteries, science fiction, drama and similar genres, for example, «The girl on the train» and «A
Verdade da mentira»(the truth of the lie). Along with books, I never missed an episode of my
favorite series such as «Fringe» and «Dexter». I love reading and watching this type of series so
much because I am genuinely curious and a good observer since I pay attention to details.
On the other hand, during the weekends my family and I go through long walks and connect with
nature, it's very relaxing, good to reflect and find our inner strength. Every once in a while, we wake
up at dawn to observe the sunrise at 1.818 meters of altitude, in Pico do Arieiro. This is the best time
to take photographs. It's a breathtaking and unique

Theoretical Criminology
A theory from a perspective of theoretical criminology is best defined as "A major interdisciplinary
and international journal for the advancement of the theoretical aspects of criminological
knowledge. The journal is committed to renewing general theoretical debate, exploring the
interrelation of theory and data in empirical research and advancing the links between
criminological analysis and general social and political theory." (Gorelick 2011). The development
and understanding of theories from different perspectives/fields of specialization are essential for
finding a deeper meaning to everyday life, they give us statements which can be tested for in terms
of the theories accuracy and validity. For one researcher to address all perspectives

Features Of Classical Criminology
"Criminology" is a difficult term to define because it is open to interpretation, some may argue that
"criminology" is the scientific study of criminals and the crimes that they commit. It incorporates
numerous disciplines such as law, sociology, history and physiology as well as other disciplines like
victimology which are more focused disciplines within criminology. Sutherland (1939) gives the
view that criminology is based around "three great tributaries" these are: The study of crime, the
study of these that commit crime and the study of criminal justice and penal systems. Within this
essay these main criminological elements will be discussed: Classical Criminology,
Classical Criminology mainly occurred because of the violent and ... Show more content on
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All of which are useful in understanding crime and punishment. Beccaria's main ideology behind
classical criminology is the principle that "it's better to prevent crime then to punish them". In
today's modern society this can be achieved by crime prevention theories. Beccaria's main
criminological arguments are: Punishment that criminals receive shouldn't be to excessive because
this doesn't always deter individuals from committing crime, and Beccaria argued that in some cases
it actually is likely to increase crime, he also argues that the law shouldn't restrict individuals, as
well as that he argues that the infliction of harm should determine the grievousness of a crime.
Beccaria had three fundamental approaches to crime prevention, he argued that these three
fundamental principles were vital in order to reduce crime and decrease the harshness of the judicial
system. These principles are Certainty, celerity, and severity. Certainty is the idea that if punishment
is likely to happen, then people will be less likely to commit crimes and deviant behaviour. Celerity
is the idea that the law must be consistent and clear, this is vital within the judicial system because it
provides a grounding and acts a deterrent because it is clear to criminals what will be the
repercussions of their criminal actions. Severity within the judicial system means that the law

Criminology Personal Statement
My interest in studying criminology stems from a deep–rooted admiration for the law; the way
various laws protect our civil liberties; the way police officers enforce it; the means to which the
public can alter the law; but also conversely, the explanations of why people break the law. Is it
sociological or psychological, and is there any way to prevent such a mentality to commit crime, or
is it a biological factor which cannot be changed, and therefore inherent to the individual? That is
what deeply fascinates me, the nature vs nurture debate. Studying this subject will help me fulfil a
deeper knowledge and understanding of the causes of crime, how it affects society as a whole, and
how various theories of crime pertains to an individual's unique situation.
To further my knowledge about criminology, I visited Kilmarnock's Sheriff Court to witness how
the legal system works. This has not only broadened my knowledge about the consequences of
committing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My time in judo has taught me to become a more confident, well–rounded individual, teaching me
the importance of communication with others, and also how it is a crucial skill in order to move
forward with any task you are carrying out. Moreover, becoming a scout group leader has improved
my leadership skills and it has allowed me to work with various individuals in team–building
exercises and activities.
Although I have enjoyed my years at secondary school, I believe continuing to further education
would benefit me greatly; it will be an experience which I will remember for the most of my life,
and one which I will strive to require the necessary skills and knowledge to achieve my aspiration as
a police officer. I want to enhance my knowledge on the various workings of the criminal mind, the
way crime affects society, and why certain individuals deviate from the conformity of law

