IB Mandarin Grammar for ab initio Exam Success
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This document provides an overview of the International Baccalaureate (IB) Chinese language curriculum and exams, including the different levels of Chinese language acquisition (Language A, B, ab initio). It also introduces the HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test) system and levels. The bulk of the document consists of detailed explanations and examples of Chinese grammar points categorized by part of speech (pronouns, numerals, quantifiers/measure words, adverbs), aligned with the levels of the HSK exams.
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IB Mandarin Grammar for ab initio Exam Success
- 2. 1 | P a g e ,%0$1'$5,1$%,1,7,2+,1(6(*5$00$5 9,%$%,1,7,2ѣᮽ䈣⌋ - A Quick Reference to Success in the coming Exam By cross referring IB Syllabus and HSK 4 (NEW SINCE 2009) ᯦≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Contents About the Author: .................................................................................................................................................6 Our Story ..............................................................................................................................................................7 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page .................................................................................................8 Preface 1: No Grammar in Chinese Language?....................................................................................................9 International Baccalaureate (IB) Chinese ...........................................................................................................11 IB Diploma Programme .................................................................................................................................11 Language A: Studies in Language and Literature...............................................................................................11 Language A: Literature ..................................................................................................................................12 Language A: Language and Literature...........................................................................................................13 Language B: Language Acquisition....................................................................................................................14 Chinese ab initio.............................................................................................................................................14 Chinese B .......................................................................................................................................................15 Language B (SL and HL) ...............................................................................................................................17 IB Chinese B Core Topics and Options..............................................................................................................19 Three Core Topics пѠṮᗹѱ从.................................................................................................................19 Options ᴪཐ䘿亯 ..........................................................................................................................................19 Two options from the following five ԄԛсӊѠ䘿亯ѣԱ䘿њѠ ...............................................19 Preface 2: IB Mandarin ab initio Chinese Grammar V2021...............................................................................20 How to use this book effectively?.......................................................................................................................20 Tally the words you DON’T know in front....................................................................................................20 Why many students call it “LIFE SAVING” for their exam..........................................................................20 What's new in Version 2021? .............................................................................................................................21 Add similar words to compare the meaning or usage: ...................................................................................21 Add similar words to compare the meaning or usage: ...................................................................................22 Contents About the Author: ............................................................ .. .. .. .......................... .... .. .. .............................................................6 Our Story .............................................................. .. .. .................. .. .. .......... .. .... .. .. ................ .. ..........................................................7 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central p p p pag ag ag age .......... .... .............. .. .. .............. .... .. .. .............................................................8 Preface 1: No Grammar in Chinese Langu gu gu guage?.......... .. .. ............ .. .. .. .... .. .. .......... .. .. .... .. ......................................................................9 International Baccalaureate (IB) Chinese se se se ............................................... ..............................................................11 IB Diploma Programme ................. ................................................ .. .. ....................................................................11 Language A: Studies in Language and d d d d Literature..... ........................ .. .. .... .......... .. .. .... ..........................................................11 Language A: Literature ..................... .. .. .... .. .. ................................................ .. ...............................................................12 Language A: Language and Literature...... .. .. ............................ .. .. .... .. .. ...........................................................................13 Language B: Language Acquisition....................................................................................................................14 Chinese ab initio.............................................................................................................................................14 Chinese B .......................................................................................................................................................15 Language B (SL and HL) ...............................................................................................................................17 IB Chinese B Cor or or ore e e e e e e To To To To To To Topi pi pi pi pics cs cs cs a a a a a and nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd O O Opt pt pt pt pt pt ptio io io io io io ions ns ns... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...................19 Three Core Top op op op op op op opic ic ic ic ics s s s пѠ пѠ пѠ пѠ пѠ пѠ пѠ пѠ пѠṮᗹ Ṯᗹ Ṯᗹ Ṯᗹ Ṯᗹ Ṯᗹ Ṯᗹ Ṯᗹѱ从 ѱ从 ѱ从 ѱ从 ѱ从 ѱ从 ѱ从... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .......... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ............ .... .. .. .. ..................................................19 Options ᴪཐ䘿亯 䘿亯 䘿亯 䘿亯 ..........................................................................................................................................19 Two options from the following five ԄԛсӊѠ䘿亯ѣԱ䘿њѠ 19
- 3. 2 | P a g e Fine difference highlighted!...........................................................................................................................23 More illustrations: ..........................................................................................................................................23 The new HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test) Introduction: ....................................................................................24 II. Test Levels.................................................................................................................................................24 I. Test Target ..................................................................................................................................................26 1 ԙ䈃 dàicí Pronoun .....................................................................................................................................27 1.1 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃 UpQFKƝQJGjLFt3HUVRQDO3URQRXQV.....................................................................................27 1.2 ⽰ԙ䈃 =KӿVKuGjLFt'HPRQVWUDWLYHSURQRXQ .................................................................................40 1.3 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Yíwèn dàicí Interrogative pronouns ..................................................................................42 1.4 ެԌԙ䈃 Others ................................................................................................................................53 2 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral ...................................................................................................................................60 2.1 㺞⽰ᰬ䰪 %LӽRVKuVKtMLƗQ([SUHVVWLPH .............................................................................................60 2.2 㺞⽰ᒪ喺 %LӽRVKuQLiQOtQJ([SUHVVDJH ............................................................................................62 2.3 㺞⽰䫧ᮦ ELӽRVKuTLiQVK([SUHVVPRQH .......................................................................................62 2.4 㺞⽰ਭ⸷ ELӽRVKuKjRPӽ,QGLFDWH7HOHSKRQHQXPEHU.......................................................................63 2.5 㺞⽰亰ᓅ ELӽRVKuVKQ[([SUHVVFDUGLQDOQXmber .........................................................................63 2.6 㺞⽰䠃䠅 ELӽRVKu]KzQJOLjQJ([SUHVVZHLJKW ...................................................................................63 2.7 㺞⽰䮵ᓜ ELӽRVKuFKiQJG([SUHVVOHQJWK .......................................................................................63 2.8 㺞⽰Ᾰᮦ ELӽRVKuJjLVKù Express an approximate figure ................................................................64 2.9 Use of ӂ and њ ................................................................................................................................64 2.10 Approximate numbers Ᾰᮦ...............................................................................................................65 3 䠅䈃 liàng cí quantifier; Measure