ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

1. S.S.A.S.I.T, SURAT GTU
PrePared by:-
Miss. Khushbu K.
shah
asst. Prof
s.s.a.s.i.t, surat1

2. RESOURCES
Any thing, which isuseful man, or can betransformed
into auseful product or can beused to produceauseful
thing, can bereferred as‘resources’.
Example: rocks, minerals, soil, rivers, plants& animal.

3. NATURAL RESOUCES
Materialsthat comefrom theEarth.
Something useful for humansneed to survive.
• Thoseresourcesthat aredrawn directly from the
natureand used without modificationsarecalled
Natural Resources.
E.g.: air, water, mineralsetc.
3

4. Classification of Natural Resources
• Based on Origin
1. Biotic Resources
• Resourcesobtained from thebiosphere
• Examples: Animals, Birds, Fish
• Coal and petroleum arealso considered biotic resourcesbecausethey
wereformed from decayed organic matter
1. Abiotic Resources
• Compriseof non-living things
• Examples: land, water, air, gold, iron, copper, silver
4

5. • Based on Stage of Development:
1. Potential Resources
• Resources which exist in a region and may be used in the
future.
• Example: Mineral oil that exist in many parts of India is
considered potential resources until it is drilled out and put
into use.
1. Actual Resources
• Resources which have been surveyed, their quantity and
quality determined and arebeing used in present times.
• Examples: The petroleum and the natural gas which is
obtained from theBombay High Fields.
5

6. • Based on Renewability:
1. RenewableResources
• Resourceswhich can bereplenished or reproduced easily
• Examples: sunlight, air, wind (continuously availableand
not affected by human consumption)
1. Non-renewableResources
• Thesecannot bereplenished oncethey get depleted.
• Only metallic mineralscan bere-used by recycling.
• Otherscannot berecycled.
• Examples: Minerals, fossils, coalsand petroleum.
6

8. RENEWABLE RESOURCES
• Renewable resources are natural
resources that can be replenished in a
short period of time.
● Solar ● Geothermal
● Wind ● Biomass
● Water
8

9. Examples
of
Renewable
Resources9

10. 1. Solar power
Solar power is the technology of obtaining usable energy from
the light of the sun. Solar energy has been used in many traditional
technologies for centuries and has come into widespread use where
other power supplies are absent, such as in remote locations and in
space.10

11. 1. Solar Energy
Refersto energy that iscollected from sunlight.
It can beapplied in many ways, including:
 To generateelectricity using photovoltaic solar cells
 To generateelectricity using concentrated solar power
 To generate electricity by heating trapped air which rotates
turbinesin aSolar updraft tower
 Heat buildings, directly, through passivesolar design
 Heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens
 Heat and cool air through useof solar chimneys
11

12. 2. Wind Power
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into
more useful forms, usually electricity using wind
turbines.
Wind power is used in large scale wind farms for
national electrical grids as well as in small individual
turbines for providing electricity to rural residences or
grid-isolated locations.
12

13. 3. Hydroelectric power/Wavepower
Hydropower or hydraulic power is the force or energy of
moving water. It may becaptured for someuseful purpose.
Hydropower was used for irrigation, and operation of various
machines, such aswatermills, textilemachines, and sawmills.
Undershot water wheels on the
Orontes River in Hama, Syria
A watermill in Belgium.Saint Anthony Falls
13

14. 4. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy isenergy obtained by tapping theheat of
theearth itself, usually from kilometresdeep into theEarth's
crust.
Thisenergy derivesfrom radioactivedecay of elementslike
uranium and thorium in theEarth'score. Thismeansthat
geothermal energy it isnot areally arenewablesourceof energy
at all; it just happensto beavery long-lived source.
Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland
14

15. NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
A nonrenewableresourceisanatural resourcethat cannot be
re-madeor re-grown at ascalecomparableto its
consumption.15

16. Examples
of
Non-Renewable
Resources16

17. NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear fission usesuranium
to createenergy.
Nuclear energy isa
nonrenewableresource
becauseoncetheuranium is
used, it isgone!
17

18. COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS
Coal, petroleum, and natural gas
areconsidered nonrenewable
becausethey can not be
replenished in ashort period of
time. Thesearecalled fossil
fuels.18

19. 1. Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are hydrocarbons found within
the top layer of the earth’s crust. They range from very
volatile materials with low carbon: hydrogen ratios like
methane, to liquid petroleum to non-volatile materials
composed of almost purecarbon, likeanthracitecoal.
Often fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas
are considered non-renewable resources, as they do not
naturally re-form at a rate that makes the way we use them
sustainable.19