Strengths Of Criminology
Criminology is the study of crime and behavior. Criminologists study the biological, psychological
and social backgrounds of people that commit crimes. There are quite a few criminal behavior
theories that attempt to explain criminals and their criminal behavior. Rational Choice,
Psychological, Social, Biological, Learning, and Critical are of these theories. "Major advances in
the fields of biology, genetics, neuroscience, and psychiatry have shown that many human behaviors
are impacted by factors other than social influences. Still the field of Criminology has not
incorporated these biological influences into any mainstream criminological theories, leaving a large
divide between theories holding entirely sociological and biological explanations of ... Show more
Their behavior is influenced by their social environment. Strengths for this theory are better success
with earlier interventions. Weakness for this theory is the inconsideration of genetics.
Biological theory suggests that crime is based on the differences in one's brain. Genetics and mental
illness also play a factor. Strengths for this theory are that it is scientific, it can be conducted
repeatedly and tested for reliability. Weakness for this theory is the focus on nature, that suggests
that behavior is caused by genetics.
The Learning theory suggests that crime can be observed and learned by participation. A strength is
that because it was learned, it can be unlearned. A weakness of this theory is that it focuses a lot on
nurture, it suggests that "Based on the concepts of the theory it would be possible to reform them,
however it would involve extensive treatment and operant conditioning to reform such engrained
beliefs" (Ryan, Vanderlick, & Matthews, 2007)
The Critical theory suggests that crime is committed because of personal choice and societal
constraints. A strength of this theory is that . A weakness is that

Criminal Justice And Criminology
As one of the newer fields of social science, criminal justice began as a study that took from
sociology. "Critics thought that criminal justice was based on a weak empirical and theoretical
foundation, and that it had nothing to offer which was not already available through some
established discipline, principally sociology or the law" (Clear, 2001). Over years, criminal justice
has begun to make a name for it. Today, many colleges and universities offer bachelors, masters and
PhD programs for those pursuing degrees in criminal justice. For some, criminal justice may be seen
as just a study for those wanting careers in law enforcement, although the field is also able to
prepare its students for research related to crime and the reasons why ... Show more content on
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The works published by people in criminal justice are often taught in colleges and universities to
future scholars. Therefore it is important that these journals stay relevant to the field, and that there
are enough of them being published. The growth of criminology and criminal justice is due to the
many contributions of professors of criminal justice and professors of other disciplines. One thing
that is pushed within criminology and criminal justice is research. Many departments in universities
encourage their students to become familiar with research because it will be used frequent. Research
shows that in the 1970's and 80's there was an increase of alumni from doctoral programs in
criminal justice (Sorensen, 1992). The increase came rather unexpected due to federal funds being
cut from criminal justice programs (Sorensen, 1992). With increasing numbers of individuals getting
their doctorate degrees in criminal justice, more scholars are needed to properly educate new
students. Faculty members are most often ranked on productivity by the amount and quality of their
publications. This then helps to rank the doctoral program as a whole. In fields such as criminology
and criminal justice where males dominate, female authors may find it harder to be awarded
funding, promotions, and publications (Martel, Hogeveen, & Woolford, 2006, p. 638). It is very
critical to the field that there is enough representation in order for journals to be published.
Professors and faculty members of universities are pressured to publish journals that are relevant to
the field. Criminal justice departments are ranked on the amount and quality of journals published
by institutions (Sorensen, 2009). The rankings of the departments may attract or push away potential
students. Journal publications also "have significant effects on a faculty member's career,
influencing a range of personnel decisions (i.e., hiring, annual

Crime And Crime : Criminology And Criminology
Crime choice theory, often referred to as environmental criminology or ecological criminology, is a
branch of criminology that was supposedly started by the classical school's Cesare Beccaria. As with
many theories, it has evolved with time, but the basics of it have stayed much the same throughout
time. Crime choice theory can relate through other theories such as; routine activity theory,
environmental criminology, situational crime prevention and crime prevention through
environmental design. In addition, it has helped to provide explanations as to how, when, and why
crime occurs; as well as provide potential crime prevention strategies. Crime choice theory has had
a lasting impact on criminology, and crime theories from its conception, and continues to impact
areas of criminology theory today. Crime choice theory may be called, rational choice theory in
some literature, or is more likely to be called, environmental criminology; due to its "framework for
understanding how decisions are made by individuals by weighing the perceived costs and benefits
of an action." (Farrell & Hodgkinson, 2015, p.244) Decisions made by these individuals are
influenced by many factors, including environmental factors, allowing crime choice theory to be
called environmental criminology. Rather than trying to find psychological or biological reasons for
criminals to commit or not commit crimes; environmental criminology focuses on more practical
and controllable aspects. In addition, this

