This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from movement along geological faults in the earth's crust, generating seismic waves.
2) Larger earthquakes can trigger tsunamis if located offshore by displacing seabed, as well as landslides and volcanic eruptions.
3) Earthquake shaking causes loss of life and property destruction from building collapse and landslides burying infrastructure.
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates underneath the earth's surface. When the plates shift and release stress, seismic waves propagate outward from the epicenter. Scientists measure the intensity of earthquakes using the Richter scale. During an earthquake, it is important to drop, cover, and hold on underneath sturdy furniture to protect oneself from falling debris.
This document discusses seismic waves, earthquakes, and seismology. It begins by listing the objectives of describing seismic wave types, finding earthquake epicenters, earthquake magnitude scales, and challenges predicting earthquakes. It then defines earthquakes and seismology, the study of earthquakes. It describes how seismographs are used to record seismic waves from earthquakes. It discusses elastic rebound theory, earthquake focus and epicenter, where earthquakes occur, and the different types of seismic waves. The document concludes by covering earthquake classification, damage causes, challenges predicting earthquakes, earthquake prone areas, and safety tips before, during, and after an earthquake.
This presentation gives detailed information about earthquake , its types , waves , faults , especially in asian countries .A detailed case study of earthquake In NEPAL in 2015 is also covered in this with pictures . Also how it is measured and its warning system , vulnerability, deployment and future aspects has been covered .
HOPE YOU LIKE IT AND GET FULL INFORMATION!!!!!
Tsunami is a Japanese word Tsu means ‘harbour’ and nami means ‘wave’.
They are called tidal waves but they have actually nothing to do with the tides. However their appearance from shore is similar to rapidly rising or falling tides.
Tsunami is a series of wave created when water is moved very quickly.
Tsunami is gravity wave system, triggered by vertical disturbances in ocean. They are long waves sometime with hundreds of miles b/w their crests, just like the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into a pool.
First tsunami was recorded in 1480 B.C. in eastern Mediterranean, when the Minoan civilization was wiped out.
A large tsunami accompanied by the earthquake of Lisbon in 1755.
The Kutch earthquake of June 16, 1819 generated strong tsunami which submerged the coastal areas and damage to ships and country made boats of fishermen.
North and South American records have dated such
events back to 1788 for Alaska and 1562 for Chile. Records of Hawaiian tsunami go back to 1821.
Tsunami hits the Mona Passage off Puerto Rico in 1918, grand banks of Canada in 1929.
The document discusses volcanic eruptions. It begins with an introduction that defines volcanoes and explains that they erupt materials like lava, steam, ash and rock pieces. It then describes the process of volcanic eruption, explaining how magma is produced at plate boundaries and emerges as lava. It outlines the main types of volcanic eruptions and discusses three key reasons for eruptions related to magma density differences, gas pressure, and new magma injection. The document concludes with safety tips, advising staying away from active volcanoes and knowing evacuation plans, and outlines precautions during an eruption like wearing protective gear and sealing buildings.
This document provides information about tsunamis, including what causes them, how to recognize warning signs, and safety steps to take before, during, and after a tsunami occurs. It advises people living near coastal areas to be aware of evacuation routes and plans, know their street's elevation and distance from the coast, and prepare families on how to turn off utilities and contact emergency services. The goal is to help reduce loss of life and damage from potential future tsunamis.
The document discusses earthquakes, including their causes, types of seismic waves produced, measurement on the Richter scale, potential hazards caused by earthquakes like landslides, fires, liquefaction, tsunamis and floods. It also discusses methods of earthquake prediction and safety precautions to take during an earthquake based on one's location.
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from movement along geological faults in the earth's crust, generating seismic waves.
2) Larger earthquakes can trigger tsunamis if located offshore by displacing seabed, as well as landslides and volcanic eruptions.
3) Earthquake shaking causes loss of life and property destruction from building collapse and landslides burying infrastructure.
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates underneath the earth's surface. When the plates shift and release stress, seismic waves propagate outward from the epicenter. Scientists measure the intensity of earthquakes using the Richter scale. During an earthquake, it is important to drop, cover, and hold on underneath sturdy furniture to protect oneself from falling debris.
This document discusses seismic waves, earthquakes, and seismology. It begins by listing the objectives of describing seismic wave types, finding earthquake epicenters, earthquake magnitude scales, and challenges predicting earthquakes. It then defines earthquakes and seismology, the study of earthquakes. It describes how seismographs are used to record seismic waves from earthquakes. It discusses elastic rebound theory, earthquake focus and epicenter, where earthquakes occur, and the different types of seismic waves. The document concludes by covering earthquake classification, damage causes, challenges predicting earthquakes, earthquake prone areas, and safety tips before, during, and after an earthquake.
This presentation gives detailed information about earthquake , its types , waves , faults , especially in asian countries .A detailed case study of earthquake In NEPAL in 2015 is also covered in this with pictures . Also how it is measured and its warning system , vulnerability, deployment and future aspects has been covered .
HOPE YOU LIKE IT AND GET FULL INFORMATION!!!!!
Tsunami is a Japanese word Tsu means ‘harbour’ and nami means ‘wave’.
They are called tidal waves but they have actually nothing to do with the tides. However their appearance from shore is similar to rapidly rising or falling tides.
Tsunami is a series of wave created when water is moved very quickly.
Tsunami is gravity wave system, triggered by vertical disturbances in ocean. They are long waves sometime with hundreds of miles b/w their crests, just like the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into a pool.
First tsunami was recorded in 1480 B.C. in eastern Mediterranean, when the Minoan civilization was wiped out.
A large tsunami accompanied by the earthquake of Lisbon in 1755.
The Kutch earthquake of June 16, 1819 generated strong tsunami which submerged the coastal areas and damage to ships and country made boats of fishermen.
North and South American records have dated such
events back to 1788 for Alaska and 1562 for Chile. Records of Hawaiian tsunami go back to 1821.
