UN GOALS ON CLIMATE CHANGE

1. Reporter: Alice(Yu Lingling)
Date: Augest 1, 2022

2.  The earth is groaning: extreme climate reactions such as
hurricanes, floods, and droughts are proof; nature is groaning:
species on earth are disappearing at an alarming rate, and climate
warming is an "undisputed" fact, and we have to admit that climate
Change has become a common dilemma facing the world.
 Human activity is "likely" to be the main cause of the warming, the
study says. Failure to develop our economy threatens peace and
prosperity, but peace and prosperity are equally threatened if we
develop our economy at the expense of the environment. "

3. Global
environmental
problems are mainly
manifested in global
warming, ozone
layer destruction,
sharp decline in
biodiversity, marine
pollution and so on.

4. ( 6 ) Land desertification. Human activities such as overgrazing, mining, and road building have degraded grasslands. At present, the
global desertified land area is almost equal to the combined land area of Russia, Canada, the United States and China.
( 7 ) Shortage of resources. The most serious among them is the shortage of water resources, arable land resources and mineral
resources. About one-half of the world's population is currently threatened by water shortages. Industrial city construction projects are
constantly occupying arable land, which makes human beings face the dilemma of insufficient arable land.
( 8 ) The water environment is seriously polluted. Industrial sewage makes the otherwise clear water black and smelly, and bacteria
grow. In my country, less than 30% of the water sources of the seven major water systems can meet the water quality standards for drinking
water sources.
( 9 ) Air pollution. Suspended particles are inhaled by the human body and can easily cause respiratory diseases. The secondary air
standard is suitable for human life, but at present, only 1/3 of the cities in my country have the air that can reach the secondary standard for
most days in a year.
( 10 ) Solid waste is a disaster. Solid waste includes municipal waste and industrial solid waste. Garbage contains harmful substances,
and random stacking will pollute the surrounding air, water, and even groundwater.

5. 1. The world is facing ten major environmental problems:
• ( 1 ) Global warming. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane prevent heat from dissipating on the Earth's
surface, and a warming climate causes glaciers at the poles to melt, causing sea levels to rise and flooding coastal areas.
• ( 2 ) The ozone layer is destroyed . The ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet rays from the sun. Ozone-depleting substances
emitted from human industry and living activities will destroy the ozone layer and lead to an increased incidence of human
skin cancer and cataracts. Energy saving transformation and environmental protection of fossil energy
• ( 3 ) Biodiversity decreases. The main reasons are over-hunting and industrial pollution. The loss of biodiversity will
gradually disintegrate the very foundation of human existence.
• ( 4 ) Acid rain spreads. A large amount of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc. are discharged into the atmosphere and
dissolved in water during rainfall, that is, acid rain is formed. Acid rain is corrosive and can damage crops, acidify lakes and
kill fish.
• ( 5 ) The forest has been reduced sharply. Excessive logging by humans, coupled with forest fires, has decimated the
forest area. The loss of forests leads to soil erosion and frequent floods.

6. Cooperative control of global and local air
pollutants in response to climate change,
international trade and environmental issues,
management system for biodiversity
conservation, low-carbon city construction,
environmental damage assessment in
environmental risk and emergency
management, ecological compensation,
ecological environment assessment ,
planning, etc.

7. 〉For example, large-scale deforestation to open up wasteland, and oil spills on the
ocean surface will cause a chain reaction. So, how to solve this problem? First,
within the framework of the United Nations, an effective global climate change
consultation mechanism is formed. It consists of two systems: one is an
intergovernmental consultation mechanism, which belongs to the policy level,
and the other is a global climate forum composed of climate experts. Second,
formulate a unified global climate response plan. Global climate change involves
all aspects of a country, so clarifying the responsibilities of all parties and
formulating unified action standards are the keys. This issue should be dealt with
from the development history of each country and the current state of national
development. Since the Industrial Revolution, Western countries have
experienced rapid economic development, with exhaust emissions accounting for
a large proportion and strong economic strength, so they should play a major role
in addressing global climate change. Only when all countries in the world act
together and a unified position can effectively curb climate deterioration.

8. 2. Environmental Policy
〉From the discovery of environmental problems to the formulation of
environmental policies, a series of steps are required.
〉There are three main types of environmental policies.
〉The traditional top-down control policy is mainly to restrict the behavior of
management objects through the formulation of environmental protection
standards.
〉Economic policy mainly uses market means to stimulate objects to
change their behavior.
〉Education and information policies are driven by a sense of morality and
public opinion pressure to be more environmentally friendly.
Generally speaking, regulatory policies and the economy can directly affect
behavior. Regulatory policies are quicker and more direct, but difficult to
fundamentally change actors' cognitions and attitudes. Educational and
information policies, though slow in effect, have long-term effects.