Criminology Theories
"Criminology" is the study of crime from a social perspective by researching the nature and
management of crime and the social impact of crime on society involving the causes and
consequences behind the matter. This is a generalised explanation of what "Criminology" involves
as it is too difficult to create an exact definition because the topic is so complex from continuous
growing historical roots and evolving theories which will be explored within the main body of this
essay. It is said by Sutherland (1939), that Criminology is made up by "three great tributaries: The
study of crime, the study of those who commit crime and the study of the criminal justice and penal
systems". Criminologists study this topic in an attempt to gain a ... Show more content on
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The main idea behind their work was that punishment would only work efficiently if it's severity
was proportionate to the offence committed. Beccaria and Bentham kept the interest of society in
mind in the regard that whatever was introduced as a restraint towards criminal behaviour should
have a clear aim of emitting the greatest happiness to the largest possible number of people in terms
of solace and serenity.
The second school of thought "Positivist Criminology" became apparent after the ideas about
criminals and punishment were created from the first. Like "Classical", the positivist idea had a
theory of utilitarianism but instead philosophers within this school applied a scientific method to
study criminal behaviour based upon external factors. The primary idea behind positivism is that
criminals are born into their category due to their nature and are not made into criminals. The theory
is split into three segments that cover a substantial body of verified principles of knowledge such as:
biological, psychological and social positivism in an attempt to understand criminal behaviour and
"Criminology's" purpose. All three express the same outcome on how rehabilitation for the offender
should fit for their needs individually instead of as a whole.
"Ceasare Lombroso", an Italian

Biological Theories Of Criminology
The field of criminology has been slow to give credit to biological theories of deviant behavior.
Criminology was mainly in the field of the social science approach to crime as developed in
sociology, it was pure sociology without any biology or psychology. One reason for this is because
biological theories the link between biology and crime is not clear and biology on behavior of any
kind is more often the result of an interaction among genetic, hormonal and other biological features
of an individual and their social and physical environments (Schmalleger, 2012, p. 86). Biological
theories within the field of criminology attempts to explain behaviors contrary to societal
expectations through examination of individual characteristics. These theories are categorized
within a paradigm called positivism or determinism.
Positivism were more than likely made up of scientists, mathematicians, anthropologists and
astronomers. They studied behavior from a biological, psychological and sociological perspective
(Gay, 2017). Biological theory maintains that the basic determinants of human behavior, including
criminality are constitutionally or physiologically based and often inherited (Schmalleger, 2012, p.
87). There are major principles of biological theories and crime causation make certain fundamental
assumptions. One assumption is that the brain is the organ of the mind and is where an individual's
personality comes from. It has been compared to the organ of behavior and that no

Integrated Theory Criminology
Criminology describes crime, criminal behavior and its causes, and how crime can be controlled and
prevented (Schmalleger, 2015). It encompasses a vast realm of disciplines including biology,
psychology, and sociology. The field of criminology is composed of many different elements that
help make the discipline whole. Some of those components may include criminal behavior, criminal
justice, theoretical criminology, translational criminology, and the criminal justice system. Without
understanding and studying criminal behavior, one would not understand criminology. Criminal
behavior describes any action a person commits that violates the law. Understanding what criminal
behavior is, is essential in then determining what may cause a person to ... Show more content on
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This subfield is found most commonly in universities. The text explains two parts of the theoretical
approach, general theory and integrated theory (Schmalleger, 2015). It seems that general theory
fails to explain the many different areas of criminology, and for these reasons, the integrated theory
may be a better option for understanding criminal behavior. An integrated theory brings together a
wide array of information from different sources to help describe behavior (Schmalleger, 2015). In
addition, theory must be able to be applied to the real world. Transitional criminology can be
described as a way in which theories and research are applied to social policies and then into
practice. The people who put these policies into practice may include police officers and the courts.
Police officers and the courts make up the criminal justice system, and their primary goal is to
punish and rehabilitate criminals. All of these elements make up criminology; you cannot have one
element without the other. Schmalleger (2015) states that sociology has long been a part of
criminology because crime, in one way or another, affects