Tsunami hits the Mona Passage off Puerto Rico in 1918, grand banks of Canada in 1929.
The document discusses volcanic eruptions. It begins with an introduction that defines volcanoes and explains that they erupt materials like lava, steam, ash and rock pieces. It then describes the process of volcanic eruption, explaining how magma is produced at plate boundaries and emerges as lava. It outlines the main types of volcanic eruptions and discusses three key reasons for eruptions related to magma density differences, gas pressure, and new magma injection. The document concludes with safety tips, advising staying away from active volcanoes and knowing evacuation plans, and outlines precautions during an eruption like wearing protective gear and sealing buildings.
This document provides information about tsunamis, including what causes them, how to recognize warning signs, and safety steps to take before, during, and after a tsunami occurs. It advises people living near coastal areas to be aware of evacuation routes and plans, know their street's elevation and distance from the coast, and prepare families on how to turn off utilities and contact emergency services. The goal is to help reduce loss of life and damage from potential future tsunamis.
The document discusses earthquakes, including their causes, types of seismic waves produced, measurement on the Richter scale, potential hazards caused by earthquakes like landslides, fires, liquefaction, tsunamis and floods. It also discusses methods of earthquake prediction and safety precautions to take during an earthquake based on one's location.
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
This document discusses floods, including their causes, effects, and management. It notes that floods occur when equilibrium in river systems is disturbed by heavy rains, melting ice, or human activities like deforestation. Floods cause physical damage, disrupt essential services, and have long-term effects. The document outlines flood prone areas in India and different approaches to flood management, including both hard engineering methods like embankments and dams, and soft engineering methods like flood forecasting and zoning.
The document discusses volcanic eruptions, including the process by which they occur, different types of eruptions, reasons for eruptions, and effects. It provides details on the top 10 deadliest eruptions in history. Safety tips are also listed, such as staying away from active volcanoes, keeping emergency supplies, knowing evacuation routes, and closing windows if ash is present.
Volcanoes form when tectonic plates collide and magma rises up through the crust. The document discusses the Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean which has many active volcanoes. It also defines key volcanic terms and describes the three main types of volcanoes: shield, composite, and cinder cone volcanoes. The effects of volcanic eruptions on humans and the environment are also summarized.
Earthquakes are caused by slow movements within the Earth as it continues to cool. Some human activities like constructing dams, extracting groundwater, fracking, and building skyscrapers can also induce earthquakes by adding stress that destabilizes existing faults. Earthquakes have both primary effects of immediate damage through collapsing buildings, and secondary effects like tsunamis, landslides, fires, disease outbreaks, and soil liquefaction that prolong suffering after the initial quake.
Earthquake causes and safety measurementsM Aamer Raza
The document discusses earthquake engineering concepts. It provides information on group members, defines key earthquake terms like focus, epicenter and fault lines. It describes the causes of earthquakes including surface causes, volcanic causes and tectonic plate movement. It explains different types of seismic waves and how the Richter scale is used to measure earthquake magnitudes. Construction techniques to resist earthquakes are also summarized like using shear walls, bracing, dampers, base isolation and light weight materials.
An earthquake occurred in Indian-controlled Kashmir that registered a magnitude of 5.7 on the Richter scale. Nine people were injured and several buildings were damaged, including two schools and four residential buildings. Cell phone communications were also disrupted. Earthquakes are the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Major past earthquakes in India provide a baseline for disaster planning. The Disaster Management Act of 2005 establishes institutions and coordination mechanisms for effective earthquake disaster management at national, state, and district levels.
about the formation and causes and impacts of the cyclone formation in the earth. and cyclone formed in the INDIA region whole about the briefly explained about cyclone
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
This document provides information about landslides. It begins by defining landslides and describing common landslide types such as rotational, translational, rock fall, and debris flow. It then discusses the natural and human-induced causes of landslides including geological factors, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, deforestation, and construction activities. The document also examines the indicators, effects, and major landslide events in India. It concludes by outlining various landslide preparedness, mitigation, and safety measures.
The document provides an overview of earthquakes and seismology. It discusses key topics such as:
- Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates.
- The movement of tectonic plates is driven by convection currents in the earth's mantle. As plates move against each other, strain builds up at plate boundaries and is released through earthquakes.
- India experiences earthquakes due to its location in a seismically active zone where the Indian plate is moving northward into the Eurasian plate. The country is divided into several seismic zones based on expected earthquake intensities.
Study of earthquake hazards or disaster Jahangir Alam
Earthquake Hazards
Definition of Hazard
Liquefaction
Ground Shaking
Ground Displacement
Flooding
Tsunami
Fire
Types of Hazard
Natural Hazards as Earthquakes
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Ground Shaking:
Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion.
Response of material to the arrival of energy fronts released by rupture.
Energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs.
This document discusses landslides, including their causes, types, effects, indicators, prevention, and safety measures. It defines landslides as the downward movement of soil, rock, and vegetation under gravity. Key points include that landslides occur when resisting forces are less than driving forces, and can be triggered by heavy rainfall, earthquakes, erosion, deforestation, and human activities like excavation. The document outlines common landslide types and describes their impacts, such as damage to infrastructure, loss of life, and secondary hazards like flooding. It provides guidance on landslide hazard mapping, mitigation strategies, and safety precautions during landslide events.
The document provides information about earthquakes, including:
1) What causes earthquakes including the buildup and sudden release of energy within rocks, often along fault lines as tectonic plates move.
2) Different types of seismic waves - P, S, and surface waves - are produced and how they travel through the Earth.
3) Major earthquake zones exist along plate boundaries like the Circum-Pacific belt and Alpide belt, and earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale from small to great quakes over magnitude 8.
Causes, Effects and Precautions against Earthquakesaqlain_01
1. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates deep below the Earth's surface. As the plates shift and grind against each other, they release energy in the form of seismic waves.
