16. concrete pavement
existing structure
EPOXY COATED RE-BARS
REINFORCED CONCRETE
COMPACTED SUBGRADE
STRENGTHS:
-low maintenance
-relatively high friction surface prevents slipping
-provides a clean and easy path for visitors to walk on
-durable especially in forests with extreme climates
water resistant
!
!
WEAKNESS:
-surface is very likely to crack as years pass.
-moss growth makes it slippery
17. concrete steps
existing structure
REINFORCED CONCRETE
EPOXY COATED RE-BARS
COMPACTED SUBGRADE
The materials used are similar to concrete
pavement.
!
The measure of the stairs are different.
Stair wide are all similar, about 60cm.
Stair raise range from 20cm to 50cm.
Stair run range from 20cm to 50cm.
WEAKNESSES:
-Some stairs on site were not built according to the standard requirement.
-Some of the raise is too high or stair run is too cramped, making walking
difficult and unsafe.
!
REASON:
-It was built according to the mountain surface, causing it to go against the set
requirement.
18. Wood installed along certain parts of the pathway
acts as a boundary to separate natural and built
landscapes
!
WEAKNESS:
Not able the withstand climate
changes, such as moisture ( grow
moss) and termite attacks.
Some pathways were created based on the position
of rocks in the area. Visitors have to step
through the stones to continue their way.
STRENGTH:
Preservation of natural elements, minimal
destruction of nature
!
WEAKNESS:
Hazardous, not suitable for children and old people
19. metal railings
existing structure
Colour: brown
!
Reason: To blend in with nature. The design
principle of harmony avoids conflict with
colours between it and its surroundings.
20. Railing Measurements
!
The railings can be found along the pavement and stairs when the terrain
is steeper.
!
Connected by hex bold screws.
!
All railings share the same measurement.
Hex
Hex
Bolt
Railing Details
21. Huge space between handles:
-Visitors are able to experience the
texture of the plants.
!
-View of natural environment not
obstructed. Experience of 5 senses
emphasized.
!
!
Material:
Steel
!
Strengths:
Steel lasts longer compared to wood after painted.
Cost-efficient.
Weather resistance, strong and durable.
!
Weaknesses:
Openings too big, not safe for children
Steel rusts if lack maintenance
metal railings
existing structure
22. retaining wall
existing structure
• A short wall that spans along parts of the walkway
that are very steep
• Prevents soil erosion and landslides that could block
the pathway
23. Heights are inconsistent due to steep contour of the site
Slanted by 20-40 degrees inconsistently throughout the whole walkway
Top of the wall carved to
resemble a tree log
retaining wall details
existing structure
24. !
!
!
Material:
concrete
!
material used
existing structure
PROS
!
-Firm and steady structure that will withstand
the test of time
-Suitable for holding loose and wet soil
-Cost efficient
!
!
!
CONS
!
- Easily stained by dirt and
soil
- Plants easily grow through the
cracks that may affect the
structure
25. entranced gazebo
existing structure
It is built after the light house, the hut act as an
‘entrance’ for the journey to the beach below the hill
!
REASON:
The boards in it display information about the birds.
Visitors learn about what they are going to see before
they start walking the trail.
26. entranced gazebo
existing structure
-Equipped with information signboards
about the site
-Pitch shaped roof ease elimination of
rainwater
-Shelters visitors from rain and sunlight
!
!
-In terms of form, it is a common design
!
STRENGTHS:
Allow visitors to be sheltered from
unpleasant climate.
Durable and long-lasting
!
! WEAKNESSES:
Plain and boring design
No seats provided
27. signboards in the gazebo
existing structure
STRENGTHS:
Allow visitors to learn about the site
Reduce the plainness of the gazebo
WEAKNESS:
Lack of maintenance
Information is not updated regularly (no improvements made)
28. 2. Wood
!
• Subjected to corrosion
• Strong supporting structure
• Non-resistant to wet and fire
!
1.Zinc Roof Tile
!
• Highly resistant to corrosion
• Cheap, durable, light
!
3. Concrete column
!