Essay on Criminology
Figuring out why people commit crimes is one of the central concerns of criminology. Do most
criminals act rationally after weighing the costs of crime? Is society ever to blame for an individual
to commit a crime? Do mental diseases or even genetics factor into whether a person will live a life
of crime. Over the years, many people have developed theories to try to answer these questions. In
fact, the number of theories of why people commit crimes sometimes seems to equal the number of
criminologists. I explore these questions and much more in the paper that follow.
The foundation of classical criminology is its central belief that individual criminals engage in a
process of rational decision making in choosing how to commit crime ... Show more content on
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As a part of this relationship individuals gave up some of their liberties in the interest of the
common good, with the purpose of the law being to ensure that these common interests were met.
For Beccaria, this meant that the law should be limited and written down so that people could make
decisions on how to behave. More importantly, punishment was to ﬁt the crime not the individual
and was to be certain and swift (Williams & McShane, 2010). Offenders were to be seen as
reasonable people with the same capacity for resisting offending behavior as non–offenders. The
guiding principle of the criminal justice process was the presumption of innocence; and in this
general framework punishment was to be seen as a deterrent to criminal behavior. The central
concern of the law and the criminal justice process was therefore the prevention of crime through
this deterrent function.
Bentham's concern was upon utilitarianism which assumes the greatest happiness for the greatest
numbers. He believes that individuals weigh the probabilities of present and future pleasures against
those of present and future pain (Postema, 1998).
It should be noted however that the classical school of thought has had an enduring inﬂuence as
many legal systems are built on some of its key precepts. The idea of intent for example, emphasizes
the importance of the state of mind of the individual and their capacity for making choices. Notions
of proportionality in relation to punishment are

Cultural Criminology
Cultural criminology is a branch of critical criminology that focuses on in what way a cultural
practice mix with culture as crime, crime as culture; crime control and reality of crime and its
construction by media; and exploration of intellectual politics of criminology and social politics of
crime and culture (Ferrell, 1999, p. 403). Crime control from perspective of cultural criminology is
mainly about having power and applying in practical use on different culture because criminologists
suppose culture affects crime and what its aspects are involved. Because a main theme is different
beliefs as criminologists suppose and that beliefs in something different gives a meaning to exist for
a group of people, and individuals are recognized within ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This music is based on a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is vocalized. Rap music is usually
associated with black musicians (Andrews, 2014, p. 23). One of lyric's topics when artists create is
about an expression of societal ills or obscene topics which is scrutinized by police and in
courtroom. The rap music is criminalized together with its producers – young black men that results
in criminalizing black culture and recast them as criminals. Similarly, a lyric of song is used as
evidence in order to prosecute their author (Workneh, 2015) that is seen as the controversial practice
comparing to other music genres that are not criminalised. The political commentators on both sides
of political spectrum criticize that rap music promotes opposite values of the conventional society
such as social decay and disobedience of young people to the authority. The social authorities
suggest that themes in hip hop songs promote drugs and violence within hidden context that has an
influence on young people and that does affect their moral values. It also can invoke unwished
rebellion to the state authority and undermine community cohesion. The police force often claims
that the words of gangster rap songs can work as an inspiration to commit crime for people who are
in the same or similar position as black people. These subcultures share certain aspects such as