9. 〉Protecting and improving the ecological environment is the common mission
of the world. Ecological and environmental problems on a global scale have
both similarities and particularities . Therefore, the solution has both
commonality and locality . All countries in the world should join hands to
jointly tackle global climate change. First of all, global climate change is not
the problem of any one country. Its formation and development are global
and cannot be blamed on any one country. Second, global climate change is
not a problem that can be solved by one or some countries. The formation
and development of climate know no national boundaries. On the climate
issue, a country's misbehavior often directly affects other countries,
especially neighboring countries.

10. China's capacity building to address climate
change
〉organization building
〉 Establish a national leading group for addressing climate
change and energy conservation and emission reduction;
〉 The establishment of a National Climate Change Response
Coordination Group;
〉 Establish a clean development mechanism management and
implementation agency.
〉my country's Energy Conservation Policy
〉 Law: Energy Conservation Law ( 2007 ) ;
〉 Departmental regulations: " Comprehensive Working Document on
Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction " ( 2007 ), "
Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission
Reduction " ( 2007 ), " Industrial Structure Adjustment
Guidance Catalog " ( 2011 ), etc.;
〉 Normative documents: " China's National Plan for Addressing
Climate Change " ( 2007 ), " China's Special Action on
Climate Change Science and Technology " ( 2007 ), " Medium

11. 3. Global Environment Climate
Sustainable Development
Governance and Climate
Change

12. Economic development is constrained by both ecological and
social systems. To achieve healthy and sustainable development of
the economy, we must embark on a green, humane and
sustainable development path. Although people have realized that
the relationship between population, resources, environment and
economic development should be better coordinated, how to find
a sustainable development path that suits the reality has always
been the goal that the international community has been striving
for.

13. The choice of development path and
development model
Reducing carbon emissions,
taking the road of green, low-
carbon and sustainable
development and reducing the
rate of global warming has
become the only way to solve
the problem of climate change
recognized by the international
community. So, what is behind
this new development model? It

14. 1. Global population, resources and
environmental issues are related to North-
South issues
Resource occupation and
consumption are different
production methods and
consumption structures
international economic status
North
and
South
countri
es
The resource and environmental
problems of developing countries are
mainly related to their rapid population
growth and low-quality production and
consumption patterns
The resource and environmental
problems of developed countries are
mainly related to their excessive pursuit
of comfortable life style
Therefore, in the process of globalization, the resource and
environmental problems caused by poverty in developing countries
and the resource and environmental problems caused by wealth in
developed countries are often closely linked in the world economic
and political system.

15. 2. Proposition of " sustainable development "
Sustainable development first appeared in the report "Our
Common Future" by the World Commission on
Environment and Development in 1987 .
What is sustainable development? The report defines it as:
"Development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs."
sustain
able
develop
ment
"Needs": Emphasizes that the basic needs
of the world's poor should be prioritized.
"Restriction": Emphasizes that under the
limited environmental space and technical
constraints, the behavior that damages the
needs of intergenerational development
should be restricted.

16. 4. International
climate governance
under the global
sustainable
development
framework

17. 1. The challenge of climate change to global
sustainable development
01
Poor and
vulnerable areas
will be hit hard
.
02
on traditional
production and
consumption
patterns.
03
Challenges to
energy efficiency
and energy mix.

18. 2. Characteristics of climate change issues
1. cross-border movement
2. mandatory public goods
Climate change is part of the great
challenge facing sustainable
development. The effect of climate
policy can only be better if it is
consistently integrated into a broader
overall design framework aimed at
achieving more sustainable national
and regional development paths.
3.
Externalities and Market
Failures
4. Intergenerational impact

19. 3. The Paris Agreement of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
The Paris Climate Agreement is the third
landmark international legal text to address
climate change in human history since the
United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change in 1992 and the Kyoto
Protocol in 1997. Then this agreement
finally adopts the form of "agreement +
decision", with 29 clauses covering
objectives, mitigation, adaptation, loss and
damage, capital, technology, transparency,
inventory mechanism and so on.