2. Major earthquakes can cause widespread damage to infrastructure like buildings, bridges and dams, resulting in loss of life and property. They can also trigger secondary hazards such as landslides, tsunamis and fires.
3. Pakistan is prone to earthquakes, with major fault lines running along its western border. Some of the deadliest quakes in the country's history include the 2005 Kashmir earthquake that killed over 80,000 people and the 2013 Balochistan earthquake that killed 825.
Earthquakes are caused by both natural and human factors. Naturally, they result from the slow buildup of pressure along tectonic plate boundaries. Human causes include coal mining, construction of tall buildings, and dams. There are four main types of earthquakes classified by their origin. Earthquakes produce different types of seismic waves that cause damage. Mitigation efforts aim to reduce risks through regulations, education, and preparedness. At personal and government levels, precautions include earthquake-proof building techniques, emergency plans, and response coordination. Scientists study various prediction methods but cannot reliably forecast specific quakes. Developing countries often experience greater losses due to infrastructure and resources. Historic quakes in Haiti, San Francisco, and Chile caused
The 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India caused widespread destruction, killing over 20,000 people and leaving over 3 million homeless. The magnitude 7.7 earthquake destroyed 90% of buildings in the city of Bhuj and damaged infrastructure across western Gujarat. International relief arrived to assist survivors amid the devastation, while the government and NGOs coordinated reconstruction efforts, building over 200,000 disaster-resistant homes to replace those destroyed.
Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries due to the buildup and sudden release of energy from shifting tectonic plates. When plates lock, potential energy builds until released as seismic waves that propagate outward from the earthquake focus. Most earthquakes occur along oceanic and continental plate edges or along faults like normal, reverse, and transform boundaries. P and S waves are the primary seismic waves, with P waves traveling faster and S waves causing the shaking felt during quakes. Earthquake magnitude measures the energy released using the Richter scale, while intensity qualitatively describes the shaking effects on a place using the Mercalli scale.
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Where Do Earthquakes Happen?
Why Do Earthquakes Happen?
How Are Earthquakes Studied?
How To Locate The Earthquake's Epicenter?
SCALES FOR EARTHQUAKE MEASUREMENT
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
This document discusses floods, including their causes, effects, and management. It notes that floods occur when equilibrium in river systems is disturbed by heavy rains, melting ice, or human activities like deforestation. Floods cause physical damage, disrupt essential services, and have long-term effects. The document outlines flood prone areas in India and different approaches to flood management, including both hard engineering methods like embankments and dams, and soft engineering methods like flood forecasting and zoning.
The document discusses volcanic eruptions, including the process by which they occur, different types of eruptions, reasons for eruptions, and effects. It provides details on the top 10 deadliest eruptions in history. Safety tips are also listed, such as staying away from active volcanoes, keeping emergency supplies, knowing evacuation routes, and closing windows if ash is present.
Volcanoes form when tectonic plates collide and magma rises up through the crust. The document discusses the Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean which has many active volcanoes. It also defines key volcanic terms and describes the three main types of volcanoes: shield, composite, and cinder cone volcanoes. The effects of volcanic eruptions on humans and the environment are also summarized.
Earthquakes are caused by slow movements within the Earth as it continues to cool. Some human activities like constructing dams, extracting groundwater, fracking, and building skyscrapers can also induce earthquakes by adding stress that destabilizes existing faults. Earthquakes have both primary effects of immediate damage through collapsing buildings, and secondary effects like tsunamis, landslides, fires, disease outbreaks, and soil liquefaction that prolong suffering after the initial quake.
Earthquake causes and safety measurementsM Aamer Raza
The document discusses earthquake engineering concepts. It provides information on group members, defines key earthquake terms like focus, epicenter and fault lines. It describes the causes of earthquakes including surface causes, volcanic causes and tectonic plate movement. It explains different types of seismic waves and how the Richter scale is used to measure earthquake magnitudes. Construction techniques to resist earthquakes are also summarized like using shear walls, bracing, dampers, base isolation and light weight materials.
An earthquake occurred in Indian-controlled Kashmir that registered a magnitude of 5.7 on the Richter scale. Nine people were injured and several buildings were damaged, including two schools and four residential buildings. Cell phone communications were also disrupted. Earthquakes are the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Major past earthquakes in India provide a baseline for disaster planning. The Disaster Management Act of 2005 establishes institutions and coordination mechanisms for effective earthquake disaster management at national, state, and district levels.
about the formation and causes and impacts of the cyclone formation in the earth. and cyclone formed in the INDIA region whole about the briefly explained about cyclone
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
This document provides information about landslides. It begins by defining landslides and describing common landslide types such as rotational, translational, rock fall, and debris flow. It then discusses the natural and human-induced causes of landslides including geological factors, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, deforestation, and construction activities. The document also examines the indicators, effects, and major landslide events in India. It concludes by outlining various landslide preparedness, mitigation, and safety measures.
The document provides an overview of earthquakes and seismology. It discusses key topics such as:
- Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates.
- The movement of tectonic plates is driven by convection currents in the earth's mantle. As plates move against each other, strain builds up at plate boundaries and is released through earthquakes.
- India experiences earthquakes due to its location in a seismically active zone where the Indian plate is moving northward into the Eurasian plate. The country is divided into several seismic zones based on expected earthquake intensities.
Study of earthquake hazards or disaster Jahangir Alam
Earthquake Hazards
Definition of Hazard
Liquefaction
Ground Shaking
Ground Displacement
Flooding
Tsunami
Fire
Types of Hazard
Natural Hazards as Earthquakes
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Ground Shaking:
Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion.
Response of material to the arrival of energy fronts released by rupture.
Energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs.