words.....................................................................................................69 3.1 ⭞൞ᮦ䈃 zQJ]jLVKFtKzX8VHGDIWHUQXPHUDOV.......................................................................69 3.2 ⭞൞䘏 䛙 ࠖ ∅䈃 Used after this that several every........................................70 3.3 ެԌ TtWƗRWKHU....................................................................................................................................70 3.4 㠠ᡇᨅ䘦䠅䈃 Self-descriptive quantifiers (ᰛȽઞȽᒪȽཟ) ..............................................................70 3.5 List of quantifier (䠅䈃 Measure words) by HSK levels...................................................................71 4 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb......................................................................................................................................123 4.1 ੜᇐࢥ䈃φ IԁXGuQJIFt1HJDWLYHDGYHUE..............................................................................123 4.2 ぁᓜࢥ䈃φ Chéngdù fùcí: Degree adverb:.................................................................................124 4.2.1 More Adverbs in GCSE Syllabus ................................................................................................126 A Sentences with an adverbial phrase before the verb................................................................................126 Point of time.................................................................................................................................................126 Place.............................................................................................................................................................126 1.3 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Yíwèn dàicí Interrogative pronouns ..................................................................................42 1.4 ެԌԙ䈃 Others ................................................................................................................................53 2 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral ............................................... .. .. .... .. .. .......................... .. .. ............................................................60 2.1 㺞⽰ᰬ䰪 %LӽRVKuVKtMLƗQ([SUHVVWLPH PH PH PH PH ............... .. .. .......... .. .... .. .. ................ .. ........................................................60 2.2 㺞⽰ᒪ喺 %LӽRVKuQLiQOtQJ([SUHVV VV VV VV VV VVDJH ......... .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. .............. .... .. ...........................................................62 2.3 㺞⽰䫧ᮦ ELӽRVKuTLiQVK([S [S [S [S [SUH UH UH UH UH UH UHVVPRQH H H H H ........... .. .. .. .............. .. .. ..................................................................62 2.4 㺞⽰ਭ⸷ ELӽRVKuKjRPӽ,QGL GL GL GL GLFD FD FD FDWH7HOHSKR KR KR KR KRQH QH QH QHQ Q Q QXP XP XP XPEH EH EH EHU U U U............. .. ............................................................63 2.5 㺞⽰亰ᓅ ELӽRVKuVKQ[([ ([ ([ ([ ([ ([SUHVVFDUGLQDOQXmber ....... .... .. .... .. ................................................................63 2.6 㺞⽰䠃䠅 ELӽRVKu]KzQJOLjQJ QJ QJ QJ QJ([SUHVVZHL HL HL HL HLJKW ................... .. .. .......... .. ..........................................................63 2.7 㺞⽰䮵ᓜ ELӽRVKuFKiQJG( ( ( ( ( ([S [S [SUHVVOHQJWK K K K K . . ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .................... ..............................................................63 2.8 㺞⽰Ᾰᮦ ELӽRVKuJjLVKù Exp xp xpre re re re ress an approximate fi figu gu gu gu gu gure re re re re VK VK ................................................................64 2.9 Use of ӂ and њ ................................................................................................................................64 2.10 Approximate numbers Ᾰᮦ...............................................................................................................65 3 䠅䈃 liàng cí quantifier; Measure words.....................................................................................................69 3.1 ⭞൞ᮦ䈃 zQJ]jLVKFtKzX8VHGDIWHUQXPHUDOV.......................................................................69 3.2 ⭞൞䘏 䘏 䘏 䘏 䘏 䘏 䘏 䘏 䘏 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 ࠖ ࠖ ࠖ ࠖ ࠖ ࠖ ࠖ ࠖ ࠖ ࠖ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 Us Us Us Us Us Us Used ed ed ed ed ed ed ed a a a aft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft fter er er er er er er er th th th th th th this t t t t t t t t tha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha hat t t t t t t t t se se se se se se se seve ve ve vera ra ra ra ra ra ral l l l l l l l l l ev ev ev ev ever er er er er ery y y y..... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. ...................70 3.3 ެԌ Tt Tt Tt Tt TtWƗ WƗ WƗ WƗ WƗ WƗ WƗ WƗR R R R RWK WK WK WK WKHU HU HU HU HU HU HU HU HU.... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .......... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ..........................................70 3.4 㠠ᡇᨅ䘦䠅䈃 Self- lf lf descriptive quantifi fi fiers (ᰛȽઞȽᒪȽཟ) ..............................................................70 3.5 List of quantifier (䠅䈃 Measure words) by HSK levels 71
- 4. 3 | P a g e Manner .........................................................................................................................................................126 Frequency.....................................................................................................................................................126 Other adverbs ...............................................................................................................................................127 Movement ....................................................................................................................................................127 Prepositional phrases....................................................................................................................................127 RQMXQFWLYHXVHRIDGYHUEV ..........................................................................................................................128 B Sentences with an adverbial phrase after the verb...................................................................................128 Complement of time with the verbal aspect.................................................................................................128 Repetition of the verb...................................................................................................................................128 Verb + ᗍ $GMHFWive, complement for the verb, state of action) (YAO Style formula)...........................129 Verb followed by postverb...........................................................................................................................129 Verb followed by ᗍ and a complement of degree.......................................................................................129 4.3 㤹പࢥ䈃φθ Fànwéi fùcí:, Scope adverb:, .................................................................................131 4.4 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃φ 6KtMLƗQIFt7LPHDGYHUE.........................................................................................132 4.5 䈣≊ࢥ䈃φ ԃTuIFt0RGDODGYHUE ..........................................................................................133 4.6 仇⦽ࢥ䈃φ 3tQOԋIFt)UHTXHQF$GYHUE ....................................................................................135 4.7 ᴪཐࢥ䈃φ More Adverbs:.............................................................................................................135 5 䘔䈃 φ /LiQFtRQMXQFWLRQ ....................................................................................................................269 6 ԁ䈃φ MLqFt3UHSRVLWLRQ ........................................................................................................................328 7 ࣟࣞ䈃 φ ]KGzQJFt$X[LOLDUYHUE ......................................................................................................338 8 ࣟ䈃 zhùcí Particle....................................................................................................................................340 8.1 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φ MLpJzX]KFt6WUXFWXUDO3DUWLFOH ................................................................................340 Comparing “Ⲻ ൦ ᗍ” .................................................................................................................................341 Ⲻ 4 [used after a pronoun] : show possession HSK 1 new ...............................................................341 ൦ $GMHFWLYH൦ 9HUE$GMHFWLYHWR$GYHUE
- 7. XVHGEHWZHHQDYHUERUDQDGMHFWLYHDQGLWVFRPSOHPHQWWRLQGLFDWHUHVXOWSRVVLELOLWRU degree]341 Verb + ᗍ + complement............................................................................................................................341 $GMHFWLYHᗍ + complement .....................................................................................................................342 Verb + ᗍ + complement Comparison of verb phrases..............................................................................342 Verb + ᗍ + complement............................................................................................................................342 $GMHFWLYHᗍ + complement .....................................................................................................................343 $GMHFWLYHᗍ + complement .....................................................................................................................343 Verb + ᗍ $GMHFWive, complement for the verb, state of action) (YAO Style formula)...........................129 Verb followed by postverb...........................................................................................................................129 Verb followed by ᗍ and a complement of degree... .. .. .... .. .. ............................ .... .. .. ........................................................129 4.3 㤹പࢥ䈃φθ Fànwéi fùcí:, Scope a a adv dv dv dv dverb:, .... .. ............ .. ................ .. .......................................................131 4.4 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃φ 6KtMLƗQIFt7LPHDG DG DG DG DG DGYHUE....... .. .............. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .... ........................................................132 4.5 䈣≊ࢥ䈃φ ԃTuIFt0RGD GD GD GD GDO O O O ODG DG DG DGYHUE ..... .. .. ............ .. .. .. ............ .. .. .... .. .. .................................................................133 4.6 仇⦽ࢥ䈃φ 3tQOԋIFt)UHT HTXH XH XH XH XHQF $GYHUE UE UE UE UE ........................... .. ...........................................................135 4.7 ᴪཐࢥ䈃φ More Adverbs: : : :............................................ .... .... ...............................................................135 5 䘔䈃 φ /LiQFtRQMXQFWLRQ ....... .. .. ........................ .. .. .......................... .. .. .......... .. .........................................................269 6 ԁ䈃 ԁ䈃φ MLqFt3UHSRVLWLRQ ............. .. .. .... ................................................ .. .. .. .............................................................328 7 ࣟࣞ䈃 φ ]KGzQJFt$X[LOLDUYHUE ... .... .. .. .... .................... .. .... .. .. .... ...........................................................................338 8 ࣟ䈃 zhùcí Particle....................................................................................................................................340 8.1 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φ MLpJzX]KFt6WUXFWXUDO3DUWLFOH ................................................................................340 Comparing “Ⲻ ൦ ᗍ” .................................................................................................................................341 Ⲻ 4 [used d d af af af af af af af af af afte te ter r r r a a a a a pr pron on on on ono o o oun un un un un un] ] ] : : : sh sh sh sh show ow ow ow ow ow ow p p p p p pos os os os os os osse se se se se sess ss ss ss ss ss ssio io io io io io io io ion n n n n n n n HS HS HS HS HS HS HS HSK K K K K K K K 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n n n n n new ew ew ew ew ew ew ew ew . . . ... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ................341 ൦ $GMHFWLYH൦ 9HUE$ $ $ $ $GM GM GM GMHFWLYH YH YH YH YHWR$GYHUE
- 10. HGEHW E DGMHFWLY GLW OH QWW LQGL WH XOW VLELOLW
- 11. 4 | P a g e ᗍ de 2 (ࣟ) [used after certain verbs to indicate possibility] : ............................................................344 8.2 䈣≊ࣟ䈃φ ԃTu]KFt7RQH3DUWLFOH...................................................................................344 8.3 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ GzQJWjL]KFt$VSHFWSDUWLFOH ..................................................................................346 9 ਯ䈃φ WjQFt,QWHUMHFWLRQ .......................................................................................................................349 10 䱾䘦ਛ ChénshùM'HFODUDWLYH6HQWHQFH..............................................................................................352 10.1 㛥ᇐਛ NČQGuQJM$IILUPDWLYH6HQWHQFH.....................................................................................352 10.2 ੜᇐਛφ )ԁXGuQJM1HJDWLYHSentences:...........................................................................352 11 ⯇䰤䈃φ yíwèn cí: Question words: .......................................................................................................353 11.1 ੍ ma (ࣟ) [used at the end of a declarative sentence to transform it into a question ]: HSK 1 new 353 ઘ ne (ࣟ) 1 ⭞൞ਃ䰤ਛᵡ,ࣖᕰਃ䰤 [used at the end of an interrogative sentence] .........................353 11.2 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 yíwèn dàicí Interrogative pronouns.............................................................................354 11.3 ↙ਃ⯇䰤ਛ =KqQJIӽQtZqQM$IILUPDWLYH-Negative questions...............................................356 11.4 ླ੍ +ӽRPD2N ........................................................................................................................356 11.5 䘿⯇䰤ਛ ;XӽQ]ptZqQM$OWHUQDWLYHTXHVWLRQ .....................................................................357 12 ⽾ֵਛφ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYHVHQWHQFH ..................................................................................................358 12.1 䈭 4ӿQJSOHDVH..................................................................................................................................358 12.2 ࡡ bié do not.................................................................................................................................358 12.3 у㾷 Bùyào Do not ......................................................................................................................358 13 ਯਛφ *ӽQWjQM([FODPDWRUVHQWHQFH ...........................................................................................359 14 ⢯⇀ਛශ 7qVKnjM[tQJ6SHFLDOVHQWHQFHSDWWHUQ................................................................................360 14.1 ᱥ ᆍਛ 6Ku]uMᱥ sentence pattern .........................................................................................360 14.2 ᴿ ᆍਛ YԁX]uMᴿ sentence pattern.......................................................................................360 14.3 ᱥ ... Ⲻ ᆍਛශ VKu]uMᱥ plus stative verb for emphasis..........................................................361 ᕰ䈹ᰬ䰪 TLiQJGLjRVKtMLƗQ(PSKDVL]HWLPH .......................................................................................361 ᕰ䈹൦⛯ 4LiQJGLjRGuGLӽQ(PSKDVLVRQORFDWLRQ ..............................................................................361 ᕰ䈹ᯯᕅ 4LiQJGLjRIƗQJVKu(PSKDVLV ...............................................................................................361 14.4 ∊䖹ਛ EӿMLjRMRPSDUDWLYHVHQWHQFH .......................................................................................361 14.5 “ᣀ”ᆍਛ ³%ӽ´]uM3DVVLYH6HQWHQFHXVLQJ³ᣀ” Have Sth done ...................................................362 14.6 㻡 㻡ࣞਛ %qLGzQJM3DVVLYHVHQWHQFHXVLQJ㻡 Sth done by somebody ..............................362 14.7 䘔ࣞਛ /LiQGzQJM6HQWHQFHVZLWKYHUEDOFRQVWUXFWLRQVLQVHULHV............................................362 14.8 ᆎ⧦ਛ ~Q[LjQM([LVWHQWLDOVHQWHQFH .....................................................................................362 Somewhere (Place A) HAS Something........................................................................................................363 Something AT Somewhere. ........................................................................................................................363 11.1 ੍ ma (ࣟ) [used at the end of a declarative sentence to transform it into a question ]: HSK 1 new 353 ઘ ne (ࣟ) 1 ⭞൞ਃ䰤ਛᵡ,ࣖᕰਃ䰤 [used at at at at t t t t the he he he he end of an int nt nt nt nter er er er errogative sentence] .........................353 11.2 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 yíwèn dàicí Interrogative e e pr pr pr pr pronouns ns......... .. .... .. ................ ......................................................354 11.3 ↙ਃ⯇䰤ਛ =KqQJIӽQtZqQM $I $I $I $I $I $IILUPDWLY LY LY LY LYH-Nega ga ga ga ga gati ti ti tive que uest st st stions...............................................356 11.4 ླ੍ ླ੍ +ӽRPD2N ................. .. .. .................... .. .. ............ .. .. .. .............. .. .. .................................................................356 11.5 䘿⯇䰤ਛ ;XӽQ]ptZqQ qQ qQ qQ qQM M M M$OWHUQDWLYHTXHVW VW VW VWLR LR LR LRQ ............. .. .. ..........................................................357 12 ⽾ֵਛφ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYHVHQW QW QW QW QWHQFH ................................. .... .... ...............................................................358 12.1 䈭 4ӿQJSOHDVH..................... .. ........................ .. .. ........................ .. .. .... .......... .. .. .........................................................358 12.2 ࡡ bié do not...................... .. .. .... ................................................ .. .. .. .............................................................358 12.3 у㾷 Bùyào Do not ................. .. .. .... .. .. ............................ .. .... .. .. .. .........................................................................358 13 ਯਛφ *ӽQWjQM M([FODPDWRU UVHQWHQFH ...........................................................................................359 14 ⢯⇀ਛශ 7qVKnjM[tQJ6SHFLDOVHQWHQFHSDWWHUQ................................................................................360 14.1 ᱥ ᆍਛ 6Ku]uMᱥ sentence pattern .........................................................................................360 14.2 ᴿ ᆍਛ ᆍਛ ᆍਛ ᆍਛ ᆍਛ ᆍਛ ᆍਛ ᆍਛ YԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX]uM uM uM uM uM uM ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ sente te te te tenc nc nc nc nc nce e e e e e e pa pa pa pa pa patt tt tt tt tt tt tt tter er er er er ern n n n n n... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... ...... .. .... .... .. .... .... .... .. .... .. ..................360 14.3 ᱥ ... Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ ᆍਛ ᆍਛ ᆍਛ ᆍਛ ᆍਛශ ශ ශ ශ ශ ශ ශ VKu]u ]u ]u ]uM M M M ᱥ pl pl pl plus s s sta ta ta ta ta ta tati ti ti ti tive verb fo fo fo fo fo for emph ph ph ph ph phasis is is is..........................................................361 ᕰ䈹ᰬ䰪 TL TL TL TL TL TL TL TL TLiQ iQ iQ iQ iQJG JG JG JG JG JG JG JG JGLj Lj Lj Lj Lj Lj LjR R R R R R R RVK VK VK VK VK VK VK VKtM tM tM tMLƗ LƗ LƗ LƗQ Q Q Q Q(P (P (P (P (P (P (PSK SK SK SK SK SK SK SKDV DV DVL] L] L] L] L] L]H H H H H HWLPH PH PH PH PH PH PH . . ... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... ........................................361 ᕰ䈹൦⛯ 4LiQJGLjRGuGLӽQ(PSKDVLVRQORFDWLRQ ..............................................................................361
- 12. 5 | P a g e 14.9 䈣ਛ -LƗQԃMRQFXUUHQWVWDWHPHQW.......................................................................................363 15 ࣞ֒Ⲻ⣬ᘷ Tense of action.......................................................................................................................364 15.1 ⭞ ൞… ઘ 㺞⽰ࣞ֒↙൞䘑㺂Ⱦ Use In... to indicate that the action is in progress. ......364 15.2 ⭞ ↙൞ 㺞⽰ࣞ֒↙൞䘑㺂Ⱦ Use being to indicate that the action is in progress..........364 15.3 ⭞ Ҽ 䗽 㺞⽰ࣞ֒ᐨ㔅ᇂᡆȾ Use has and over to indicate that the action has been completed. ....................................................................................................................................................364 15.4 ⭞ 㾷 ... Ҽ 㺞⽰ࣞ֒(ौ)ሼ㾷ਇ⭕Ⱦ zQJjR««OHELӽRVKuGzQJ]XzELjQKXj
- 14. LVDERXWWRRccur.....................................365 15.5 ⭞ 㺞⽰ࣞ֒(⣬ᘷ)Ⲻᤷ㔣Ⱦ zQJ]KHELӽRVKuGzQJ]Xz]KXjQJWjL
