ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

1. S.S.A.S.I.T, SURAT GTU

2. INTRODUCTION
• Building construction is an ancient human activity. It began
with the purely functional need for a controlled environment to
moderate the effects of climate. Constructed shelters were
one means by which human beings were able to adapt
themselves to a wide variety of climates and become a global
species.
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3. The history of civil construction was began from the period
of Primitive human.
From the protection against cold,
rain, heat, etc they made “cave” as
their shelter.
But that was not enough, cave
didn’t remained safe for long, so
huts from the straws and
leaves…..evolution goes on…!
But for better comfort, civil
construction got evolved and still
evolving…
Today, we have every comfort and facility, but we have to face
the future upcoming challenges as the shortage of land, etc
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4. CLASSIFICATION OF
BUILDINGS
❖ Building are Classified as follows :
i. Based on
Occupancy
ii. Based on
Structure
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5. BASED
ON
OCCUPANCY
Residential
Buildings
Educational
Buildings
Institutional
Buildings
Assembly
Buildings
Business
Buildings
Mercantile
Buildings
Industrial
Buildings
Storage
Buildings
Hazardous
Buildings
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9. Load Bearing
Structure
Framed Structure
Composite
Structure
BASED ON STRUCTURE
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10. LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE
 It is a structure comprising
of Slabs, Beams and Load
Bearing walls.
 Such type of structures are
most suited where Hard
Strata of soil is available at
shallow depth.
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11. Brick foundation needs larger
foundation area w.r.t. RCC
framed structure, because
load bearing capacity of brick
is much less than that of RCC.
Most of residential buildings
are small in size and are up to
Three Storey are constructed
as load bearing structures.
Load from slab/roof or trusses and floors are transmitted
through walls to the subsoil below ground through their
foundations.
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13. FRAMED STRUCTURE
• It is a structure
comprising of Slabs
resting on beams and
Beams are supported
by a network of
Columns.
• The frame structure can
be of Concrete , Steel
or of Wood.
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14.  Loads from the slabs are transferred to the beams and beams rest
over columns and whole load of the structure is transferred to the
subsoil below the ground through columns and their footings.
 Here, walls just act like partitions
and none of them bears load.
 R.C.C is the most suitable material
to withstand external loads like
compressive ,tensile ,torsion and
shear along with moment, so all
framed structures are constructed
with R.C.C .
 Generally all multi stored buildings
or high-rise buildings are
constructed as framed structure.
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17. COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
• The structure constructed with
combination of both load
bearing as well as framed
structure is called composite
structure.
• In this type of structure external
walls are treated as load bearing
walls and all intermediate
supports are in the form of
R.C.C. columns.
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18. • Here the load of slabs is transmitted to the
subsoil below the ground by load bearing walls
and columns through foundations.
• Composite structures are preferred for buildings
having large spans such as workshops , halls ,
large factories shed , go downs etc.
• They been very remarkable for Huge or Tall
buildings around the world.
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19. LOAD
Dead Load
Live Load Snow Load
Rain Load
Wind Load Earthquake Load
Anything which exerts pressure or thrust on a structure is
termed as Load. 19

20. • It is permanent ,
immovable and
nontransferable load of
structure.
Dead Load
•Walls , floors , roofs,
partitions , ceilings , water
tanks and weights of all
other permanent
constructions or structures
and fixtures are included
in dead load.
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21. NO Material/structure Unit weight
1 Wall : brick masonry
10 cm thick
20 cm thick
30 cm thick
2 Roof :G.I sheet 0.5 mm thick
1.63 mm thick
A.C sheet
3 Slab R.C.C
4 PCC (plain cement concrete )
5 Mangalore tiles
6 Clay
7 Sand
8 Fresh water
9 Steel
10 Cement
11 Timber
12 Bricks
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22. Live Load
• It is movable, temporary and transferable
load on the floor and hence it is variable.
• Weight of everything
superimposed on, or
temporarily attached to, a
structure (people, machinery
and equipment, furniture,
appliances, etc.) but Not that
of the material utilized in its
construction or of anything
permanently attached to it.
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23. No. Type of floor
1 Dwelling house, hospitals ,
hostels
200
2 Office ,light work room 250-400
3 Bank, office, reading room 300
4 Shops, classrooms,
assembly halls,
restaurants, power station
400
5 Warehouse, workshop,
factory, store room ,
dancehall
500-1000
6 Light garage 250-400
7 Heavy garage 750
8 Stairs 300-500
9 Balcony 300-500
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24. Number of floors carried by
member (column,
foundation, wall etc.)
Total L.L on all floors above the member
1 100%
2 90%
3 80%
4 70%
5 60%
6 or more 50%
For multi-storeyed buildings, live loads are considered in
designing columns, walls, and foundations depend upon number
of floors.
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26. Snow Load
•Snow loads are prevalent in northern and/or mountainous
regions all over the world.
•It actually acts on Roof. It depends
upon the Shape of the roof & it’s
Capacity to retain the snow.
•Load of Snow maybe taken as 2.5
kg/m^2 per Centimetre depth of
Snow.
•It can be neglected if slopes greater
than 50 ° angle.
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27. •It actually acts on Roofs whose positioning, shape and
drainage system are such that they accumulate rain water.
Rain Load
•Thus, due to accumulation of rain
water, load due to it is called Rain
Load.
•The Rain loads and Live loads
for the Roofs shall be considered
separately.
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28. Earthquake Load
•The random Earthquake causes shaking of the ground,
which causes the whole structure to vibrate. It can be
resolved in any three mutually perpendicular directions.
•The prominent direction of
Ground vibrations is usually in
Horizontal directions.
•Although, it may get damaged
but would not collapse until
earthquake is of beyond the
limit.
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29. Building Construction
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35. Types of Foundation
Shallow Deep
Pile Pier Well or Caissons
Spread footing Strap footing Combined footing Mat footing
For walls for columns Rectangular Trapezoidal
Simple Stepped Grillage Single Stepped Sloped
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53. Types of Doors
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54. Types of Doors
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55. Types of Doors
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56. Types of Doors
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59. Types of Windows
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60. Types of Windows
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61. Types of Windows
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62. Types of Windows
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63. Types of Windows
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66. Stair Components
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