This document discusses landslides, including their causes, types, effects, indicators, prevention, and safety measures. It defines landslides as the downward movement of soil, rock, and vegetation under gravity. Key points include that landslides occur when resisting forces are less than driving forces, and can be triggered by heavy rainfall, earthquakes, erosion, deforestation, and human activities like excavation. The document outlines common landslide types and describes their impacts, such as damage to infrastructure, loss of life, and secondary hazards like flooding. It provides guidance on landslide hazard mapping, mitigation strategies, and safety precautions during landslide events.
The document provides information about earthquakes, including:
1) What causes earthquakes including the buildup and sudden release of energy within rocks, often along fault lines as tectonic plates move.
2) Different types of seismic waves - P, S, and surface waves - are produced and how they travel through the Earth.
3) Major earthquake zones exist along plate boundaries like the Circum-Pacific belt and Alpide belt, and earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale from small to great quakes over magnitude 8.
Causes, Effects and Precautions against Earthquakesaqlain_01
1. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates deep below the Earth's surface. As the plates shift and grind against each other, they release energy in the form of seismic waves.
2. Major earthquakes can cause widespread damage to infrastructure like buildings, bridges and dams, resulting in loss of life and property. They can also trigger secondary hazards such as landslides, tsunamis and fires.
3. Pakistan is prone to earthquakes, with major fault lines running along its western border. Some of the deadliest quakes in the country's history include the 2005 Kashmir earthquake that killed over 80,000 people and the 2013 Balochistan earthquake that killed 825.
Earthquakes are caused by both natural and human factors. Naturally, they result from the slow buildup of pressure along tectonic plate boundaries. Human causes include coal mining, construction of tall buildings, and dams. There are four main types of earthquakes classified by their origin. Earthquakes produce different types of seismic waves that cause damage. Mitigation efforts aim to reduce risks through regulations, education, and preparedness. At personal and government levels, precautions include earthquake-proof building techniques, emergency plans, and response coordination. Scientists study various prediction methods but cannot reliably forecast specific quakes. Developing countries often experience greater losses due to infrastructure and resources. Historic quakes in Haiti, San Francisco, and Chile caused
The 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India caused widespread destruction, killing over 20,000 people and leaving over 3 million homeless. The magnitude 7.7 earthquake destroyed 90% of buildings in the city of Bhuj and damaged infrastructure across western Gujarat. International relief arrived to assist survivors amid the devastation, while the government and NGOs coordinated reconstruction efforts, building over 200,000 disaster-resistant homes to replace those destroyed.
Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries due to the buildup and sudden release of energy from shifting tectonic plates. When plates lock, potential energy builds until released as seismic waves that propagate outward from the earthquake focus. Most earthquakes occur along oceanic and continental plate edges or along faults like normal, reverse, and transform boundaries. P and S waves are the primary seismic waves, with P waves traveling faster and S waves causing the shaking felt during quakes. Earthquake magnitude measures the energy released using the Richter scale, while intensity qualitatively describes the shaking effects on a place using the Mercalli scale.
1) The document provides information about earthquakes, including 10 interesting facts about earthquakes, details about the 1960 Valdivia earthquake in Chile that was the most powerful ever recorded, and descriptions of the San Andreas fault line, the Richter scale, and divergent and thrust fault boundaries.
2) The 1960 Valdivia earthquake in Chile was measured at 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale and caused devastating tsunamis across the Pacific Ocean.
3) The Richter scale, developed by Charles Richter, assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake based on a logarithmic scale.
Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates suddenly shift, releasing stored elastic strain energy and creating seismic waves. There are several types of faults that can cause earthquakes.
To prepare, secure heavy objects, maintain emergency supplies, identify safe spots away from windows or tall furniture, and develop evacuation plans. During shaking, drop and cover inside until it stops, then check for injuries and gas leaks after. Listen to officials for information on damaged areas to avoid after an earthquake.
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami was one of the deadliest natural disasters in history. A magnitude 9.1-9.3 earthquake struck off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia on December 26, 2004, generating massive tsunami waves that spread throughout the Indian Ocean and affected coastal areas as far away as Africa. Over 187,000 people were killed or went missing across 14 countries. The tsunami devastated communities unprepared for such an event, as there was no warning system in place, and caused long-term setbacks to development in already developing nations like Indonesia and Sri Lanka.
The Jurassic period occurred around 150-200 million years ago. It was home to many iconic dinosaurs like the Archaeopteryx, Dilophosaurus, Brachiosaurus, and Stegosaurus. The Archaeopteryx was an early bird that lived in Germany and may have been able to fly or glide. The Dilophosaurus was a speedy carnivore that lived in Arizona. The huge herbivorous Brachiosaurus lived in Colorado and Tanzania. Finally, the armored Stegosaurus inhabited Wyoming and Utah. The Jurassic period eventually ended, making way for the Cretaceous period.
PHIVOLCS monitors earthquakes in the Philippines using a network of over 100 seismic stations. Earthquakes are natural occurrences caused by the slow motion of tectonic plates. The Philippines is located in a seismically active area between several plates. PHIVOLCS provides information to the public on earthquake locations, intensities, and issues advisories. Larger earthquakes are inevitable given the Philippines' position between plates and presence of faults.
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. India experiences frequent earthquakes due to its location at the collision point of the Indian and Eurasian plates. India is divided into 4 seismic zones based on expected earthquake intensity. Zone 5 experiences the strongest quakes above MSK intensity IX while Zone 2 experiences the weakest quakes of MSK intensity VI or less. The seismic zoning map is used for earthquake-resistant construction.
This document defines and describes various landforms and bodies of water. It explains that a bay is an area of water bordered by land on three sides, a gulf is a larger body of water partly surrounded by land, and a peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides. It also defines deltas, isthmuses, straits, lakes, mountains, hills, plains, plateaus, rivers, waterfalls, fjords, valleys, glaciers, archipelagos, seas, and oceans.