- 15. GHFKt[8VHWRWR indicate the duration of the action (state). ....................................................................................................365 16 ࣞ䈃Ⲻ䠃ਖ Reduplication of verbs ............................................................................................................365 Related Products: ..............................................................................................................................................366 Challenge yourself to take one more step forward to your Proficiency and Successφ....................................368 We offer more…...............................................................................................................................................371 Design Your Own Program, Customize the Courses using Your Own LOGO ................................................371 indicate the duration of the action (state). ....................................................................................................365 16 ࣞ䈃Ⲻ䠃ਖ Reduplication of verbs ............................................................................................................365 Related Products: ......................................................... .... .. .............................. .. .. .........................................................366 Challenge yourself to take one more step forward rd rd rd to your P P P P Profici ci ci cien en ency and nd nd nd Successφ φ....................................368 We offer more…........................................... .. .. .................. .. .. .... .............. .. .. ................ .. .. ..........................................................371 Design Your Own Program, Customize t t t the he he he Courses u u u using Y Y Y Y You ou ou our r r r Ow Ow Ow Own LOGO ................................................371
- 16. 6 | P a g e About the Author: David Yao, the founder of www.LegooMandarin.com and Educational Video Courses Online ( www.Edeo.biz), born in china, resides in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, holding Master degree from University Malaya, has 25 years’ experience in mandarin teaching for foreigners, creating a SYSTEM (more than 200 mandarin courses ) designed for foreigners to study Chinese as secondary language. He practices Tai Chi for almost 30 years and establishes Tai Chi Fitness Organization (http://taichifitness.org/) to modernize and promote Tai Chi for fitness and health. Scan QR code for Lifetime Access to Full Video course together with this book @ the best price in Udemy: Organization (http://taichifitness.org/) to modernize and promote Tai Chi for fitness and health. Scan QR code for Lifetime Acce es s s s s s ss s s s s s t t t t to Fu u u u u u u ul l l ll V Vi i i i i id d d d de eo course together with t t t t t th h his bo o o o o o oo o o ok k @ th h h h h h he e e e e e best p p p p p p p pr r r r r ri ice e i i i i i i in n n n n n Ud d d d d de e e e e e em my:
- 17. 7 | P a g e Our Story “Share with You What We Know Best” is our Slogan. We start with LEGOO Mandarin and now expand the system into other topics: Bahasa Malaysia, IT eCommerce, Accounting and Finance, Tai Chi Fitness and Qi Gong. You can learn anytime anywhere! In addition to be a Contents Provider, we also provide Online Systems, which can be easily integrated with your school or company online system or use separately. We are using Udemy and other more than 10 similar platforms for video courses marketing. The Amazon KDP, Google Books and Apple iBooks are platforms we publishing our textbooks in addition to our own platform. We provide consultancy service to save your time and give you the best tips on how to leverage your efforts using all these amazing platforms. Please contact us for quotations (very reasonable price). We can assign our trained teachers to conduct live lesson through Webinar, Skype and YouTube, Facebook at reasonable price. Licencing Program to schools Resellers We offer Licencing Program to schools! More schools are using our system! You can use quiz, video course, PPT and PDF under our Licencing Program. Customized course development with your own LOGO can be done. Please contact us for details and quotations (very reasonable price). Licencing Program to Resellers We offer Licencing Program to Resellers, book stores and other Platforms (Websites, Google stores, Groupons, Facebook stores). We provide contents such PDF books, online Quiz and Video Courses. You can list our contents in your platform. We will share on 50-50 sales basis. We can provide technical assistance to integrate our contents with your system and help response within 24 hours. Please contact us by whatsapp +60163863716. separately. We are using Udemy y y and other more than 10 similar platforms for video courses marketing. The Amazon KDP, Google Books and Apple iBooks are platforms we publishing our textbooks i i i in n n n n a a a ad d d d d dd d d d di i i it t t ti i i io o o o on n to our own platform. We provide consultancy service to save yo o o ou u u u u ur r r r time e a a a a an n n n n nd giv v v ve e e e you the best tips on how to leverage your efforts using all th h h he e e es s se ama a a a az z z zi ing g g g g platfor r r rms. Please contact us for quotation n n ns s s s (very r r r reason n n n n nable p p p p pr r r rice). We can assign our trained tea a a ac c c chers to c c c co o on n nd du u uc c ct t t l l li i iv v ve e e l l l l le e e e es sson through Webinar, Skype and YouT T T T T Tube, Facebook at reaso o o on n n nable price. Licencin n n n n ng Program m m m to scho o o oo o o o o ol l l ls R R R R Resellers We offer Licencing Program to s s s sc c c chools! Mo o o or r r re e e e e s s schools are using our system! You can use quiz, video course, PPT and d PDF under our Licencing Program. Customized course development with your own LOGO can be done. Please contact us for details and quotations (very reasonable price). L L L L L L Li i i icen n n n n n n nc c c c c ci i i i i i in n n n n ng g g g g g g P P P P P P P P Pr r r r r r r r ro o o o o o o og g g g g g g g gr r r r r r r ram m m m m m m m t t t t t t to o o o o o R R R R R R R Re e e e e e e es s s se e e el l l l ll l l l l l l le e e e er r r r r r r rs s s s s s We offer L L Li i icenci i ing P P P P Prog g gram t to o o o o o o R R R R R R Resellers, b b b book k k k k k st t t t tores and d d ot t th h h h h h her P P P P P Pl l l l l lat t t tf f f forms (Websites, G G G G G G Go o o o o oog g g g g g gl l l l le e e e s s s s s s st t t t to o o o o o or r r r r res s s, , , , G G Gr r r r r ro o o o o o o oup p p p p po o o o o o o on n n ns, F F F F F F Fa a a a a a ac c c c c c c ce e e e e e e eb b b b b b bo o o o o o o o oo o o o o ok k k k k k s s s s s s st t t t t t t t to o o o o o or r r r r re e e e e es s s s s s s s) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ). W W W W W W W W We e e e p p p p p p p pr r r r r rovide contents such PDF books, online Quiz and Video Courses. You can list our contents in your platform We will share on 50- -50 sales basis We can provide technical assistance
- 18. 8 | P a g e David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page For Hardcopy or paperback books at best price with reduced postage, please visit: David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page: http://bit.ly/david-amazon-kdp (USA) https://www.amazon.co.uk/-/e/B07PR3LTMQ (UK) https://www.amazon.de/-/e/B07PR3LTMQ (German) http://www.amazon.fr/-/e/B07PR3LTMQ (France) KWWSVZZZDPD]RQFRMSaH%35/704 (Japan) https://www.amazon.com/-/e/B07PR3LTMQ (USA) Preview and download books by David YAO at Apple Book Store: https://books.apple.com/us/author/david-yao/id584331956 https://www.amazon.de/-/e/B07PR3LTMQ (German) http://www.amazon.fr/-/e/B07PR3LTMQ (Franc c c ce e e e e e) ) ) ) ) ) ) KWWSVZZZDPD]RQFRMSaH%35 / / / / / / / /7 7 7 7 7 7 7 704 ( ( ( ( ( ( (J J J J J Ja a a ap pa a a a a an n n n n) https://www.amazon.com/-/e/B07P P P P P P PR R R R R R R3LTM M M M M M MQ Q Q Q Q Q Q (U US S S S S S SA A A A A) Preview and d do ownload books by David YAO at Apple Book Store: https://books.a a a a a ap p p pple.com m m m m m/us s s s s s/au u u u uth h h h h hor r r/ / / / / /d d d d d d da avid-yao/id58433 31956 6
- 19. 9 | P a g e Preface 1: No Grammar in Chinese Language? Grammar is a borrowed concept from western language. There is no Grammar in Chinese in certain senses. The greatest truths are the simplest! In simple way, Chinese Grammar is just the sequence construction of Characters, like our LEGOO brand In the complicated way, Chinese Grammar can drive you to crazy! In this book, I will show you the simplest truths in my own way, if not academic way! I start from basic grammar by referring to the syllabus or Curriculum of following Chinese Exams: Edexcel GCSE / IGCSE Chinese (4CN, 5CN03F, 5CN03H), Edexcel A1 A2 (GCE, A Level) Chinese, Cambridge IGCSE Chinese (0523, 0547), AQA GCSE Chinese (AQA-46702F, AQA-46702H) IB Chinese B (SL, HL) (Second Language) IB Chinese A (SL, HL) (First Language) SAT Chinese, AP Chinese HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test), YCT (Youth Chinese Test) Then I started from the basic Chinese Grammar, then gradually to the advance levels. I try to present Grammars in the most logic way and give all the sample Chinese sentences the best possible English Translation. In this book, I will arrange Chinese Grammar into following main topics: Part 1 Brief Introduction Part 2 Grammar about Phrases, classified into Noun, Verb, Adjective, Pronouns etc. 11 categories. Part 3 Grammar about Sentence Structure Part 4 Grammar about Grouping Sentences I start from basic grammar by referring to the syllabus or Curriculum of following Chinese Exams: Edexcel GCSE / IGCSE Chinese (4CN, 5CN03F, 5CN03H), Edexcel A1 A2 (GCE, A Level) Chinese, Cambridge IGCSE Chinese (0523, 0547), AQA GCSE Chinese (AQA-46702F, AQA-46 46 4670 70 70 70 70 702H) IB Chinese B (SL, HL) (Second Language ge ge ge) ) ) ) IB Chinese A (SL, HL) (First Language) SAT Chinese, AP Chinese HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test), YCT (Youth Chinese Test) Then I started fro ro rom m m m m m m m th th the e e e ba ba ba ba ba basi si si si sic c c Ch Ch Ch Ch Chin in in in in in ines es es es es es ese Gram am am am am am am amma ma ma ma ma mar, r, r, r, r, r, r, t t t t the he he he he he he he hen n n n n gr gr gr gr gr gr grad ad ad ad ad ad adua ua ua ua ua ua ually y y y y y to to to to to to to t t t t t t the he he he he a a a adv dv dv dv dv dv dv dv dvan an an an an ance ce ce ce ce ce l l l l l lev ev ev ev evel el el el el el els. s. s. s. I t t t t t try ry ry ry ry ry ry ry ry t t t t t t to o o o o pr pr pr pr pr pr pr pr pres es es es es es esent Grammars in the most logic ic ic ic way and nd nd giv ive al al al al al all l l l l th th th th th th the e e e e e sample le le le C C C C Chi hi hi hi hi hi hinese sentences th th th the b b b b best possib ib ib ib ible le le le le En En Engl gl gl glish Translation.