Taking into account society today and how crime has influences on the mindsets of the population, I
have found myself coming to appreciate that the Criminal Justice System affects the way people
classify crime. Media and social media play a large role in the way our society understands crimes
that are morally wrong; this has led me to an interest in the area of Criminology. At the age of 16, I
was determined to take the option of studying at higher education due to the fact that I felt I knew
where I wanted to go in terms of my future. I acknowledged that university could offer me the
chance to study a subject which I am thoroughly attracted to which seems to interests me more than
taking a gap year. The way criminals work and the study of ... Show more content on
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Recently I have been studying information to expand my knowledge as I would like the result of
studying to lead me into the profession of a Criminal Lawyer. I wish to initially study criminology,
after finishing my degree I would like to take the option of further study and study a one year
conversion to law. Criminology for me suggests some level of psychology; I am currently reading
'Murder on the mind' – Amanda Howard. This book entails the introduction into serial killers and
crime and explores the case studies of different groups of murderers around the world. I find this
book captivating as after reading the diary entries from some of the criminals in this book such as
Mary bell and Javed Iqbal it gives me an insight into the criminal mind and the study and skill
needed in the section of criminology. I feel there would be some specific skills which would support
me in taking this course; a skill which I believe is vital is to communicate efficiently. As a
criminologist, I believe it would require communication to pass information and to discuss. I feel I
have this quality and have gained it through working in different environments; for example during
February of 2014 I took part in a National Citizen

Disadvantages Of Green Criminology
Green criminology was first mentioned by Lynch in 1990, and from then has developed as a branch
of criminology that focuses on harms against the environment. The popularity of green criminology
has risen over the past 20 years with recognition that concerns about environmental harms and
crimes should have a more prominent place within the field of criminology (Mares, 2010). Despite a
consensus among nations, identified by Nurse (2015), that the environment and natural resources
should be protected, green criminology has its critics, with some criminologists not seeing green
crimes and harms as a priority within criminology. This essay will look at the characteristics and
approaches of a green criminology, focusing on how different aspects of green criminology may be
an advantage or disadvantage and how they play a part in green criminology's role in society.
The first advantage of a green criminology is that it brings attention to environmental issues, which
otherwise may be over looked or down played. This is important as Agnew (2012) argues that
climate change will increase strain, reduce social control and increase social disorganisation. He
goes on to suggest that these circumstances foster beliefs and values favourable to crime as well as
affecting opportunities for crime. Also, orthodox criminology tends to hide crimes of the powerful,
whereas green criminology highlights them. Both individuals and corporations cause harms to the
environments with research showing

Criminology
Why Is Criminology Important?
In this essay, I we be discussing the importance criminology has on the criminal justice system,
criminology involves conducting research and studying social and physical factors of why people
commit crimes and end up in our prisons. criminologists work is important as their work aids in
developing a society that is less prone to acts of criminality and deviance, protecting society. My
primary focus will be on why we have prisons, looking at the type of people we find in them, what
may cause them to end up there. Following up with how criminologists respond to the obvious
problems. I will be supporting my answer by providing statistics and presenting criminological
theories throughout.
As of December 2017, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This behavior towards a minority is also linked to the reason many of them end up within the
prisons. There is still a high presence of racism within society, members of the black community are
constantly put under the strains of societies negative perception of them. In 1938 Robert K. Merton
created the criminological strain theory, this theory focuses on delinquency of the lower class,
including the black community. Merton (1938) theory can be used to argue that through the
mistreating black people suffer within society this manner lessens their feel of personal values, these
negative emotions that are created influences strains upon the person which suggests the reasoning's
for a crime to be committed. The idea that if you perform how people already believe you do as a
form of conformity to their beliefs. Although this theory is declining in popularity with many
criminologists as it is unable to explain why those who are put through the same strains don't lead to
preforming crimes (Newburn, 2017).
Criminologists also analyse the social backgrounds and childhood experiences of criminals this is
important as suggesting reasons why crimes may be committed allows crime prediction and
prevention especially in the future. After thorough research criminologists are also able to predict
patterns in family backgrounds linking to

Disorganization Theory Of Criminology And Criminology Essay
Disorganization theory of criminology
Name
Institution
Disorganization theory of criminology
Borski, J., and Harold. (1995). Social disorganization theory: influence of society and environment
to crime: New York: Lexington.
The two researchers use data from the Lexington library to determine how the environment people
live in can influence their behaviors. It means that the social organization theory focuses on the
effect of society towards crime. When a society or the people in it do not hold moral values, the rise
in criminal behavior is bound to increase. When children live in a neighborhood that does not any
rules related to religion, and good morals. Therefore, there is a very high possibility that children
will likely grow with no sense of responsibility or accountability. When people are not accountable
for their actions, then they are likely to engage in criminal activity. The lifestyle that people adopt in
urban areas creates a form of competition. Most of the people want to own beautiful clothes, cars,
go to nice hotels and if they do not have money for that the likely hood of being involved in
criminal activity is very high because most of them want to live an expensive life and not work hard
for it. Alternatively, this is why drug loads chose such neighborhoods to recruit people to sell their
drugs.
Korn, Ruth. (1978). Social sources of delinquency: An appraisal of analytic models. Chicago: Univ.
of Chicago Press.
The Chicago University Press publishes the