20. • 1.5 ℃ has been written into the main
goal of global response to climate
change in the future.
Paris
Agreement _
important
content
01
02
03
04
• Formulate a regular five -year , "only
advance but not retreat" mechanism to
verify the actions and strength of each
country.
• For the first time, it proposed to formulate
a practical roadmap by 2020 to implement
the issue of climate finance.
• Relatively low threshold for "agreement" to enter into
force. It is guaranteed that global climate action will no
longer stagnate or reverse due to the inaction of
individual countries.

21. 4. The 2030 Development Agenda
2030 Development Agenda has also formed a pushback mechanism to provide a strong
dynamic support for the global low-carbon transition and sustainable development. The impact
on international climate governance is reflected in the following five aspects:
First, affirm the fundamental position of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change as the main international intergovernmental forum for addressing global
climate change.
Second, it provides comprehensive and effective policy support for
addressing global climate change.
Third, the revitalized global partnership for sustainable development advocated in the
SDGs will provide strong financial and technical and capacity-building support for global
climate action.
Fourth, the SDGs underscore the importance of climate adaptation.
Fifth, it provides principled guidance for global climate governance.

22. 04
Climate Change and
China's Sustainable
Development Status
Quo and Challenges

23. 1. Climate change and the status quo of
sustainable development in China
The traditional economic growth model is an
unsustainable economic growth model. To
control pollution, we must cure the root cause,
and clear the source first. The development of
China's economy has stood at a critical
crossroads, and it is urgent to change the
mode of economic growth and seek a
sustainable development path that is
resource-saving and environment-friendly.

24. 2. Concepts and propositions of China's sustainable
development and participation in global climate governance
China's role in the international climate
governance system changes with China's
economic situation
passively participating
developing countries
Kyoto Protocol _
prudent and responsible
developing country "Bali Road Map"
Emerging Powers with Active
Contributions Paris Agreement _

25. LOREM
IPSUM
DOLOR
SIT
AMET
participation in global climate
governance:
• First, climate governance should
lead human society to a path of
green, low-carbon and sustainable
development.
• Second, the low-carbon path
should not come at the expense of
economic depression, but should
be accompanied by long-term
prosperity. To address climate
change, we must respect historical
responsibilities and take into
account the development stage
and national conditions of each
country.
• Third, tackling climate change is a

26. 3 . International and Domestic Challenges Facing China's
Sustainable Development
Global governance in the post-
crisis period faces a dilemma
China's own low-carbon
transformation capability and low-
carbon diplomatic dilemma
Affected by the financial crisis, it has become
increasingly difficult for Western powers to assume
responsibility for the supply of public goods, but their
ability to influence global governance is still very
strong;
The group rise of emerging powers is becoming an
important participant and promoter of the reform of
the global governance mechanism, but the
governance capacity and institutional preparation are
significantly insufficient.
Although China has become the world's second
largest economy, due to its large population and
unbalanced economic development, there is still
a big gap between China and developed
countries, especially in terms of per capita GDP
and technological innovation capabilities that
lead sustainable economic development.
At present, China's participation in global climate governance faces dual dilemmas

27. Path dependence
on fossil energy,
especially coal
technical bottleneck
Independent low-carbon
strategic reserve technology is
limited and lacks core
competitiveness
Funding bottleneck
Single low-carbon financing method ;
The access of social capital lacks financial
guarantees and insurance mechanisms
Innovative financing models are still in their early
stages of development
institutional barriers
market barriers
China's
domestic low-
carbon
transition
faces many
challenges
Regulatory Barriers

28. 4 . Policy options for climate governance under the framework
of sustainable development
5
1
4
3
2
international level
China needs to strengthen
global cooperation through
various channels to meet the
challenges of sustainable
development and climate
change
Fully implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and
the Paris Climate Agreement
Deepening climate cooperation within the BRICS
On South-South cooperation, increase official aid to some
developing countries and least developed countries
Continue to promote international climate cooperation on the G20
platform and promote the further implementation of the Paris Climate
Agreement
Innovate cooperation models and strengthen cooperation at the non-
governmental level and civil society level

29. domestic
level
Accelerate the improvement of China's
carbon market
Establish a diversified financial innovation
system and increase financing support for
low-carbon industries and enterprises
Markets and governments do their part to
remove obstacles
1
2
3

30. The pace of climate change will not slow down as
global climate governance or the process of global
governance is blocked. The future global climate
governance or future globalization is still a spiral
upward trend. Low-carbon emissions and low-carbon
development are the general directions of the world.
The rise of China's economy and its high sensitivity to
the external environment have transformed China from
a recipient of the global governance system to a
system improver or even a reformer.
Epilogue

31. End