• Function as supporting system
• Durable
• Resistant to corrosion
1
2
3
materiality-gazebo
existing structure
30. gazebo-roofing
existing structure
WOODEN STRUCTURE:
Strong and able to blend with
the surroundings. Connected
together by metal nails
METAL ROOF:
Shelter for visitor while
raining. Save cost and light in
weight, easy to install.
!
STRENGTHS:
Zinc roof resistant to weather
Low maintenance
Metal reflects heat and blocks its from
heating the interior
!
!
!
WEAKNESSES:
Metal nails rust easily
Zinc roof creates noisy sound when hit by rain.
Lack light penetration
Lack maintenance
31. Roof Structure Type
Material
• Timber
!
Structure
• Tri-bearing roof trusses.
!
Strength
• Span much longer distance
• Very stable and strong
• Cheap
!
Weaknesses
• Timber will rot or warp, especially
when exposed in natural environment
• Wood attracts insects invaders such as
termites
• Suffer damage from high winds or
violent weather.
32. columns-gazebo
existing structure
Concrete column painted like wood appearance
!
To synchronize with the surrounding nature
!
Create the beauty rather than a plain grey column
STRENGTH:
As a supporting structure in the same time enhance the
aesthetic of the structure.
WEAKNESS:
Bulky in size but overall acceptable
33. curved benches
existing structure
• Place for people to rest, sit and enjoy nature
!
• Located 3 M from entrance gazebo
!
• Facing the sea, enables visitors to see birds
flying from the sea
34. Curved Bench Measurements
Front Elevation Side elevation
Material: Concrete
• Strong and sturdy
• Low maintenance requirement
• Can easily withstand local weather
conditions
• Can last very long
• Cost efficient
35. Strength
!
Accessible
Placed near a place
where all visitors pass
by, easily spotted
!
Weakness
!
Damaged
Cracks and signs of
vandalism can be
found all over the
bench
Opportunity
!
Potential Hotspot
Structures can be
built here due to
high accessibility
and good view.
!
However, tall trees
blocked the view.
Threat
!
Vandalism Prone
No security to stop
hooligans from
damaging public
property
37. Wooden platform is elevated based
on terrain
The observatory deck serves as a
bird watching platform
The railing is painted yellow in
colour so that it attracts
attention from afar
Birds come from the
direction of the sea into
the forest, making it easier
to spot them
38. !
!
!
!
• It is designed without a
roof, so that visitors
will be able to watch the
birds from any direction
!
• Larger and further field
of vision
!
• A platform is created by
piercing the steel railing
deep into the soil to
strengthen the grip.
!
• Flat surface surrendered to
pathway, pushing the deck
above a slope
!
39. layout of the observatory deck
existing structure
Information
rack
Bench
STRENGTHS:
Square observatory deck maximizes space.
Information rack placed in front,convenient to read.
Bench located at the back to not block the other visitors who are observing the birds.
!
WEAKNESSES:
No rain shelter for visitors
Poor maintenance: Information rack vandalised and abandoned
Rusted steel and softened wood jeopardizes visitor safety
!
42. picnic tables
existing structure
MATERIALS:
Wood, steel, nuts and bolts
!
NUTS AND BOLTS:
Made of medium carbon steel
Balanced ductility
Good wear resistance
But rusts rather quickly
Bolts
Screws
Wooden Panel
STRENGTHS:
Strong timber panels which blends in with nature.
Steel can withstand a huge amount of weight.
!
WEAKNESSES:
Color on panels wear off
the wood panels are not secure due to rusty nuts and bolts
44. materiality-picnic tables
existing structure
Wood
Metal
Concrete
!
!
WOOD
• Cheap and easy to attain.
• Wood protectant protects it
from cracking, warping, or
rotting due to moisture.
• The table-top and bench-top
boards are attached to the
trusses or beams using
screws or nails.
!
!
METAL
• Heavy, durable and
require little
maintenance.
• Stable, strong.
• Painted to avoid
rusting.
!
CONCRETE
• Sets the benches in
place.
45. colour selection
!
REDDISH-BROWN
• Nature and down-to-earth color signifying
stability, structure and support.