Criminology Theories
Criminology Theories Dealing with Characters from Boyz N the Hood
Jamar Tyms
Westwood College
Criminology
Ms. Peete
Abstract
This Paper will discuss what theories can explain the deviant behavior of the characters in the movie
Boyz N the Hood.
What Starts Criminal Behavior? History shows that through life violence is a cycle within itself.
Criminology shows different views on how and why criminal behavior happens. By watching the
movie "Boyz in The Hood" we see the crimes take place and show why these events happened.
Based off the information from class and from past theories I formulate my own theories of why
crime happens.
The movie Boyz in the Hood is based off ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That's hurts Doughboy and it seems like he is into the streets because that's the only thing that is
giving him the attention that he wants and needs. Doughboy feeds on the attention that he gets from
the streets of L.A. It helps him think he is wanted by people that love him. In his mind it's a lost
relationship with his mother because even if he tries to do stay out of jail, try and do right by her she
still wouldn't care or even notice that he is trying to build a mother–son bond between them. So it
gets to the point where he seeks and gets revenge on the guys who killed his brother Ricky. And he
doesn't care if their guys come back in retaliation to kill him. There was a quote he said in the movie
saying "either they don't know, don't show, or don't care about what's going on in the hood." He has
a good point because the people that do care is either scared to say anything or has never lived in the
ghetto before so they can only go by what other people say that's happening in the streets.
Most people get killed over what is known as the "Code of The Street." In the movie it shows that
their code of the street was revenge. They killed Ricky Doughboy and his friends killed them. It also

shows that violence and crime happens all over something petty. In one scene in the movie they
show Ferris walking into Ricky

The Sociological Theories Of Criminology
What is criminology? A simple question but difficult to answer. A question with multiple answers
that are never quite the same as the one before. Some say it's a mixture of different disciplines and
differing objects of study with origins in numerous subjects changing from a very sociological
approach to now a more scientific approach (Newburn, 2009). Others say it's the product of two
initially separate works; the governmental project, including empirically studying the administration
of justice and working of police, and the Lombrosian project, the idea that crime can be understood
by dividing into those that are criminals and "non– criminals" and the characteristics that each
possess (Garland, 2002). This stemmed from Lombroso, who attempted to identify physical features
of a person which he suggested made a person more likely to partake in "criminal behaviour". There
is no one way to define criminology it is too vast and expansive and as time goes on criminology
changes, varying as an interdisciplinary approach. Not only this but criminology in itself is hard to
define to one sole definition. For example, there are four sub–groups of criminology; penology,
biocrimonology, feminist criminology and criminalistics. On top of this there are also schools of
criminology; classical, positivist and Chicago. As a result it shows that criminology and its
objectives are far from being able to be defined in a single explanation.
Criminology has changed over time and many scholars

Positivist Criminology
Just as there are many types of crimes, there are also many explanations for crime. The three frames
of reference for explanations of crimes are the classical criminology approach, the positivist
criminology approach, and the behavior of law. The most effective approach to explaining crime is
the positivist approach since uncontrollable factors such as the environment, socialization, and
education can make a person more prone to committing crimes. In positivist criminology, a person
commits a crime because outside factors influenced them. For example, a person is more likely to
commit a crime if they live in poverty. In today's society, it is easier for someone to rob or steal
rather than to get a job and work for their money. Not to mention, it is harder for those who live in
poverty to get jobs since most employers only want the best of the best working for their company.
Living in poverty can also affect a person's mentality. Trying to figure out how to overcome poverty
can be stressful, and this can take a toll on people's mental health and cause them to commit acts
that they wouldn't have committed if they were in their normal state of mind. Another factor that can
influence crime is socialization, which is the process of learning how to properly behave. If
someone grew up having a distant relationship with their parents, they might be more likely to
commit a crime. A parent is a child's first and best teacher. A good parent should teach their child
right