Earthquakes are common in India due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates forming the Himalayan mountains. Some major earthquakes include the 1993 Latur earthquake that killed over 10,000 people, and the 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake along the Main Central Thrust fault. Studying earthquakes created by reservoirs, such as at Koyna, provides insights into how stress changes can trigger seismic activity. Public education efforts have increased awareness of earthquakes in India following destructive events and new monitoring technologies.
The document discusses earthquakes, including their causes, measurement, effects, and zones of risk. Some key points:
- Earthquakes are caused by movement of tectonic plates and faults in rocks. Their magnitude is measured on the Richter Scale and their intensity by the Mercalli scale.
- Seismic waves transmit earthquake energy and are used to locate epicenters. The major earthquake zones are the Pacific Ring of Fire, Alpide Belt, and Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
- India has five seismic zones of risk. Zone V including Kashmir and Northeast India faces the highest risk, while Zone I including parts of central India faces the lowest risk.
Earthquake engineering deals with understanding earthquakes, their causes, and designing structures to withstand earthquake forces. Seismic risk depends on the hazard level, local site conditions like soil type, and the vulnerability of structures. India is divided into four seismic hazard zones, and most large cities have moderate to high hazard levels. The damage from an earthquake at a given location is influenced by local soil conditions, which can amplify ground shaking. A structure's performance depends on both ground motions and its structural characteristics. Vulnerability in India is expected to be very high due to poor building construction practices. Information about hazard levels, site effects, and vulnerability can be combined to assess seismic risk, which remains high in India due to uncertainties and high vulnerability
Erika Ramos collected different types of rocks from various locations in California for a geology lab assignment. She found igneous rocks with a granite texture in three rivers. Sedimentary rocks showed signs of change and splitting, and felt layered. Metamorphic rocks had a granite-like texture but felt smoother. Ramos located a fault in Mineral Springs near Coalinga, which is part of the San Andreas Fault. She observed chemical and mechanical weathering in different areas and saw mass wasting and erosion events caused by water and wind. Ramos found marine and transitional sedimentary environments in Pismo Beach and three rivers respectively.
An earthquake occurs when tectonic plates beneath the earth's surface suddenly move, releasing seismic waves. Earthquakes can cause significant damage through shaking and displacement of the ground, sometimes triggering tsunamis that lead to loss of life and destruction of property. The interactive animation teaches about earthquakes and what to do during one, such as evacuating buildings via emergency stairs or taking shelter under sturdy furniture if unable to exit. The objective is to use the knowledge provided to stay safe in an earthquake scenario.
This document provides an overview of earthquakes. It begins with a brief history of earthquake studies from ancient times through modern developments in seismology. Key concepts introduced include the location of the hypocenter and epicenter, and the different types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes. The document then discusses the causes of earthquakes in relation to plate tectonics and fault ruptures. Different scales for measuring the intensity and magnitude of earthquakes are presented, including the Mercalli and Richter scales. Locations of historic destructive quakes are also highlighted.
Cristiano Ronaldo is a Portuguese footballer who plays as a forward for Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. He began his career playing for youth clubs in Portugal before joining Sporting CP. In 2003, he signed with Manchester United where he won several trophies. In 2009, he transferred to Real Madrid for a record fee, where he continues to break records and win titles including multiple FIFA Ballon d'Or awards. Off the pitch, Ronaldo is known for his relationships and is the first athlete to reach 100 million Facebook fans.
Cristiano Ronaldo is a Portuguese professional soccer player who currently plays as a forward for Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. He began his career playing for Sporting CP in Portugal before moving to Manchester United in 2003. In 2009, he transferred to Real Madrid for a record fee of £80 million. Ronaldo has won numerous individual and team honors throughout his career including Ballon d'Or, UEFA Best Player in Europe, and Champions League titles with both Manchester United and Real Madrid. He is considered one of the best players in the world.
The document summarizes several studies on the impact of technology on student learning and success. The CARET study found that increased computer-assisted instruction can positively influence student outcomes in areas like achievement, problem-solving, and career preparation. The Pitler study implied that technology can boost student engagement and support more student-centered learning when integrated into the classroom by educators. A study by Turner et al. showed that widespread wireless internet on college campuses provides students flexibility of time and location for study, as well as better collaboration and communication.
Cristiano Ronaldo was born in 1985 in Portugal and plays as a winger for Real Madrid and the Portuguese national team. He began his career with Sporting CP and Manchester United, winning league titles with both clubs as well as UEFA Euro 2004 with Portugal. Ronaldo has won multiple Champions League and Ballon d'Or awards, cementing his status as one of the best players in the world. He continues to break records and find success with Real Madrid and Portugal.
Disaster Management Earthquake by ujjwal patelUjjwal Patel
This document provides information about earthquakes and disaster management. It defines an earthquake as the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused by movements in tectonic plates and faults in the earth's surface. Disaster management involves preparing for disasters, emergency response during disasters, and recovery after disasters. The effects of earthquakes can include loss of life, property damage, and disruption to infrastructure and economic activities. Proper safety measures during and after earthquakes can help reduce risks to people.
The document summarizes information about earthquakes, including:
1) Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The effects vary based on magnitude and intensity and can cause widespread destruction.
2) Key terms are defined, such as focus, epicenter, fault lines, and different types of seismic waves.
3) Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale based on energy released. Different zones in India are classified by seismic activity.
4) Major earthquakes discussed include the 2001 Gujarat earthquake that killed over 20,000 people and left hundreds of thousands homeless.
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake caused widespread destruction, killing over 20,000 people. The earthquake occurred on January 26th near Bhuj, Gujarat with a magnitude of 7.7. The cities of Bhuj and Bhachau were most severely damaged, with over 90% of buildings destroyed in Bhuj. Over 600,000 people were left homeless. The Indian government and relief organizations from around the world provided emergency aid, while long-term reconstruction projects were launched with support from international organizations.
