The maxilla is the second largest bone of the face that forms the upper jaw. It has a pyramidal shape with a body and four processes. It encloses the maxillary sinus and contains teeth. Unerupted and impacted teeth can occur due to various local and systemic factors. Impacted third molars and maxillary teeth are most common. Surgical removal requires careful planning including imaging and flap design. Complications may occur during surgery or postoperatively. Displaced teeth may require additional procedures like exposure through the maxillary sinus or removal from the buccal space.

1. BY: KARISHMA ASHOK
[IV/I ] ROLL NO: 33

2.  2nd largest bone of face
 2 maxillae forms whole of upper jaw
 Each maxilla contributes in formation of –
1. Face
2. Nose
3. Mouth
4. Orbit
5. Infratemporal fossa
6. Pterygopalatine fossa

3.  Shape – pyramidal
 Each maxilla has –
1. A body
2. 4 processes – frontal
zygomatic
alveolar
palatine
 It has –
1. Base – directed medially at nasal surface
2. Apex - directed laterally at zygomatic process
3. 4 surfaces – anterior / facial
posterior / infratemporal
medial / nasal
superior / orbital
Encloses a cavity – maxillary sinus

4.  Unerupted teeth: tooth in the process of
eruption & is likely to erupt.
 Impacted teeth: that has failed to erupt
completely or partially to its correct position in
the dental arch &its eruption potential is lost.
 More common in females than males, in maxilla
than in mandible and on right side than left.

5.  mandibular 3rd molars
 maxillary 3rd molars
 maxillary cuspid
 mandibular bicuspids
 Maxillary bicuspids
 Mandibular canine
 maxillary central and lateral incisors

6. Local causes:
1. Density of overlying bone
2. Lack of space due to undedeveloped jaws
3. Obstruction-
a. Over-retained deciduous tooth
b. Thick fibrous alveolar mucosa
c. Cyst/tumors
4. Dialceration
5. Ectopic tooth eruption

7. Systemic causes:
1. Pre-natal: heredity
2. Post-natal: factors that interfer with
development-
a. Rickets
b. Malnutrition
c. anaemia
3. Rare conditions:
a. Cleft lip
b. osteoporosis

8. Infection
Caries
Periodontal diseases
Dentigerous cyst
External resorption
Prophylactic removal

9.  Pericoronitis was found to
be common in vertical
(23.0%) followed by
mesioangular (15.0%),
distoangular(8.0%) and
horizontal
angulatio(3.0%).
 Common in females than
males
 Streptococcus Viridans is
the most common
facultative isolate.

10. Markedly red, swollen
suppurating lesion
Marked tenderness
toxic systemic complications -
fever, leukocytosis and
malaise.

11. Teeth which can be used as abutments of
FPD
Age (Longer recovery periods
Difficult - more densely calcified bone
Bone removal more due to reduced PDL
space
Longer healing time )
Medical history
Deeply impacted teeth; in relation with vital
structures (vessels, sinus)

12.  Based on nature of overlying tissue
o Soft tissue
o Hard tissue
SIGNIFICANCE - Each
type of impaction has
some definite path of
withdrawal of
the teeth.

13.  Winter’s classification:

15.  Pell & Gregory’s classification
1. Relationship with occlusal plane

16. Sinus approximation

17. o General
 Systemic disorders
 Radiation therapy
 Age
 Extra oral:
 Signs of swelling & redness of the cheek.
 Lymph node - enlargment & tenderness.
 Anesthesia or paraesthesia of lower lip.
 Intra oral:
 State of eruption of tooth, signs of pericoronitis
 Condition of 1st & 2nd molars
 Elasticity of oral tissues

18.  INTRA ORAL RADIOGRAPHS
 IOPA
 Occlusal
 EXTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHS
 OPG
 Lateral cephalometric
 DIGITAL IMAGING
 CT
 CBCT
 LOCALIZATION TECHNIQUES:
 -Buccal object rule (SLOB)
 -CBCT(3D)

20. 1. Anasthetic syringe and catridges
2. Mouth mirror
3. Tissue forceps ; retractors
4. Curved scalpel
5. Periosteal elevators
6. Burs ; bone files
7. Chisels ; rongeurs
8. Irrigation syringe
9. Forceps
10. Elevators
11. Suture material ; needle holder
12. Hemostats

22. 1. Anasthesia
2. Incision and flap
3. Bone removal
4. Sectioning
5. Elevation
6. Tooth removal
7. Wound toilet and
closure

23. Flap


24. Bone removal
To remove the bone obstructing the pathway for
removal of the impacted tooth.
Bone should be removed till we reach below the
height of contour, where we can apply the
elevator.

25. Tooth sectioning
Rationale of tooth sectioning is to create a space
into which impacted tooth can be displaced & then
removed.
Impacted maxillary teeth are rarely sectioned,
because the overlying bone is relatively thin &
elastic.
Also, in no case should a chisel be used, for it may
cause displacement of tooth in the sinus.
Sectioning when done, is done at the cervical
line.

26. Periapical curettage.
Smoothening of sharp bony margins by Bone file / burs.
Thorough irrigation of the socket with Betadine solution
+ Saline .
Suturing

29. • Amount of space available in
dental arch for impacted canine is
assessed in model.
Study model
analysis
• Gives clue of position of impacted
tooth.
Morphology of
adjacent tooth
• Canine bulge present buccally or
palatally.
Contours of
adjacent
alveolar bone
• Root resorption.
Mobility of
adjacent tooth

30. Age of patient
Suitability of 1st premolar to replace a permanent canine
Patient motivation for orthodontic applainces
General dental health and oral hygiene
Radiographic position of canine
Availability of space

31. monitoring
Interceptive
removal
Surgical exposure
with orthodontic
traction
autotransplantation
Surgical
removal

32. canine is located buccally-Angulated flap
canine is high & buccally –Semilunar flap

33. Labial
impaction
Initial orthodontic treatment was
aimed at creating space in the
maxillary arch with fixed appliance
therapy.
Surgical exposure and orthodontic
traction.

34. Flap is elevated
Attachment placed on impacted
tooth
Ligature or chain placed over the
attachment to activate after a
week
Raised flap is repositioned in its
original location
Permit eruption of impacted
canine in normal direction

35. 1. During incision
a. Injury to facial artery
b. Injury to lingual nerve
2. During bone removal
a. Damage to second molar
b. Slipping of bur- soft tissue injury
c. Extra oral/ mucosal burns
d. Fracture of the mandible when using chisel &
mallet
e. Subcutaneous emphysema

36. 3. During elevation or tooth removal
a. Luxation of neighbouring tooth/ fractured
restoration
b. Soft tissue injury due to slipping of elevator
c. Forcing tooth root INTO MAXILAARY
SINUS or BUCCAL SPACE
d. Breakage of instruments

37.  Immediate
- Hemorrhage
- Pain
- Edema
- Drug reaction
 Delayed
- Alveolitis
- Infection

38. patient complains of mild pain
and heaviness in the left
maxillary sinus area and the
left maxillary sinus was tender
on palpation. maxillary sinus
was exposed through a
Caldwell-Luc approach. The
sinus was irrigated with sterile
saline solution under pressure
and the tooth was removed
only by negative pressure of
the suction pump

39. CT image of the case
depicting the displaced tooth
between the buccinator and
masseter muscle in the
buccal space..
3D CT image of the displaced
maxillary third molar seen as
localized obliquely in front of the
anterior border of the ramus of the
mandible in the buccopalatine
direction.