Feminist Perspectives On Criminology
In this paper, I will set out to uncover the impact of feminist approaches within criminology. It will
demonstrate how these theoretical perspectives have changed our opinion on women as victims, as
well as criminals themselves. By exploration of taboo subjects such as the danger of prostitution
looking into how it can prove problematic for feminism. In addition to the labelling of domestic
violence, whilst uncovering a variety of key theorists and perspectives. Feminism is crucial to the
study of criminology as it takes away traditional explanations of crime and uncovers an entirely
different perspective of crime and criminal behaviour. Feminist Criminology contains many
different extensions Liberal, Radical, Marxist, Socialist etc.. This ... Show more content on
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In Criminology, altogether makes space for the voices of women. There are different contentions put
crosswise over women in the field of criminology that offer a perspective as to women as criminals
or victims of crime (Mallicoat, 2012).
Feminist opinions on prostitution are widely varied, with differing opinions both for and against
prostitution. Those opposed to prostitution believe it to be a form of exploitation of women, it is
thought that it makes women appear redundant which in turn keeps male domination intact resulting
in an unfair patriarchal society. It reinforces negative stereotypes of the acceptance of women being
sexually objectified for the sexual gratification of men. Therefore, prostitution is viewed as a crime
an act of violence against women of which should be deemed unacceptable in modern day society
(O'Neill and Maggie, 2000). These feminists put forward the notion that entry into prostitution in
the majority is not a freedom of choice. It is an entrapment in which either women in financial
difficulty are driven too or they are often victims of human trafficking. Their argument is that no
one truly enters into prostitution through their own free will. Women who enter prostitution do so
through desperation to feed an alcohol/drug addiction, or to fill a void of damage caused by
previous sexual abuse or simply because

Disadvantages Of Green Criminology
Lynch first mentioned green criminology in 1990, and from then has developed as a branch of
criminology that focuses on harms against the environment. The popularity of green criminology
has risen over the past 20 years with the recognition that concerns about environmental harms and
crimes should have a more prominent place within the field of criminology (Mares, 2010). Despite a
consensus among nations, identified by Nurse (2015), that the environment and natural resources
should be protected, green criminology has its critics, with some criminologists not seeing green
crimes and harms as a priority within criminology. This essay will look at the characteristics and
approaches of a green criminology, focusing on how different aspects of green criminology may be
an advantage or disadvantage and how they play a part in green criminology's role in society.
The first advantage of a green criminology is that it brings attention to environmental issues, which
otherwise may be overlooked or downplayed. This is important as Agnew (2012) argues that climate
change will increase strain, reduce social control and increase social disorganisation. He goes on to
suggest that these circumstances foster beliefs and values favourable to crime as well as affecting
opportunities for crime. Also, orthodox criminology tends to hide crimes of the powerful, while
green criminology highlights them. Both individuals and corporations cause harms to the
environments with research showing that the

Sentencing In Criminology
Introduction Criminology as a field studies a wide range of concepts that all have far–reaching and
substantial impacts on the way that our society functions. One of the furthest reaching realities, in
terms of its social, economic and political impacts, that criminology studies is sentencing. The
research on sentencing ranges from its history, to the effects it has on the offender's family and
community. Sentencing length and severity, which not only have a large effect, but also are affected
by many things has been and continues to be a topic of great debate and as a result research. Due to
the observation that there are large disparities in sentencing length and severity discussions were
started which brought into question the fairness

The Pros And Cons Of Criminology
Over the last three decades, the social changes of late modernity come to impress the criminal
justice authorities of the UK and the USA upon on the crime control and criminal justice (Garland
2001). In response to the specific constraints, pressures or problems, they have had to reorient their
practice and formulate policy through a series of accommodations and adjustments. However, the
authorities still have had to face a new and problematic criminological predicament due to two key
social factors 'the normality of high crime rates' and 'the acknowledged limitations of the criminal
justice state' (Garland 2001, p.106). In order to change the confusing circumstances, criminology
offers a great deal of interpretations and perspectives that leads contemporary crime control policy
and practice to be governed by contradictory criminologies (Carrabine et al. 2009). David Garland
(2001) represents one of the most sophisticated attempts to make a two–pronged and contradictory
response to the collapse of 'penal–welfarism' in crime control systems across western societies at the
end of the 20th century. According to Garland (2001), the 'criminology of penal–welfarism' has been
increasingly superseded by two new criminologies: the 'criminology of the other' and the
'criminology of the self' (Garland 2001, p.138). Although the 'criminology of the other' is regarded
as mainstream criminology, the 'criminology of the self' is recently supported by a broad range of
theories that combine