• Encourages a strong need for security and a
sense of belonging, with family and friends
being of utmost importance.
• Suits to the surroundings such as colour of
soil and trees. Harmonizes with nature.
YELLOW
• Evokes a warming effect, arouses
cheerfulness
• Strengthens relationship between family and
friends
• Stimulates mental activity and energy (able
to continue journey after an exhausting
hiking).
46. beach gazebo
existing structure
• A structure designed for visitors to rest and
enjoy the view of the beach.
• Most of the structure were made of timber,
which absorbs less heat and blends in with
nature.
48. materials and colors
Bench
(Timber)
Base
(Concrete)
Structure
(Timber)
Deck (Timber)
Roof
(Metal)
Metal (painted blue)
• Able to withstand tough weather conditions.
• Reflects sunlight. (absorbs less heat)
• In correllance with the blue sea
!
Timber (brown)
• Blends in with nature.
• Less heat absorbed.
• Gives a feeling of peacefulness and harmony.
!
!
existing structure
57. 60m
meranti tembaga
( S h o r e a L e p r o s u l a )
Greyish brown bark with shallow V-shaped
fissures
!
Outer Bark
•Dull purplish brown.
•Hard and brittle
!
Inner Bark
Dull yellowish brown
!
Grows on:
⇒Flat topography
⇒Well drained soil
⇒Strongly light demanding
Sapwood
•Pale cream
•Resinous
!
Heartwood
59. meranti seraya
(Shorea Curtisii)
130ft
Giant grey or reddish-brown bark with
course fissures
!
Defined as a floristic tree
!
Tree as a crown appears greyish-green as
stand-out among other trees of forest canopy
!
Grows on:
⇒Low land/Steep land
⇒Elevation 300-800m
⇒Near sea level
61. Arang-arang
(Diospyros spp.)
80ft
Medium hardwood
!
Density: 595-1,055 kg/m3 air dry
!
Natural durability:
•lighter coloured is non durable.
•Darker coloured is durable
!
Texture: fine and even with straight to slightly
interlocked grain
!
Machining property: easy to work with to produce smooth
surface
!
Shrinkage: high, especially in the streaky material.
Radial shrinkage averages 4.7% while tangential shrinkage
averages 8.7%.
!
!
63. Penarahan
(Myristicaceae)
Straight with longitudinal fissures and dappled
bark.
!
Stilt roots enables growth at 100-2100m elevation
!
Large elliptic leaves
!
Grows on sandy soil
!
Durability:
•Adapts to rainy weather
•Non resistant to growth of fungi
•Prone to termite attack
!
Birds feed on its ripen fruits
30m
65. Bintangor
(Calophyllum)
Wood has a streaked, ribboned, or zig-zag grain.
!
Outer sapwood
Yellowish brown
!
!
Sensitive to frost and fire
!
Grows on:
⇒Sandy beaches
⇒Temperature moderated by the proximity of the
sea and by the breezes
!
Uses:
Boats
Furniture
Medicine
Massage oil
!
30m
Inner sapwood
Light reddish
67. Kelat (Syzygium spp.)
Medium hardwood
!
popularly used as an urban landscaping plant due
to its hardiness and adaptability
!
Density: 495-1,010 kg/m3 air dry.
!
Natural durability:
•Moderately durable timber
•Average service life of 3.3 years under natural Malaysian
conditions
!
Texture: moderately fine and even with interlocked,
irregular or wavy grain.
!
Shrinkage: high, with radial shrinkage averaging 1.9% and
tangential shrinkage averaging 3.3%.
!
Uses:
Structural purposes
Ships and boats
Tramways and bridges
30m
69. Karas(aquilaria malaccensis)
Straight and smooth-barked. sometimes fluted or
with thick (10 cm) buttresses up to 2 m high
!
Good smell. Contains high amount of resin
!
Provides agarwood
!
Grows on:
⇒Primary and secondary forests
⇒Grows well on sandy loams developed from
sandstone
!
6-20m
ENDANGERED SPECIES
71. Mangrove tree
(Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera)
Medium height
!
Salt tolerant trees (halophytes) adapted to live
in harsh coastal conditions
!
