This document describes four main construction methods used in modern high-rise buildings to resist wind loads and earthquakes: 1) Base isolation introduces flexibility to the building by placing it on frictionless supports to isolate it from ground shaking. 2) Seismic dampers absorb seismic energy through devices like viscous dampers installed in the structure. 3) Exterior super-frames form a tubular structure on the outside of very tall buildings up to 160 floors to resist wind forces. 4) Tube systems design the building structure like a hollow tube to resist lateral loads through closely spaced exterior columns connected by deep beams.

1. DESCRIBT THE
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
TO RISIST WIND LOAD AND
EARTHQUAKE ACTION IN
HIGH-RISE BUILDING

2. CONSTRUCTION METHODS TO RESIST
THOSE PROBLEMS
 We have many methods to resist wind loads
and earthquake action. Some methods are
used in thousands of buildings since 19th
century until now. Now, we will show to all of
you 4 mainly constructional methods which
play a vital role in modern building to resist
wind and earthquake affects. They are Base
Isolation, Seismic Dampers, Exteriors
Structure( Super-frames), and Tube System.

3. BASE ISOLATION
What is Base Isolation?
 Base Isolation is one of the useful method used
wildly in the world. The concept of Base Isolation
is explained through an example building resting
on friction less rollers. When the ground shakes,
the rollers freely roll, but the building above does
not move. Thus, no force is transferred to the
building due to shaking of the ground. The main
feature of the Base Isolation Technology is that it

4. introduces flexibility in the structure. As a result,
reinforced concrete building becomes extremely
flexible. A careful study is required to identify
the most suitable type of device for a particular
building. Also, Base Isolation is not suitable for
all buildings. Most suitable candidates for Base
Isolation are low to medium- rise buildings
rested on hard soil underneath; high-rise
buildings or buildings on soft soil are not
suitable for Base Isolation.

6. SEISMIC DAMPERS
Another approach for controlling Seismic
Damage in buildings and improving their seismic
performance is by installing seismic dampers in
place of structural elements, such as diagonal
braces. These dampers act like the hydraulic
shock absorbers in cars. When seismic energy is
transmitted through them, dampers absorb part
of it, and thus damp the motion of the building.
Dampers were used since 1960s to protect tall
buildings against wind effects. However, it was
only since 1990s to protect tall buildings against
earthquake effects.

7. Commonly used types of Seismic Dampers
include Viscous Dampers, Friction Dampers,
and Yielding Dampers.

8. EXTERIOR STRUCTURES
SUPER-FRAME
• Super-frame structures can create ultra high-rise
buildings up to 160 floors.
• Super-frames or Mega-frames assume the form of a
portal which is provided on the exterior of a building.
• The frames resist all wind forces as an exterior
tubular structure.
• The portal frame of the Super-frame is composed of
vertical legs in each corner of the building which are
linked by horizontal elements at about every 12 to 14
floors.
• Since the vertical elements are concentrated in the
corner areas of the building, maximum efficiency is
obtained for resisting wind forces.

9. TUBE SYSTEM
• The tube system concept is based on the idea that a building
can be designed to resist lateral loads by designing it as a
hollow cantilever perpendicular to the ground. In the
simplest incarnation of the tube, the perimeter of the exterior
consists of closely spaced columns that are tied together with
deep spandrel beams through moment connections. This
assembly of columns and beams forms a rigid frame that
amounts to a dense and strong structural wall along the
exterior of the building.
• The different tubular systems are: frame tube, braced tube,
bundled tube and tube in tube. And, Petronas twin tower has
‘tube in tube’ structural system.