- 20. 14 | P a g e The first part is language in cultural context, and text will be chosen from a wide range of medias and forms. The second part is language and mass communication. The third part is literature – texts and contexts. Both Higher Level and Standard Level students will study one work translated from another language and one work written in Chinese. But Higher Level students are required to study one more literary work, which can be freely chosen. The fourth part is literature – critical study; texts will be chosen from a prescribed list. The assessment of Higher Level and Standard Level are similar, even though Higher Level students have more time in the test to write longer essays. 70% of the assessment will be external, including paper 1 writing in textual analysis, paper 2 essay writing to use literary works to respond to certain questions, and a written task. The rest 30% internal assessment will be individual oral commentary and further oral commentary. What should be noted is that, while Standard Level students only need to analyze one article, Higher Level students need to conduct comparative analysis of two unseen articles. Language B: Language Acquisition 6WXGHQWVDUHUHTXLUHGWRWDNHDWOHDVWRQHVXEMHFWIURPWKLVJURXS6WXGHQWVZKR study Chinese as the second language can take one course in this group. It does not require understanding of literature works but focuses on the ability of understanding and using Chinese in various situations in daily life, such as writing HPDLOVGLDULHVDQGSXEOLFVSHHFKHV7KHUHDUHWZRVXEMHFWVavailable in Chinese in this group: Chinese ab initio and Chinese B. Chinese ab initio This course is for beginners, for example, students whose first language is English but have a little experience in learning Chinese or have no experience. It is only available in Standard Level. y; p The assessment of Higher Level and Sta a a a an n n n n nd d d d d dard L L L L L Le e e e e evel a a a a ar r r re similar, even though Higher Level students have more tim m m me e in th h he e e e e test t t t to wri i i it t t te longer essays. 70% of the assessment will be external, inclu u u u ud d d d ding pa a a ap p p per 1 w w w w w writing g g g g i in textual analysis, paper 2 essay writing to use literary wo o o or r r rk k ks to re e es s s spond d d d d d to o o o c c c ce e e er rt tain questions, and a written task. The rest 30% internal as s s ss s s sessment will be indivi i i i id d d d d dual oral commentary and further oral commentary. Wh h h hat should be noted is s s s s t t t th h h hat, while Standard Level students only need to analyze e e e e one artic cl l l le, Higher L L L L Le e eve e e el l l l students need to conduct comparative analysis of two u u u u un nseen artic c cl l l le e e e e es s s s. Language B: Language Acquisition 6WXGHQWVDUHUH H H H H HT T T T T TX X X XL L LU U U U U UHG G G G G W W WR R R R R RW W W W WD D D D DN N N N N NHDWO O O OH H H H H HD D D D D D DV V VW W W W R R R RQ Q QHV V V V V V V VXE E E E E E EMH H H H H H H HFW W W W W W I I I I I IU U U U U U UR R R RP P P P P P W W W WK K K K KL L L L L LVJ J J J J J J JU U U U U U U UR R R R RX X X X X XS S S S S S 6WXGHQWVZKR study Chines se e e e e as s s t t t th h h he e e s s s s se e e e e e e ec c c c c co o o o on n nd d d d d d la a a an n n n n ng g g g g g gu u u u ua a a a a a ag g g g g g ge e e e e e c c c c ca a a a a a a an n n n n n ta a a a ak k k k k k k k ke e e on n n n n n ne e e e c c c co o o ou u u u u ur r r r r r rse e e e e in n n n n n t t t th hi i i i is s s s s s g g g g g g gr r r r r ro o o o ou u u u up p p p p p p. I I I It t does not require under r r r rs s s s s st t t t tan n n n n nd d d d d d d di i i i ing g g g g g g o o o o o o o of li i i it t t t ter r ra a a a a at t t t t tu u u u u u u ure e e e e e w w w wor r r rk k k k k k ks s s s s s b b b b b b b b bu u u u u u u ut t t t t t t t t f f f f f f fo o o o o oc c c cu u u u u u u u us s s s s s s se e e e e es s s s s s o o o o o o o o on n n n n n n n th h h h h h h he e e e e e e a a ab b b b b b b bility of understanding and using Chinese in various situations in daily life, such as writing HPDLOV GLDULHV DQG SXEOLF VSHHFKHV 7KHUH DUH WZR VXEMHFWV available in Chinese in
- 21. 24 | P a g e The new HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test) Introduction: The new HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test) is an international standardized exam that tests and rates Chinese language proficiency. It assesses non-native Chinese speakers’ abilities in using the Chinese language in their daily, academic and professional lives. HSK consists of six levels, namely the HSK (level I), HSK (level II), HSK (level III), HSK (level IV), HSK (level V), and HSK (level VI). II. Test Levels New HSK Vocabulary HSK (Level I) 150 HSK (Level II) 300 HSK (Level III) 600 HSK (Level IV) 1200 HSK (Level V) 2500 HSK (Level VI) Over 5,000 1. Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (Level I) can understand and use very simple Chinese words and phrases, meet basic needs for communication and possess the ability to further their Chinese language studies. (level II), HSK (level III), HSK (level IV), HSK (level V), and HSK (level VI). II. Test Levels New HSK Vocabulary HSK (Level I) 150 HSK (Level II) 300 0 0 0 HSK (Level III) 600 0 0 0 0 HSK (Level IV) 1200 HSK (Level V) 2500 HSK (Level V V V V V V V V VI I I I I) ) ) O O O O O O Over r 5 5 5 5 5 5, , , , , ,0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (Level I) can understand and use