Adapts to low oxygen
!
Adaptation to limit water loss:
•restrict the opening of their stomata
•vary the orientation of their leaves to avoid the
harsh midday sun
!
Grows in:
Saline coastal sediment habitats
!
4-9m
72. Ashen coloured water
!
Land covered with sand
and rocks in various
sizes
!
Sea snails attached
onto rocks
beach condition analysislandscape
74. P A C I F I C S W I F T
( A p u s p a c i f i c u s )
Can be distinguished through white rump band
and heavily marked under part
!
Breeds in sheltered locations such as caves.
!
Strongly migratory
!
Call: typical swift screams but softer and
less wheezy
!
Status and threats: Not considered at risk.
75. B A R N S W A L L O W
( H i r u n d o R u s t i c a )
Most widespread species of swallow
!
Passerine bird with blue upperparts • a long
forked tail • curved, pointed wings
!
Uses man-made structures to breed
!
Feeds on insects caught in flight
!
Strongly migratory
!
Call: typical swift screams
!
Status and threats: Not considered at risk.
76. C O M M O N S A N D P I P E R
( A c t i t i s h y p o l e u c o s )
18–20 cm long with a 32–35 cm wingspan
!
greyish-brown upperparts, white underparts,
!
breeds across most
of temperate and subtropical Europe and Asia
!
Gather and stop overs at Palau in Micronesia
departs around the last week of april
!
Call: Chirp.
!
Status and threats: Not considered at risk. but
is a vulnerable species in some states of
Australia.
77. B l U E - T H R O A T E D B E E - E A T E R
( M e r o p s v i r i d i s )
Small
!
Contrasting blue throat
!
Long central tail streamer
!
Call: Described as a liquid be-rek,be-
rek; terrip-terrip. Alarm call is a sharp chip.
!
Migration: April-September. Before the arrival
of Blue-tailed Bee-eater
!
Status and threats: Nesting sites affected by
human interuption
78. B l U E - T A I L E D B E E - E A T E R
( M e r o p s p h i l i p p i n u s )
Small
!
green crown and back; yellow and rufous throat;
brown upper breast; underparts apple green.
!
Call: Described as a liquid be-rek, be-rek; or
rillip rillip rillip.
!
found in scrub, mangrove, forest, cultivated
areas and grasslands.
!
Status and threats: Blue-tailed Bee-eaters are
not considered at risk
79. C H I N E S E G O S H A W K
( A c c i p i t e r s o l o e n s i s )
30–36 cm in length
!
Female larger than the male
!
Adult has prominent black wing tips
!
Call: Vocalizes only in breeding season,
especially early on; sharp "keee-keee-keee...".
Generally silent.
!
A bird of wooded areas.
!
Status and threats: Not considered at risk
80. G R A Y F A C E B U Z Z A R D
41-46 cm in length
!
Call: Main call described as a peevish,
whistled "whick-awee" or "pik-wee".
!
Utilize rising air currents to gain altitude
and cover great distances by soaring during
migration
!
Status and threats:Not globally threatened
(Least Concern). Size and trends of populations
very poorly known.
81. B L A C K B A Z A
( A v i c e d a l e u p h o t e s )
Small raptor
!
Often seen in groups
!
Soars high in the air during the migrations.
But usually, it flies low with deep wing-beats
interspersed with short glides on almost flat
wings.
!
Call: Soft quavering, plaintive or whistling
notes. Harsh squaks when in group.
84. Cape Rachado is located in Tanjung Tuan, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
As Malaysia is located near the equator, it allows for the location to receive more sunshine.
Being close to the equator, the sun path or position does not shift much throughout the year.
On the average, Malaysia receives about 6 hours of sunshine per day. However, seasonal variations may influence the amount of
sunshine received.
!
Sun Orientation
Knowing the sun path and orientation of the site is vital to the design of the observation deck in order to control the amount
and direction of sunlight entering the space.
!
!
Sunrise & Sunset
The site receives sunlight at around 7.13 a.m. (annual average).
Most facilities are built in the area
where HIGHER/LOWER light intensity is received, as shown in the diagram below.
