Surveying techniques have a long history dating back to ancient Egypt in 3000 BC. Precise surveying was important for projects like the Great Pyramids of Giza. In later centuries, surveying was critical for territorial expansion in countries like India and America. Modern surveying methods increasingly utilize electronic devices like total stations, GPS, mobile mapping, and airborne laser scanning to gather precise geographic data.

2. History Of Survey
• Surveying techniques have existed throughout much of
recorded history. In ancient Egypt, when the Nile
River overflowed its banks were re-established by a rope
stretcher, the application of simple geometry(3000BC). The
nearly perfect squareness and north-south orientation of
the Great Pyramid of Giza, built in 2700 BC, affirm the
Egyptians' command of surveying.
• In India recorded survey was found “Indus valley civilization”
in 2500 BC.

3. Sculpture of Egyptian Survey

4. • In America’s formative years men such as George Washington
were surveyors before they became better known for their
political and intellectual skills.
• Only one of these 4 presidents was not a land surveyor.

5. INDIAN SURVEY HISTORY
• The Great Trigonometry Survey was started by British surveyor Col.
William Lambton in 10th
April 1802. It was started from Chennai to
foothills of Himalayas. To measure 12 K.M. base line distance it took
57 days time. 36 inch huge ½ ton weight Theodolite was used to
measure. This 5 decade project was completed under Survey
General Lt George Everest in the year 1852. Surveyor Radhanath
Sikdar measured Mount Everest height in 1852. (29002 feet). Now
it 29037ft.
• The GTS was not the first survey of the country. Lord Robert Clive of
the East India Company had raised a mapping agency, which later
became the Survey of India, and commissioned the Bengal Surveys
as early as 1767 under Major James Rennel. This is regarded as the
beginning of systematic topographical mapping in India and the
founding of one of the oldest survey and mapping agencies in the
world.

6. 36 INCH THEODOLITE USED BY WILLIAM LAMBTON
IN 1802 DURING GTS SURVEY

8. A German Engineer surveying during the first world
war, 1918

13. Digital Level LaserLevel
o Leveling for long distance, Curvature and Refraction
corrections are required
o Curvature correction- 0.0785 D (distance in KM) sqr .(Taken
the diameter of the earth as 12742 k.M.)
o Refraction correction- 0.0112 D sqr
o Combined Correction:- 0.073 D sqr in mtr.
o Combined correction for 500 mtr distance.
o (500 X 0.0673)/1000 =0.017 m.

17. Electronic Distance MeasurementElectronic Distance Measurement
(EDM )instrument(EDM )instrument

18. Total Station
A combination of Theodolite and EDM machine is called Total Station

19. Angle Measuring Device
Distance measuring Device
Microprocessor
Data Collector
Data Storage
Battery
Reflector

20.  - Control Survey (Total station Traverse for Ground Control Points).
 - Detail Survey – Picking of ground features with or with out prism.
 - Remote Distance Measurements (RDM)
 - Fixing of Missing Pillars / Setting out / Stake out
 - Resection
 - Area Calculation .
 - Remote Elevation measurement (REM)
 - Curve Layout
 - Cut & Fill with Volume Calculation .

21. WINDOW OS TOTAL STATION

22. ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION

23. 3D SCAN STATION

25. SMART STATION
A Combination of Total Station & GPS is called Smart Station

26. Laser Rangefinder:
A laser rangefinder is a device which uses a laser beam to
determine the distance to an object.

27. Ground Penetration Radar (GPR)

28. Representation of a pointRepresentation of a point
Horizontal : EllipsoidHorizontal : Ellipsoid
Vertical : GeoidVertical : Geoid

32. HORIZONTAL DATUM
- Physical surface of Earth is an Irregular Surface.
- It is not suitable for Mathematical Calculation
- Hence, a suitable Regular Mathematical Surface is conceived by
Geodesists which closely fit the Earth Surface
- WGS-84 is a Geocentric Ellipsoid, which is accepted universally.
- Everest Ellipsoid is a local datum which is taken as a Horizontal
datum for Horizontal Control in India & Adjacent countries
except China.

33. Representation of a pointRepresentation of a point
Horizontal : EllipsoidHorizontal : Ellipsoid
Vertical : GeoidVertical : Geoid

34. Official Ellipsoids Equatorial
Name Date Radius a (metres) Radius b (metres) Polar Flattening
WGS 84 1984 6,378,137 6,356,752.3 1/298.257
GRS 80* 1980 ,, ,, ,,
WGS 72 1972 6,378,135 6,356,750.5 1/298.26
Australian 1965 6,378,160 6,356,774.7 1/298.25
Krasovsky 1940 6,378,245 6,356,863 1/298.3
Internat’l 1924 6,378,388 6,356,911.9 1/297
Clarke 1880 6,378.249.1 6,356,514.9 1/293.46
Clarke 1866 6,378,206.4 6,356,583.8 1/294.98
Bessel 1841 6,377,397.2 6,356,079.0 1/299.15
Airy 1830 6,377,563.4 6,356,256.9 1/299.32
Everest 1830 6,377,276.3 6,356,075.4
1/300.8

35. Relationships between the earth's surface, the geoid
and a reference ellipsoid

36.  A vertical datum is used for measuring the elevations of points on the
Earth's surface. Vertical datums are either tidal, based on sea levels,
gravimetric, based on a geoid, or geodetic, based on the same ellipsoid
modelsof theearth used for computing horizontal datums.
 In common usage, elevations are often cited in height above mean sea
level; this is a widely used tidal datum. Mean Sea Level (MSL) is a tidal
datum which is described as the arithmetic mean of the hourly water
elevation taken over aspecific yearscycle.