- 22. 34 | P a g e ྯ㻡ᇙ࡚ᰖ㖠θᡶᴿሯެⲼуᡆȾ She was acquitted of all the charges against her. ྯᮅ䭆൦࠰ҼᡶᴿⲺѱ㾷䰤从Ⱦ She acutely identified all the main problems. ሯԌᡶᴿⲺ䰤从θྯ䜳㻻֒╖уީᗹⲺṭᆆȾ To all his problems she affected indifference. жᰖᡶᴿ be destitute or penniless ᱥੜᡇⵕⲺжᰖᡶᴿҼϋ Do I really have nothing? ૧Ԣ ]iQPHQ (ԙ) we [including both the speaker and the person or persons spoken to] HSK 4 new ֖ᶛᗍ↙ླ, ૧Ԣж䎭䇤ж䇤 You've come in the nick of time. Let's put our heads together ૧Ԣݾஸ侧ᆟᆆθ❬߃ਹ侣Ⱦ Let's feed the kids first and have our dinner after. ᘡж⛯ݵθ૧Ԣ䎬ᘡ࠰ਇθੜࡏቧᶛуҼȾ Come on, let's get this show on the road or we'll be late. ૧Ԣݾ䎬㍝ਹ⛯ђ㾵Ⱦ /HW VMXVWJUDEDTXLFNELWH ૧ԢࡡҿҼȾ Let's not (UK also don't let's) argue. affected indifference. жᰖᡶᴿ be destitute or p p p p pe e e en n nniless s s s ᱥੜᡇⵕⲺжᰖᡶᴿҼϋ D D D Do I r r r r re e e e eall l l ly y y y h h h have nothing? ૧Ԣ ]iQPHQ ( ( ( (ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ) ) ) ) ) ) w w w we e [ [ [ [i i in n n nc c c cl l l lu u u ud d d d ding both the speaker and the person or persons spoken to] HSK 4 new ֖ᶛᗍ↙ླ, ૧Ԣж䎭䇤ж䇤 You've come in the nick of time. Let's put our heads tog g g ge e e e e et t t t t t th h he e er r r r ૧Ԣݾஸ侧ᆟ ᆟ ᆟ ᆟ ᆟ ᆟ ᆟ ᆟ ᆟᆆ ᆆ ᆆ ᆆ ᆆ ᆆ ᆆθ❬ ❬ ❬ ❬ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ਹ ਹ ਹ ਹ ਹ ਹ ਹ ਹ ਹ侣 侣 侣 侣 侣 侣 侣 侣 Ⱦ L L L L L Let t t t'''''s f f f f f f f fe e eed d d d d d d d d t t t th h h h h h he k k k k k ki i i id d d d d ds first and have our di ft
- 23. 44 | P a g e ⋗ᴿԌⲺᑤ֖ࣟଠ㜳ᴿԀཟ? 0pLԁXWƗGHEƗQJ]KQӿQӽQpQJԁXMƯQWLƗQ How could you possibly be what you are today without his help? ଠѠ nӽJH (ԙ) 1 which; which one: ଠѠޢਮ? QӽJHJǀQJVƯ Which company? ֖㾷ଠѠ? 1ӿjRQӽJH Which one do you want? ଠѠ 1ӽJH (ԙ) 2 who: ଠѠ? QӽJH Who is it? ଠ䠂 nӽOӿ (ԙ) where; wherever: ֖൞ଠ䠂օ? Qӿ]jLQӽOӿ]K Where do you live? ֖օ൞ଠ䠂? Qӿ]K]jLQӽOӿ Where do you live? ൞ଠ䠂ᐛ֒䜳жṭ =jLQӽOӿJǀQJ]XzGǀXƯjQJ It doesn't make any difference where I work. ଠ䠂 QӽOӿ (ԙ) [ used to form a rhetorical question] : How could I… HSK 5 new ᡇଠ䠂⸛䚉Ԍᐨ㔅䎦Ҽ ZԁQӽOӿ]KƯGjRWƗӿMƯQJ]ԁXOLӽR How could I know he had left already? Ԍଠ䠂Ր䈪≿䈣θу䗽䇚䇼ࠖѠᆍ㖘Ҽ WƗQӽOӿKXuVKXǀKjQԃEJXzUqQVKtMӿ Jq]uEjOH He doesn 't really speak Chinese. He only knows a few characters ֖㾷ଠѠ? 1ӿjRQӽJH Which one do you want? ଠѠ 1ӽJH (ԙ) 2 2 2 2 w w w w who: ଠѠ? QӽJH W W W W Who is i i i it t t t? ଠ ଠ䠂 nӽOӿ ( ӿ ӿ ԙ) w wh h h here; wher r r re e e ev v v v ver: : : : : ֖൞ଠ䠂օ? Qӿ]jLQӽOӿ]K K K K K K Where d d d d do o o o o o y y y y you live? ֖օ൞ଠ䠂? Qӿ]K]jLQӽOӿ Where do you live? ൞ଠ䠂ᐛ֒䜳жṭ =jLQӽOӿJǀQJ]XzGǀXƯjQJ It doesn't make any difference w wh h h h h he e e e ere e e I I I I w w w w w wo o o o o or r r r r r r r rk k k k k k k k k. ଠ䠂 Qӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽOӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ( ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ) ) ) ) ) ) [ [ [ [ used d d d d t t t t to f f fo o orm a rh h h h het t tori i i i ical l l l l l l l quest t tion] : H H How could I… HSK 5
- 24. 54 | P a g e փྩ⭕ݾ༡ JqZqL[LƗQVKƝQJQԉVKu Ladies and gentlemen . ള JqJXyeach country. Ѡ gège 1 (ԙ) each; every; one by one: Ѡᯯ䶘 JqJHIƗQJPLjQ every aspect Ѡ gège 2 (ࢥ) separately: Ѡ࠱ JqJHMtSz destroy one by one …… gè…gè… 1 each . . . his own . . . : 䎦Ⲻ䐥 Jq]ԁXJqGHO each goes his own way …… gè…gè… 2 all kinds of: 㺂ѐ JqKiQJJqq all walks of life ᕅṭ JqVKuJqjQJ (ᖘ) of various kinds 㠠 Jq]u (ԙ) each; respective: HSK 5 new ᰘ㾷㠠࣑࣠θҕ㾷ᖲ↚ᑤࣟ MujRJq]uQԃOuČjREӿFӿEƗQJ]K This calls for both individual effort and mutual help. 㠠Ѱ᭵ Jq]uZpL]KqQJ each acts wilfully regardless of overall interest ؟ OLӽ (ԙ) (ਙ) two (of people) HSK 4 new ૧؟ ]iQOLӽ we two; the two of us Ѡ gège 2 (ࢥ) separately: Ѡ࠱ JqJHMtSz destroy one by on n ne e e e e …… gè…gè… 1 each h h h h h . . . his own . . . : : : : 䎦Ⲻ䐥 Jq]ԁXJqGHO each goes his own n w w w way …… gè…gè… 2 a a a al ll kinds of f f f: : : : 㺂ѐ J JqKiQJ JJ Jq q al l ll l l l w w w w w wa a a al l lk k ks s s s o o o of f f f l l l li ife ᕅṭ JqVKuJqjQJ (ᖘ) of various kinds 㠠 Jq]u ( ( ( (ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ) e e e e e e ea a a ac c c c ch h h h; ; ; ; ; re e e e e e es s s s sp p p p p p pecti i i i i i iv v v v v ve e e e e e e: : : : : H H H H H HS S S S S S S S SK K K K K 5 5 5 5 5 5 n n n n n n ne e e e e e ew w w w w w w w w ᰘ㾷㠠࣑࣠ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑θҕ ҕ ҕ ҕ ҕ ҕ ҕ ҕ㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷ᖲ ᖲ ᖲ ᖲ ᖲ ᖲ ᖲ ᖲ ᖲ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚ᑤ ᑤ ᑤ ᑤ ᑤ ᑤࣟ ࣟ ࣟ ࣟ ࣟ ࣟ ࣟ ࣟ ࣟ M M M M M M Mu u u u u u u j j j j j j j j j jR R R R R R R R RJ J J J J J J J Jq q q q q q q q] ] ] ]u u u u u u u uQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Qԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃO O O O O Ou u u u u u u u Č Č Č Č Č Č Č j j j j j j jR R R R R R E E E E E E E EӿFӿEƗQJ]K This calls for both individual effort and mutual help.