The document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, and effects. It discusses that earthquakes are caused by movements within the earth's crust along faults. They produce different types of seismic waves that can be measured to determine the earthquake's location, size, and intensity. Larger earthquakes can cause significant damage through ground shaking and secondary effects like tsunamis or landslides. Predicting earthquakes precisely remains difficult, but changes in animal behavior, groundwater levels, and other factors may provide some warning. The document also offers safety tips during earthquakes.
This document provides information about earthquakes and earthquake disaster management. It defines what an earthquake is, discusses the causes of earthquakes including tectonic and volcanic causes. It describes earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, magnitude, intensity. It discusses the different types of faults and seismic waves generated by earthquakes. The document also provides safety tips during and after an earthquake and summarizes some historical earthquakes in India.
This document provides information about earthquakes, including their causes, effects, measurement, and history. It discusses how earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust along faults and fractures. It describes the different types of seismic waves generated and how the Richter scale is used to measure the strength of earthquakes. Examples are given of some of the worst earthquakes in history that caused massive loss of life. Safety procedures and precautions to take both during and after an earthquake are also outlined.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy along fault lines in the earth's crust. The effects of earthquakes vary based on their magnitude and can include widespread destruction and loss of life. Seismic waves, including compressional P-waves and shear S-waves, travel outward from the hypocenter or focus of the earthquake. The location of the epicenter at the earth's surface directly above the focus can be determined using seismic data from multiple monitoring stations. Earthquakes are measured on scales such as the Richter scale and Modified Mercalli intensity scale.
The document provides instructions for a computer-assisted lesson about earthquakes. It states that the lesson will cover the topic of earthquakes through slides and pictures. It instructs learners to click through the slides and response boxes. The lesson defines earthquakes and their causes, types of seismic waves, how earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale, effects of earthquakes, and safety measures during earthquakes. It concludes with a test to recap the lesson.
Ellada texniki.pptx there are slide for pptsabir54817
This document provides information about earthquakes, including their causes, effects, and types of seismic waves. It discusses how earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in fault lines in the earth's crust. When this occurs, seismic waves including P-waves and S-waves are produced and travel outward from the hypocenter. The document also describes different types of fault lines and examines the magnitude of earthquakes using the Richter scale. Finally, it outlines India's earthquake zoning map and how the country is divided into zones based on seismic activity levels.
This document summarizes information about earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, and examples of major earthquakes. It begins by defining an earthquake as a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. It then discusses focus, epicenter, fault lines, and fault types. Major causes of earthquakes include surface phenomena, volcanic activity, and tectonic plate movement. The Richter scale is explained for measuring earthquake strength. Details are given on the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India that caused over 20,000 deaths. Reconstruction efforts are also summarized.
Detail discussion on Earthquake with it's causes, effect and predictions with interested figures. Which can be helpful to student to make their own presentation and reading Purpose.
This document discusses earthquakes and their causes. It defines key terms like epicenter, focus, fault lines, and fault planes. The primary causes of earthquakes are movements along faults in the earth's crust due to accumulating stress. There are three main types of causes: surface causes, volcanic causes, and tectonic causes. Earthquakes produce different types of seismic waves, including primary (P) waves, secondary (S) waves, and surface waves like Love waves and Rayleigh waves. India is divided into different seismic zones based on earthquake activity. While earthquake prediction remains difficult, some signs like unusual animal behavior can provide warning. Major effects of earthquakes include loss of life, property damage, and disruption to infrastructure and
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that generates seismic waves. The location within the earth where rupture first occurs is known as the focus or hypocenter, while the point on the surface directly above is called the epicenter. Different types of seismic waves travel through the earth's interior or along its surface, causing shaking and damage. By measuring the arrival times of these waves at multiple seismograph stations, scientists can determine the epicenter location. Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale by magnitude or the Mercalli scale by observed intensity. India experiences frequent earthquakes and is divided into different seismic zones based on risk levels. Major quakes have caused widespread destruction and loss of life in
This report contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
Earthquakes are one of the worst natural hazards that often cause widespread destruction and loss of life due to their devastating effects. An earthquake occurs due to a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The primary cause of earthquakes is faults on the earth's crust where the movement of tectonic plates causes a rupture that releases seismic waves. These seismic waves include body waves that travel through the earth's interior and surface waves that travel along the surface, with different types of each wave varying in speed and motion.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The primary cause is faults between blocks of rocks in the crust that move in response to stress. Major causes of earthquakes include surface events like explosions, volcanic eruptions that produce displacements of lava, and tectonic activity along fault zones. Effects include loss of life and property damage, as well as damage to infrastructure and transportation systems. Safety rules during and after an earthquake include moving away from windows, avoiding buildings and power lines that could collapse, and waiting for instructions before reentering damaged structures.
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust from the slow movement of tectonic plates. They generate shock waves that radiate out from the epicenter.
2) Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and are measured on the Richter scale. Earthquakes above magnitude 7 can cause widespread damage depending on their depth and location.
3) Different types of seismic waves like P, S, R and L waves are generated by earthquakes and travel through the Earth causing shaking at the surface. Surface waves tend to be more destructive to buildings and infrastructure.
This document discusses environmental hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes. It defines earthquakes as sudden movements caused by faults or volcanic activity. Earthquake waves are categorized into body waves (P and S waves) and surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves). Volcanoes form when magma rises from the earth's crust and erupts. Volcanic eruptions can be effusive or explosive depending on gas and viscosity levels. Monitoring seismic activity, ground deformation, and gas outputs provides signs of impending volcanic eruptions. Volcanic flows also pose hazards, though spraying water can help slow them.
Geologically active faults within 50 to 500km distance from Dhaka. Dhaka is among the 20 major world cities that are the greatest risk from earthquakes. Some of these earthquakes especially the 1762, 1812, 1865, 1885 and 1897 happened in Dhaka. If 7-8 grade in Richter Scale earthquake happen in Dhaka 70-80 percent concrete structures would just collapse and 30,00,000 peoples will die.