37. HEIGHT OFHEIGHT OF
BED PLATEBED PLATE
ABOVE ZEROABOVE ZERO
OF TIDEOF TIDE
GAUGEGAUGE
WAVEWAVE
NEW GENERATION WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT SYSTEMNEW GENERATION WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
BENCH MARKBENCH MARK
HEIGHT OF BENCH MARKHEIGHT OF BENCH MARK
ABOVE TIDE GAUGE ZEROABOVE TIDE GAUGE ZERO
LOW WATERLOW WATER
HIGH WATERHIGH WATER
MEAN SEA LEVELMEAN SEA LEVEL
HEIGHT OF BENCHHEIGHT OF BENCH
MARK ABOVE MEANMARK ABOVE MEAN
SEA LEVELSEA LEVEL
BEDPLATEBEDPLATE
ZERO OF PRESSURE SENSORZERO OF PRESSURE SENSOR
PRESSURE SENSOR TIDEPRESSURE SENSOR TIDE
GAUGEGAUGE
FLOAT TYPE TIDEFLOAT TYPE TIDE
GAUGEGAUGE
STILLING WELLSTILLING WELL

38. PROJECTION
• Transformation of Three Dimensional Space
onto a two dimensional map
• A systematic arrangement of intersecting lines
on a plane that represent and have a one to one
correspondence to the meridians and parallels
on the datum surface

39. UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM)
• UTM is a Geodetic Coordinate System, which was
developed in 1940, based on ellipsoid model of
Earth. World Geodetic System WGS-84 is
established in 1984 (last revised in 2004)
• The earth between latitudes 84° N and 80° S, is
divided into 60, 6° wide.
• Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS)
• Defined above 84 degrees north latitude and 80
degree south

41. WHAT IS GPS ?
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite
navigation system that provides location and time information in all
weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The GPS
project was developed in 1973 and It became fully operational in 1994.
GPS was created and organized by the U.S. Department of Defense
and was originally run with 24 satellites.
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a combine of GPS
& Russian GLONASS(14 Satellite).China’s satellite system Compass
and The European Union's satellite system Galileo will join by 2020.
The Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) system
to be completed and implemented by 2014 with 7 navigational
satellites, then accuracy will be 7.6 mtr trough out the India. Indian first
satellite IRNSS 1A was launched on 1st
July 2013.

43. Various use of GPSVarious use of GPS

44. TYPES OF HANDHELDS (ASCENDING)
Sl. No. GPS Model Specification Price Image
1 Garmin E Tex10
way points,
Routes & Base
Map 7,500
2 Garmin E Tex20
Build in
Memory,
Color display 12,900
3
Garmin E Tex30 /
Dakota 20
Electronic
Composet
Compass,Baro
metric
Altimetor,
Autometic
Routing
15,800-
16,400

45. Sl.
No. GPS Model Specification Price
Image
4
Garmin
62SC/Rino650,
Oregon
550,78Sc
SD data card,
Color Map
Camera 28,400-35,600
5
Garmin
Rino665t,Mont
ana650t
GNSS support
Geo-chaching
Mode 42,000
6
Garmin
Monterra
Anroid mobile
phone,Multim
edia, Wi-
Fi,Bluetooth 48,000

46. HANDHELDS (SUPPORTED TO DGPS)
Sl. No. GPS Model SpecificationPrice
1
Trimble Juno
Series
DGPS
support 90,000
2
Trimble Geo
Explorer,
Mobile
Mapper
GIS
Application 4,00,000
3 YUMA 2
Tablet PC for
processing,
Rugged 6,00,000

47. DGPS
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an
enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides
improved location accuracy, from the 15-meter nominal GPS
accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations.

48. GPS Receivers
GPS Receivers
DGPS RECEIVERS

49. DGPS SURVEY MODES
• Static

50. POST PROCESSED KINEMATICS
(PPK)

51. REAL TIME KINEMATICS (RTK)

52. GPS PRICES
There are 4 Types of GPS available
Consumer (5 to 15 mtr) Rs 10,000 to Rs
50,000
Mapping (1 to 5 mtr) Rs 50,000 to Rs 1,
25,000
Sub Meter Mapping (<1 Mtr) Rs 1, 50,000
to Rs 2, 50,000
Surveying (1 cmt) Rs 5, 00,000
to Rs15,000,00.

53. MOBILE MAPPING, AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING (ALS) OR
(LIDAR) LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING
Mobile mapping is the process of collecting data from
a mobile vehicle, typically fitted with a range
of photographic, radar, laser, LiDAR or any number
of remote sensing systems. The primary output from
such systems include GIS data, digital maps,
and georeferenced images and video.

54. Mobile Mapping

55. MOBILE MAPPING

56. AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING (ALS) OR (LIDAR)
LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING

57. UNNAMED ARIEL VEHICLE (UAV)

58. DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELING
• A digital elevation model is a digital model
or 3D representation of a terrain's surface .
• Using satellite imaginaries of NRSC (PAN &
LISS-III merged product) with Survey of India
digital topographical maps (scale 1:50,000)

59. SATELLITE IMAGE