- 25. 64 | P a g e 2.8 㺘⽪ᾲᮠ ďŝڣŽƐŚŞŐăŝƐŚƶ Express an approximate figure ӊॹӰ VuZԃTLƗQUpQ Four or five thousand people ⲴޡཐӰ EƗEӽLGXǀUpQ More than 800 people 2.9 Use of Ҽ and є њ OLӽQJ 1 ( ᮦ) two (used with measure word or quantity words): HSK 2 new њ䰪ᡵᆆ OLӽQJMLƗQIiQJ]L two rooms. њސ OLӽQJGӽQJ]Ku bipartisan system. њⲴ OLӽQJEӽL two hundred њ OLӽQJ 2 both (sides): њ OLӽQJ[LƗQJTtQJXjQ both parties are willing ж wishful thinking; base on [indulge in] one's own wishful thinking; one-sided wish; only one party is willing.; single consent; unilateral willingness; wishful thinking of one's own њ OLӽQJ 3 a few; some: ᡇ䗽њཟ߃ᶛ ZԁJXzOLӽQJWLƗQ]jLOiL I'll come again in a couple of days 䇟ᡇ䇨њਛ UjQJZԁMLӽQJOLӽQJM Let me say a few words. 2.9 Use of Ҽ Ҽ and є њ OLӽQJ 1 ( ᮦ) two (used with me ea a a as s s s s su u u ur r r r re e e e word or quantity words): HSK 2 new њ䰪ᡵᆆ OLӽQJMLƗQIiQJ]L t t t tw w w w wo room m m ms. њސ OLӽQJGӽQJ]Ku bipartisan system. њⲴ OLӽQJEӽL two o o o o hundred њ OLӽQJ 2 both (sides s s s) ) ) ): : : њ OLӽQJ[LƗQJTtQJXjQ both parties are willing ж wishful thinking; base on [indulge in] one's own wishful thinking; one e e-s s s s sid d de e e ed d d d w w w w w wi i i i i i i i is s s s s s s sh h h h h; ; ; ; ; o o o on nly y y y o o o o o o on n n n n n ne e e e p p p p p p pa a a a a ar r r r r rt t t t t t ty y y y y y y y i i i i is w w w w w w w w wi i i i il l l ll l l l l l li i i i i i i i in n n n n n ng g g g g.; ; ; ; ; ; s s s si i i i i in n n n n n n ng g g g g gl l l l l l l l l l l le e e e e c c c co o o o o on n n nse e e e e en n n n nt t t t t t; ; ; ; ; ; u u u u un n n n n ni i i i i i i i il l l la a a at t t teral willingness; w w w w w w wi i i i i ish h h h h h h hf f f f fu u u u ul l l t t t t t t th h h h h hi i i i i i i in n n nk k k k ki i i i i in n n n ng g g g o o o o of f f f f o o on n n ne's o o o o o o ow w w w w w wn n n n n n n n њ OLӽ 3 f
- 26. 74 | P a g e ᴿӑуླᝅᙓ ԁX[LƝEKӽRuVL be somewhat embarrassed; ᴿӑཧᵑ ԁX[LƝVKƯZjQJ be rather disappointed ᴿжӑ ԁXƯ[LƝ somewhat; rather ඍ kuài 1 (䠅) [for a slice or chunk of sth. ] 2 () piece; lump; cube; chunk; 2 HSK 1 new ⸩ඍ shí kuài blocks of stone. ߦඍ EƯQJNXjL ice cubes ඍ kuài 2 (䠅) [for a slice or chunk of sth. ] : пඍᐝ࣑ށ VƗQNXjLTLӽRNqOu three chocolate bars ᐝ࣑ށ TLӽRNqOu chocolate жඍ䶘ऻ ƯNXjLPLjQEƗR a piece of bread њඍ㛛Ⲹ OLӽQJNXjLIpL]jR two cakes of soap ඍ kuài 3 ( ਙ) yuan , the basic unit of money in China: пඍ䫧 VƗQNXjLTLiQ three yuan ⅗ Fu (䠅) time; occurrence HSK 2 new ඍ kuài 1 (䠅) [for a slice or chunk of sth. . ] ] ] ] ] 2 2 2 ( ( ( () piece; lump; cube; chunk; 2 HSK 1 new ⸩ඍ shí kuài blocks of ston n n n ne e e. ߦඍ EƯQJNXjL L ice cubes ඍ kuài 2 (䠅) [fo o o or a slice or r r r chunk of s s s st t t t th h h h h. ] ] ] ] ] : пඍᐝ࣑ށ VƗQNXjLTLӽRNqOu t t t th hree chocolate e e e b b b ba a a ars ᐝ࣑ށ TLӽRNqOu chocolate жඍ䶘ऻ ƯNXjLPLjQEƗR a piece of bread њඍ㛛Ⲹ OL L L L L Lӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽQJ J J JNXjL L L L IpL L L L L] ] ] ] ]jR R R tw w w wo o o o cakes of soap p p p p p
- 27. 84 | P a g e жփ㘷ᐾ ƯZqLOӽRVKƯa teacher 䛙փᱥ䈷? QjZqLVKuVKXt :KRLVWKHRQHRȞHUWKHUH ଠփ QӽZqL who? (Which one? _ 䈮փ ]KnjZqL (ԙ) ( ᮢ) : you HSK 6 new 䈮փྸ᷒ੂᝅ, ᡇуਃሯ ]KnjZqLU~JXԁWyQJuZԁEIӽQGXu If you are DJUHHDEOHDPRQJRXUVHOYHV,KDYHQRREMHFWLRQ Ԍᱥжփ֒ᇬȾ WƗVKuƯZqLPtQJ]XzMLƗ He is a renowned writer ཝᇬ䜳⅘䘏փྩᮏᐾȾ GjMLƗGǀX[ӿKXƗQ]KqZqLQԉMLjRVKƯ All of us like this female teacher Ԍᱥжփ〃㨒ཝ⧁Ⱦ WƗVKuƯZqL]KzQJFjLGjZiQJ He is the largest vegetable growers ك bèi (䠅) times: -fold: HSK 4 new ك VuEqL four times; fourfold. ໔䮵Ҽӊك ]ƝQJ]KӽQJOHZԃEqL increase by 500 % ; register a 500 % increase; be six times as much. ӝ䠅ᡆك໔䮵 FKӽQOLjQJFKpQJEqL]ƝQJ]KӽQJ Output has doubled and redoubled. ك bèi 2 double; twice as much: 䈮փྸ᷒ੂᝅ, ᡇуਃሯ ]KnjZqLU~JXԁWyQJuZԁEIӽQGXu If you are DJUHHDEOHDPRQJRXUVHOYHV,KDYHQRREMHFWLRQ Ԍᱥжփ֒ᇬȾ WƗVKuƯZq q qL L L L L LP P P P PtQJ] ] ] ] ]X X X X Xz z z z z zM M M ML L L L L LƗ He is a renowned writer ཝᇬ䜳⅘䘏փྩᮏᐾȾ G G G G G GjMLƗGǀ ǀ ǀX X X X X[ӿKX X X X X XƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗQ]K K K Kq q q q qZqLQԉMLjRVKƯ All of us like this female teacher Ԍᱥжփ〃㨒ཝ⧁Ⱦ WƗV V V V VKuƯZqL] ] ] ] ]K K K Kz z z zQJFj j j jL L L L LG G G Gj j j jZ Z Z Z Z Zi i i i i iQ Q Q Q QJ He is the largest vegetable growers ك ك bèi (䠅 䠅 䠅 䠅 䠅) ) ) ) ) ti i i i im m m m m m mes: - - - - -f f f f fo o o o o o ol l l l ld d d d d d: : : : : : : H H H H H H H HS S S S S S S SK K K K K K K 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 n n n n n n new w w w w w w w ك ك VuEqL f fo o o o o o ou u u u u ur r r r r r r tim m mes s s; ; ; ; ; ; f f f f f f f fou u u u ur r r r rf fold d d d d d. . . . ໔ ໔䮵Ҽӊك ]ƝQJ]KӽQJOH Zԃ EqL increase by 500 % ; register a 500 %