Earthquakes are caused by sudden movements within Earth's crust that cause rocks to bend, break or fracture. Most earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire, a belt circling the Pacific Ocean where 88% of all quakes take place, and also along other belts where tectonic plates meet. Forces like tension, compression and shearing cause three types of rock fractures - normal faults where the rock moves apart, reverse faults where it moves together, and strike-slip faults where it slides horizontally past another part of the crust.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
2. Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards
which often turn into disaster causing widespread
destruction and loss to human life.
The effects of earthquake vary upon the magnitude and
intensity. Earthquakes occur every now and then all
round the world, except in some places where
earthquakes occur rarely. The devastation of cities and
towns is one of the effects of earthquake.
3. What is Earthquake?
An Earthquake is the result
of a sudden release of energy
in the earth’s crust that creates
seismic waves.
The seismic activity of an
area
refers
to
the
frequency,type and size of
earthquakes experienced over
a period of time
4. For example:
If you throw stone in a
pond of still water,series of
waves are produced on the
surface of water,these waves
spread out in all directions from
the point where the stone strikes
the water.
similarly,
any
sudden
disurbances in the earth’s crust
may produce vibration in the
crust which travel in all direction
from point of disturbances.
5. Focus(Hypocenter):
Focus is the point on the fault
where rupture occurs and the
location from which seismic
waves are released.
Epicenter:
Epicenter is the point on the
earth’s surface that is directly
above the focus ,the point where
an earthquake or underground
explosion originates.
6. Cont…
Fault Line:
A Fault line is the surface trace of
a fault, the line of intersection
between the earth’s surface.
Fault plane:
Fault plane are the crackes or
sudden slips of the land .
Fault Scrap:
A Fault scrap is the topographic
expression of faulting attributed
to the displacement of the land
surface by movement along
faults.
7. The primary cause of an earthquake is faults on the
crust of the earth.
“A Fault is a break or fracture b/w two blocks of rocks in
response to stress.”
This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an
earthquake or may occur slowly, in the form of creep.
Earth scientists use the angle of the fault with respect to the
surface (known as the dip) and the direction of slip along the
fault to classify faults.
8. 1.Thrust (reverse)fault:
Classification Of Faults
Normal fault:
a dip-slip fault in which the
block above the fault has
moved downward relative to
the block below.
Thrust (reverse)fault:
a dip-slip fault in which the
upper block, above the fault
plane, moves up and over the
lower block.
9. Strike-slip fault:
A left-lateral strike-slip
fault :
It is one on which the
displacement of the far block is
to the left when viewed from
either side.
A right-lateral strike-slip
fault:
It is one on which the
displacement of the far block is
to the right when viewed from
either side.
10. Some major causes of earthquakes on basic of its causes are:
Surface causes
Volcanic causes
Tectonic causes
Surface cause:
Great explosions, landslides, slips on steep coasts, dashing
of sea waves , avalanches , railway trains, heavy trucks, some
large engineering projects cause minor tremors. some of them are
man made, other are natural.
11. Volcanic cause:
Volcanic eruptions produce earthquakes. Earthquakes may
precede, accompany and frequently follow volcanic eruptions.
They are caused by sudden displacements of lava within
or beneath the earth crust.
There are two general
categories of earthquakes
that can occur at a volcano:
volcano-tectonic
earthquakes
long period earthquakes.
12. Tectonic cause:
Structural disturbances resulting in the parts of the
lithosphere is the main cause of this type of earthquake.
Most of the disastrous earthquakes belong to this
category and occur in areas of great faults and fractures.
Sudden yielding to strain produced on the rocks of
accumulating stress causes displacements especially along
old fault zones known as great transform faults.
Plate Boundary Overview.flv
13. Seismic waves produced due to
earthquake are basically divided
into two major types:
Body waves
Surface waves
14. Body waves:
Body waves travels through the interior(body) of earth as they leave
the focus. Body waves are further divided into following types:
Primary (P) waves
Secondary(S) waves
15. Primary Waves (P-waves)
Secondary Waves(S-wave)
High frequency
High frequency
Short Wavelength
Short Wavelength
Longitudinal waves
Transverse waves
Pass trough both solids and
liquids
Move forwards and
backwards as it compressed
and decompressed
P-wave is faster
Can not move through liquids
First P-wave arrive
Move in all direction from
their source
S-wave is more slower than Pwave
After P-wave,S-wave is arrive
16. Surface Wave:
Surface waves travels parallel to the earth’s surface and these
waves are slowest and most damaging. Surface wave are divided
into following types:
Love waves
Rayleigh waves
17. Love Waves
Guided waves
Rayleigh wave
Guided waves
Displacement is parallel to the Displacement is perpendicular
free surface
to love-wave displacement
Love wave is faster
Rayleigh wave is slower
Causes horizontal shifting of
the earth surface.
Ground move in circular
motion.
18. The intensity and strength of an earthquake is measured on
Richter scale,the scale invented by Charles Richter California
,USA in 1935.which categories earthquake on the basis of
energy released.
Defintion:
“the logarithm to base ten of the maximum seismic-wave
amplitude recorded on a standard seismograph at a distance of
100 kilometers from the earthquake epicenter.”
Scientists measure the strength of earthquakes using
machines known as seismographs.
Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the
propagation of elastic waves through the Earth.
19.
20. Amount of energy released during different
Earthquake:
Intensity Of Earthquake Energy Release (Amount Of
TNT):
On Richter Scale:
1.0
170 Grams
2.0
6 Kilogram
3.0
179 Kilogram
4.0
5 Metric Tons
5.0
179 Metric Tons
6.0
5643 Metric Tons
7.0
179100 Metric Tons
7.5
1 Mega Tons
8.0
564300 Metric Tons
21. Seismometers are instruments
that measure motions of the
ground,
including
those
of seismic waves generated
by
earthquakes,
volcanic
eruptions, and otherseismic
sources.
Seismometers
may
be
deployed at Earth's surface, in
shallow vaults, in boreholes, or
underwater.