I am a current undergraduate criminology student and studying in the UK. This year is my final year
of my degree study, after that i want to continue a further study in Criminology. This is because this
is my interest academic area so i chose it as my first degree, up to this point I did not think i learnt
enough and something that i interested i did not have any chance to study it during my
undergraduate. According to my previous study experiences i usually learnt and studied about
theories, knowledges and cases about UK or other western countries, however my interest and care
areas are HK and China. For example, my dissertation topic is about a study of child trafficking in
China. When i was starting my research i found very difficult to

The School Of Criminology
What is criminology, what are its key task and questions, and how does criminology challenge
Common Sense Understanding of Crime'? Criminology may be defined as the scientific
commitment to the gathering of 'fact' (Walkate,2003) or as defined by the Collins dictionary as the
scientific study of crime and criminals. The common sense notion of crime is information acquired
through personal experiences and external influences which often does not hold any merit. The aim
of this essay is to outline what criminology is as a subject and the concept of its two main schools of
thought classical and positivist. It will also be looking at the key tasks of a criminologist. The school
of criminology also challenges the common sense or everyday understanding ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As a discipline criminology relies on other related field in others to establish the nature cause extent
and control of criminal behaviour on an individual and societal level. In committing of a crime alot
of speculation will be drawn on the individual base on the the two school of thought. The classical
school who upheld the belief that the punishment of a crime should be no more or less severe as
neccessary while the provitist school will focus on the criminal biological features to interpre the
cause of his deviant behaviour. The aim and objectives of both school although different from a
cohesive picture both aim at developing an understanding of crime through studying and analyzing
of human behaviour and social institution with some hope of reducing crime. Criminolghy key task
is developing an understanding committ crime by developing theories, doing research analysing
statistic and present evidence or explanantion . there studies often discredit society common sense
understanding of crime. however commom understading ofcrime is not always refuted but
sometimes use as a base for research. Society relies on several sources to draw a common sense
understanding of crime , one such source is gathered from a individual perpesctive base on their
own experience or those of others. the media is another source that an individual relies on to gather
common sense understanding although it consider to be valuable source of information it should be
treated with sceptism as it is tempting for an individual to read and article and assume it to be true.
views express by others such as

Cultural Criminology
Cultural criminology is a theoretical, methodological, and interventionist approach to the study of
crime that seeks to understand crime in the context of its culture. Cultural criminology looks at how
the upwards and downwards constructions of criminological phenomena is affected by power: rules
created, rules broken, the constant interplay of moral entrepreneurship, moral innovation and
transgression. Cultural criminology was first observed by Jeff Ferrell and Clinton Sanders and then
was enforced by Redhead 1995 and others and linked specific academic threads to discover the
meeting of cultural and criminal procedures in current social life.
The development of cultural criminology was from a mixed co–process of criminology, sociology
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Crime as culture believes that criminal behaviour is formed from subcultures and is seen as a group
activity caused by the status that they group lives up to. Each criminal subculture all has different
norms and values, which they follow and live up to. Cultural criminologists study the way members
of criminal subcultures adopt the languages that they speak, their distinctive style of clothing and
how they participate in group life and the crimes that are involved. Criminal subcultures are not a
specific group of people in society. They are a subculture of people from different class, age, gender
and different experienced inequalities that share similar experiences and are labelled buy authorities
as criminals. The media is often used for a place for crime to be publicized in society and it is
through the media that social/political powers are able to criminalise subcultures by creating a
deviant image towards subcultures so that they are blamed for some social problems in society and
may seems as a threat to society. For example when Malcolm McLaren and John Lydon helped to
organise the punk band the sex pistols which to politicians in Great Britain thought was disturbing
due to their violently confused imagery of sadomasochism image that they showed to the public, the
British media condemned the bad as a

Criminology Theory

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