- 28. 93 | P a g e ⸸㋈ VKƗOu grains of sand ㋈ Ou 2 (䠅) [for grain-like things] ж㋈㊩ ƯOuPӿ a grain of rice п㋈ᆆᕯ VƗQOu]ӿGjQ three bullets ж㋈㪗㨺 ƯOuS~WiR A grape ж㋈㤯᷒ ƯOuStQJJXԁ An apple ж㋈㌌᷒ ƯOuWiQJJXԁ A candy ∅⅗ᵃӊ㋈ PČLFuI~ZԃOu 5 pills each ж㋈⨖ᆆ ƯOu]Knj]L A bead ж㋈⋏ ƯOuVKƗ a grain of sand ж㋈㦥Ѯ ƯOujRZiQ A pill ж㋈ⴆ ƯOuiQ a grain of salt 仍㋈ NƝOu 1 () anything small and roundish (as a bean, pearl, etc.); pellet 仍㋈ NƝOu 2 grain: 仍㋈ᖈԉ NƝOuJXƯFƗQJ every grain to the granary ж㋈㘷啖ኄθඅҼж䬻㋛Ⱦ a speck of mouse dung will spoil a whole pot of porridge. п㋈ᆆᕯ ж㋈㪗㨺 ƯOuS~WiR A grape ж㋈㤯᷒ ƯOuStQJJXԁ An a a a ap p p pple ж㋈㌌᷒ ƯOuWiQJJXԁ A A A candy y y y ∅⅗ᵃӊ㋈ PČLFuI~Z Z Z Z ZԃOu 5 pills each h ж㋈⨖ᆆ ƯOu]Knj]L L L L L L A A A A b be e ea a a a ad d d d d d ж㋈⋏ ƯOuVKƗ a a a g g g gr r ra a a ai i i in of sand ж㋈㦥Ѯ ƯOujRZiQ Q A pill ж㋈ⴆ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư ƯO O O O O Ou u u u u u i i i i i i i iQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q a a a a a a g g g g g g g g gr r r r r ra ai i i i i i in n n n n n n n o o o o of f f f f f f sa a a a a a a a al l lt t t t 仍㋈ N N N N N N N N NƝ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ ƝOu 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) a a a an n n ny y y y y y yt t t t t th h h h h h h hi i i i ing g g g sma a a a a a al l l l l ll l l l l l a a a a a a a a an n n n n n n nd d d d d d d d d d r r r r r r ro o o o o ou u u u u un n n n n n n n nd d d d d d di i i i is s s s sh h h h h h h h h ( ( ( ( (a a a a a as s s s s s a a a a a a b b b b b be e e e e e e ean, pearl, etc.); pellet
- 29. 184 | P a g e ᡇⲺ㝇⎭䠂ခ㓾᩼㝧уҼ䛙ѠᰁᗁλӰȾ I can't get that tune/that man out of my head (= I cannot stop hearing the tune in my mind/thinking about that man). ߏᇔૂ㲐ᶺӚ㓽൞ж䎭θ䍥サ᮪䜞ҜⲺခ㓾Ⱦ Fact is intermingled with fiction throughout the book. Ԍ䈪ᗍཐθڐᗍቇθᡶԛခ㓾жӁᰖᡆȾ He's more of a talker than a doer, which is why he never finishes anything. ᡇԢခ㓾ྸᇔ൦ਃ᱖㠠❬θሱ≸ӰⲺᵢᙝȾ We hold, as 'twere (short form of it were), the mirror up to nature to find out who we are. 䎬ᘡ JӽQNXjL (ࢥ) hasten; at once; quickly: HSK 5 new ᡇԢᴶླ䎷呗㚿䘎⋗ᴿ䍞䎬ᘡᣀᆹਹҼȾ We'd better eat this chicken before it goes bad. Ԍᴶླ䎬ᘡᣀ⅖ᡇⲺ䛙ㅊ䫧䘎㔏ᡇθੜࡏᡇቧሯԌуᇘ≊Ⱦ He'd better pay me back that money he owes me soon, or else. 䎬ᘡθ䎬ᘡθᡇԢ㾷䘕ࡦҼέ Come on, chop-chop, we're late! ⧦൞֖ྸ᷒у䎬ᘡ㺂ࣞቧਥ㜳ՐཧৱᵰՐȾ If you delay now, the opportunity might be lost. Ԍ䈪ᗍཐθڐᗍቇθᡶԛခ㓾жӁᰖᡆȾ He's more of a talker than a doer, which is why he never finishes any y y y y ything. ᡇԢခ㓾ྸᇔ൦ਃ᱖㠠❬θሱ≸Ӱ Ӱ Ӱ Ӱ Ӱ ӰⲺ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻᵢᙝ ᙝ ᙝ ᙝ ᙝȾ We hold, as 'twere (short form of it were), the mirror up to o o o n n nature t t t to o o find d d d d out w wh h h h ho we are. 䎬ᘡ JӽQNXjL (ࢥ) hasten; at once; quickly: HSK 5 new ᡇԢᴶླ䎷呗㚿䘎⋗ᴿ䍞䎬ᘡᣀᆹਹҼȾ We'd better eat this chicken before it goe es s s b b b b b b ba ad d d d. . . . . Ԍᴶླ䎬ᘡᣀ ᣀ ᣀ ᣀ ᣀ ᣀ ᣀ ᣀ ᣀ ᣀ⅖ ⅖ ⅖ ⅖ ⅖ ⅖ ⅖ ⅖ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇⲺ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙ㅊ ㅊ ㅊ ㅊ ㅊ ㅊ ㅊ䫧 䫧 䫧 䫧 䫧 䫧䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎㔏 㔏 㔏 㔏 㔏 㔏 㔏 㔏 㔏 㔏ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇθੜ ੜ ੜ ੜ ੜ ੜ ੜ ੜ ੜ ੜࡏ ࡏ ࡏ ࡏ ࡏ ࡏ ࡏ ࡏ ࡏ ࡏᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇቧ ቧ ቧ ቧ ቧ ቧ ቧ ቧ ቧ ቧሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯԌ Ԍ Ԍ Ԍ Ԍ Ԍ Ԍ Ԍ Ԍ Ԍу у у у у у уᇘ ᇘ ᇘ ᇘ ᇘ ᇘ ᇘ ᇘ ᇘ ᇘ≊ ≊ ≊ ≊ ≊ ≊ ≊ ≊ ≊Ⱦ He'd better pay me back that money he owes me soon, or else.
- 30. 284 | P a g e ԛࢃԌԄᵠሯᡇ䈪䗽䉄θഖ↚ᡇ⋗ᴿ⨼⭧ᘶ⯇Ԍ䈪Ⲻ䈓Ⱦ He's never lied to me before, so I have no reason to doubt his word. ྯ⿱ᔶ䜳 6 ѠᴾҼθਥཽᙠⲺᱥθྯ⭭ᵁਁླ܅ᒬ⋗ᴿഖ↚уᔶᗹȾ She's gone away for six months, but strangely/oddly/funnily enough (= surprisingly), her boyfriend doesn't seem too unhappy about it. 䘏Ѡ㓺㓽↱ᆾ㠠ᐧⲺ㿸⛯уθഖ↚ᑮᑮࡦ䇺Ⱦ The organization was often criticized for being too entrenched in its views. ᡇⲺ㟓ⴌԃ❬ᖾ⯲θഖ↚ᡇੇ㘷ᐾ䈭ⵁٽ㜳ੜу৸ࣖᴨἃ⨹䇣㓹ȾI asked the teacher if I could be excused from (= allowed not to do) hockey practice as my knee still hurt. Ԍу⅘ᡇⲺߩᇐθ㙂ᡇࡦ⧦൞䘎ഖ↚㻡Ԍ䇣ᯛȾ He didn't like my decision, and I still get grief about it from him. ᶦะ⯻Ҽθഖ↚ԌԢуᗍу᭯䇗ࡈȾ Jackie's ill so they've had to change their plans. 䘏ᓝᡵᆆᴿ 4 Ѡঝᇚθഖ↚䶔ᑮཝȾ The house has four bedrooms, so it's pretty big. ྯᱥփᴿᮏྩⲺޱ༡θഖ↚䈾ᖾᗍ։Ⱦ She was an educated lady so she talked proper. 㻡ᛙᴿᣇ䛷⯽θഖ↚у㜳ᇂޞѰྯ㠠ᐧⲺ㺂Ѱ䍕䍙Ⱦ The defendant was depressed and therefore not fully responsible for her own actions. 䛙ᱥжѠߢθഖ↚ᡇԢⴷҼуቇ⭫Ⱦ It was a warm winter, so we saved on electricity. 䘏Ѡ㓺㓽↱ᆾ㠠ᐧⲺ㿸⛯уθഖ↚ᑮᑮࡦ䇺Ⱦ The organization was often criticized for being too entrenched in its views. ᡇⲺ㟓ⴌԃ❬ᖾ⯲θഖ↚ᡇੇ㘷ᐾ ᐾ ᐾ ᐾ ᐾ ᐾ䈭 䈭 䈭 䈭 䈭ⵁٽ ⵁ ⵁ ⵁ ⵁ㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳ੜ ੜ ੜ ੜ ੜ ੜу৸ ৸ ৸ ৸ ৸ࣖ ࣖ ࣖ ࣖ ࣖᴨἃ⨹䇣㓹ȾI asked the teacher if I could be excused from m m m m (= allo o o ow w wed n n n n no o o ot to d d d d do o o) hockey practice as my knee still hurt. Ԍу⅘ᡇⲺߩᇐθ㙂ᡇࡦ ࡦ ࡦ ࡦ ࡦ⧦൞䘎ഖ↚㻡Ԍ䇣 䇣 䇣 䇣 䇣 䇣 䇣ᯛ ᯛ ᯛ ᯛ ᯛȾ He didn't like my decision, and I still get grief a a a about it fro o o om m m m him m m m m m. ᶦะ⯻Ҽθഖ↚ԌԢуᗍу᭯ 䇗 䇗 䇗 䇗 䇗 䇗 䇗ࡈ ࡈ ࡈ ࡈ ࡈȾ Ⱦ Ⱦ Ⱦ Ⱦ J J J Jackie's ill so they've had to change their plans. 䘏ᓝᡵᆆᴿ 4 Ѡঝᇚθഖ↚䶔ᑮཝȾ The house has four bedrooms, so it's pretty big. ྯᱥփᴿᮏޱ ޱ ޱ ޱ ޱ ޱ ޱ ޱ ޱⲺ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻྩ ྩ ྩ ྩ ྩ ྩ༡ ༡ ༡ ༡θഖ ഖ ഖ ഖ ഖ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚ ↚䈾 䈾 䈾 䈾 䈾 䈾 䈾 䈾 ᖾᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ։ ։ ։ ։ ։ ։ ։ ։ ։Ⱦ S S S S S S Sh h h h h h h h he w was an educated lady so h t lk d