20. Coal
• Black or blackish mineral substances formed
from the compaction of ancient plant matter in
tropical swamp conditions.
• Used asfuel and in chemical industry
20

21. HOW COAL IS MADE ???
21

22. Petroleum
• Natural mineral oil, a thick greenish-brown flammable
liquid found underground in permeablerocks.
• Consists of hydrocarbon mixed with oxygen, sulphur,
nitrogen and other elementsin varying proportions.
• Formed from the remains of marine plant and animal life
which existed many millionsof yearsago.
22

23. HOW OIL AND GAS ARE MADE ???
23

24. 2. Mineral resources
One of the major kinds of non-renewable resources.
Mineral resourcesarenot uniform throughout theearth.
Wyoming coal mine. Coal, along with many other resources is
harvested at a vastly unsustainable rate.
A temporary oil drilling rig in Western Australia
24

25. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
Conservation of Water
Conservation of Soil
Conservation of Energy
25

26. Conservation of Water
Conservation of water are essential for the survival of
mankind, plants and animals. This can be achieved by
adopting thefollowing methods:
Constructing dams and reservoirs to regulate supply of
water to the fields, as well as to enable generating
hydroelectricity.
 Sewage should be treated and only the clear water
should bereleased into therivers.
26

27. 27
 Industrial wastes (effluents) should be treated to prevent
chemical and thermal pollution of fresh water.
 Judicioususeof water in our day-to-day life.
 Rainwater harvesting should be done by storing
rainwater and recharging groundwater.

28. Conservation of Soil
Soil conservation means checking soil erosion and
improving soil fertility by adopting variousmethods. Let
usknow someof thesemethods.
Maintenance of soil fertility: The fertility can be
maintained by adding manure and fertilizers regularly as
well asby rotation of crop.
Make compost from your kitchen waste and use it for
your kitchen-garden.
28

29. 29
 Reforestation: Planting of trees and vegetation reduces
soil erosion by both water and wind.
 Do not irrigatetheplants using astrong flow of water as
it would wash off thesoil.
 Better usesprinkling irrigation.

30. Conservation of Energy
At Home:
We should not keep lights unnecessarily switched
on.
Reduce the energy your appliances consume by
analysing star ratings.
Use solar cooker for cooking, which will make the
food more nutritious and will save your LPG
expenses..
30

31. 31
At Public Places:
Switch off the fans and lights in the places like bus
terminal and railway stationswhen not necessary.
Drive less, make fewer trips and use public
transportationswhenever possible.
Big Hoardings, lightened up for the whole evening
and nights are other wastage of power which can be
and should beavoided.

32. CONSERVNATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
• Use the natural resources wisely and not contribute
pollution of theland, air or water.
• 3 R’s
• Reduce
• Reuse
• Recycle
32

33. CONSERVNATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
Reduce: Don’t use a resource if there is an alternative
(walking vs. driving)
Reuse: Use a resource again without changing it or
reprocessing it: Useglasswareasopposed to paper plates.
Recycle: Reprocess a resource so that the materials can be
used in another item.
33

34. DESTRUCTION OF
NATURAL
RESOURCES
34

35. Resource destruction is the consumption of a resource
faster than it can bereplenished.
Over a period of time, many of our natural resources are
being depleted. Many activities of human society are
responsiblefor thisdegradation of theenvironment.
Agricultural practises such as indiscriminate use
of fertilizersand pesticidescontaminatethesoil.
35

36. 36
 Urbanisation, overpopulation, increase in use of carbon
monoxide producing automobiles, deforestation,
deterioration of water resources are all factors
contributing to thisdestruction.
 Destruction of natural resources refers to the exhaustion
of raw materials within a region. Our resources are
getting destruct at a faster ratethan they are produced or
renewed by nature.

37. SR
NO
NATURAL
RESOURCES
CAUSE OF
DESTRUCTION
POSSIBLE
CONSERVATION
1
Agricultural land
Expansion of
city,Industrialisation
Afforestation,reducing soil
erosion
2 Forest resources
Infrastructures,requirem
ent of timber,medicines
etc
Afforestation,public
awareness,developing
national park
3
Surface and
ground water
Excessive use of
water,Contamination of
water
Rain water
harvesting,drip &
sprinkler irrigation,check
dams,disposal of waste
water
4 Fossil fuels Over use
Use alternative
source,limited use37

38. 38