22. The earthquake zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic
zones Based on the observations of the affected area due to
Earthquake india divided into four types of zones:
Zone - II: This is said to be the least active seismic zone.
Zone - III: It is included in the moderate seismic zone.
Zone - IV: This is considered to be the high seismic zone.
Zone - V: It is the highest seismic zone.
23.
24. Earthquake prediction is usually defined as the specification of
the time , location , and magnitude of a future earthquake within
stated limits.
But some evidence of upcoming Earthquake are following:
Unusual animal behavior
Water level in wells
Large scale of fluctuation of oil flow from oil wells
Foreshocks or minor shocks before major earthquake
Temperature change
Uplifting of earth surface
Change in seismic wave velocity
25. Loss of life and property
Damage to transport system i.e.
roads, railways, highways, airports, marine
Damage to infrastructure.
Chances of Floods – Develop cracks in Dams
Chances of fire short-circuit.
Communications such as telephone wires are damaged.
Water pipes, sewers are disrupted
Economic activities like agriculture, industry, trade and transport
are severely affected.
29. If you are in house;
• Don’t use lift for getting down from building.
• Be prepared to move with your family.
If you are in shop ,school or office;
• Don’t run for an exit.
•Take cover under a disk/table.
•Move away from window glass.
•Do not go near electric point and cable. Keep away from weak portion of
the building and false ceiling.
30. If you are outside;
• Avoid high buildings , walls , power lines and other objects
that could fall and create block.
• Don’t run through streets.
• If possible , move on to an open area away from hazard
including trees.
If you are in vehicle;
• Stop in a safe open place.
• Remain inside vehicle.
• Close window , doors and vents.
31. Keep calm, switch on the transistor radio and obey
instructions.
Keep away from beaches and low banks of river. A huge
wave may sweep in
Do not re enter badly damaged buildings and do not go
near damage structures.
Turn off the water, gas and electricity.
Do not smoke, light match or use a cigarette lighter
Do not turn on switches there may be gas leak or short
circuit
If there is any fire, try to put it out or call fire brigade.
32. Do not drink water from open containers without having
examined it.
If you aware of people have been buried, tell the rescue team. Do
not rush and try not to worsen the situation.
Avoid places where there are loose electric wires and do not
come in contact with any metal object.
Eat something. You will better and more capable of helping
other.
Do not walk around the streets to see what is happening. Keep
the streets clear so rescue vehicles can access the roads easily.
33. Date
Place
Scale
Damage
Sept 2,
1993
Latur
(maharashtra)
6.3
Large areas of Maharashtra
rocked. 10,000 people lost
lives.
May 22,
1997
Jabalpur
(Maharashtra)
6.0
40 person killed and over
100 injured.
March 29, Nandprayag
1999
6.8
widespread destruction in
chamoli , rudraprayag and
other areas. Massive loss of
human life.
Jan. 26,
2001
Bhuj (gujrat)
7.8
Tremors left by India and its
neighboring countries. Over
1 lakh people killed. Huge
loss to property and
infrastructure.
Oct. 8,
2005
Muzzaffarabad
in Pakistan
occupied
Kashmir
7.4
Heavy damage to life and
property.
Death toll about one lakh in
Pakistan and nearly 2000 in
India.
37. Date: 26th January ,2001
Origin line: 08 hrs.46 min. 42.9 sec. IST
Epicenter: Latitude 23.40 N Longitude 70.28 E
Magnitude: 7.7
Focal Depth: 25 kms.
38.
39. On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation’s
52nd Republic Day, a devastating earthquake occurred in
the Kutchh district of the state of Gujarat.
The earthquake was felt as far away as Delhi in the
north, Kolkata in the east.
Bhuj town and the village Bhachau, 60 km east of
Bhuj, were the worst affected and many other areas
of Gujarat including its state headquarters
Ahmedabad, were badly affected.
40. There were more than 20,000 deaths and 167,000 people injured
Four districts of Gujarat lay in ruin and altogether, 21 districts were
affected.
Around 300,000 families and at least 3 million children under 14
aged were affected.
Around 600,000 people were left homeless.
In the city of Bhuj, more than 3,000 Population of the city lost
their lives; the main hospital was crushed and close to 90% of the
buildings was destroyed.
There was significant damage to infrastructure with facilities such
as hospitals, schools, electric power and water systems, bridges and
roads damaged or destroyed.
42. 5 year old girl recovers
at a hospital in Bhuj on
Monday after Friday's
massive earthquake.
43. The response within India was immediate. The
national and state governments quickly provided
assistance in many forms including cash, medical
supplies,
communications
teams, shelters, food, clothing, transport and relief
workers.
There were more than 185 non-government
organizations (NGOs), mostly Indian charities, which
undertook earthquake-related activities
44. Search and Rescue teams soon arrived from
Switzerland, United Kingdom, Russia and Turkey to
find and rescue survivors buried under debris.
Relief teams and supplies soon followed from 38
countries as well as United Nations agencies and
many international NGOs such as the Red Cross.
The world bank and Asian development bank
sanction loans in less than three months after the
earthquake.
45. Gujarat
earthquake emergency reconstruction
project (GEERP) was started by GSDMA(Gujrat State
Disaster Management Authority), with financial help
from world bank, Asian development bank, govt of
India and other donor agencies.
Several state governments came forward to
participate in, the reconstruction work in different
villages.
The UN system, multilateral and bilateral
agencies, NGOs and the corporate sector participated
in the relief and reconstruction work.
46. Government of Gujarat provided assistance in the form
of materials and cash to about 218,000 families.
NGOs supplemented the efforts by providing shelter to
about 7000 families.
About 65 NGOs were active in kutch alone who
adopted 211 villages and constructed 32,297 houses at the
cost of Rs. 185.80 crores.
The technical support was made available to the
owners who were provided loan to reconstruct the
houses.