99. wind path
climatic studies
Direction :
South East to North West
!
Wind Speed during Site
Visit :
6.7mph -8.8mph
!
Temperature : 25- 31 Celsius
!
Slight wind can be felt at the
start of the trail from Southwest
as a result of Southwest Monsoon
!
Stronger wind can be felt at the
end part of the trail as well as
the beach because of the land
breeze from the sea.
from southwest
northeast to
southwest
100. wind path-southwest monsoon
climatic studies
Period :
April to September
!
Areas Affected :
West Coast of Peninsular
Malaysia
!
Rainfall at site will be
higher than normal time
during monsoon season.
However, the monsoon
wind at site cannot be
felt as the site is
surrounded by trees.
southwest
monsoon
wind
101. wind path-northeast monsoon
climatic studies
northeast
monsoon
wind
Period :
October to March
!
Areas Affected :
East Coast of
Peninsular Malaysia
!
The site is not
affected by this
monsoon wind as it
is surrounded with
trees. Rainfall
normal at site
105. land breeze and sea breeze
climatic studies
land breeze
sea breeze
The wind pattern near the beach is generated by the heat gain,
heat loss, and heat storage variations between land and water.
124. AIM
#1 To look / observe a site which has more positive view and
also look into the contrasting view which is the negative view.
!
!
#2 To look / observe the sites through view framing from every
angle and openings, panoramic view of the best angles and also
view of the approaching site.
127. STRENGTH
• nearest/shortest distance from
standby point
• great view for bird watching
• great panoramic view
• good light penetration
WEAKNESS
• forest reserve view more than sea view
• no proper space to view the area
site 1 -observation deck 1
views+vistas
128.
129. STRENGTH
• very thin trees (only at this area)
• sunset light penetration
• interesting backdrop
• great bird watching view
WEAKNESS
• view covered by the amount of
trees
• quite humid
• steep
site 2 -observation deck 2
views+vistas
130.
131. STRENGTH
• sound of waves can be heard
• more light penetration into this area
• thin trees which does not affect the
view from top
• shady from the sunset sun
WEAKNESS
• steep terrain which has higher
risk for trees to fall
• narrow space
site 3 -observation deck 3
views+vistas
132.
133. STRENGTH
• wide range of sea view (horizon
line)
• view of sunrise
• direct access from forest trail
WEAKNESS
• no view of sunset
• tide increases and covers up half
of the shore in the morning
site 4 -south east beach
views+vistas
134.
135. Site V & VI
- south west beach -
STRENGTH
• wide area
• interesting 180’ view
• breezy
• great sunset view
WEAKNESS
• very rocky area
• 2 tombstones on top of the hill of
the mini peninsular
• high tide covers up the shore
during the night
site 5+6-south west beach
views+vistas
142. birdwatching zoning
activities
4)OBSERVATION DECK 2-
a view of trees ahead
and above.
5)OBSERVATION DECK 3-
a view of trees and
slope.
6)ROCKY CLIFF-
a higher
viewing point
towards the
ocean.
4
5
6
143. migratory birds in cape rachado
activities
Oriental Honey
Buzzard
(from Japan)
Black Baza
(forests of South East
Asia)
Chinese Goshawk
(Southeast China)
Blur-throated Bee
Eater
(Brunei, Cambodia,
China)
145. bird watching events
activities
Yearly event: RWW (Raptor Watch Weekend)
Organised by: MNS (Malaysian Nature Society)
Months: March – early April
Turnout: 20,000 people per day
148. BEFORE OBSERVATION DECK 2
OBSERVATION DECK 3
BACKDOOR BEACH
Skinny, straight trees
Sense of verticality
Spiritual and overpowering
First sounds of sea waves
Cooling sea breeze
Small U-shaped bay
Rocks frame the sea view
149. Panoramic view of the sea
Higher up, isolated
Full sunset view
rocky zone, main beach
activities
221. TOPOGRAPHY
!
• Contours
/ coast
• Degree of
slope
• Water
level
• Soil type
!
ACTIVITY
!
• Purpose of
observation
deck
• Current
activities?
• Introduction
of new concept
