MPA 213 Summer 2022 IGPS LNU

1. Report in MPA 213
Presenter:
CHINNIE S. NICOLAS
Urbanization and
Globalization
Professor:
Dr. JOSEFINA B. BITONIO

2. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
Introduction
Over the last 50 years, the world has witnessed a dramatic
growth of its urban population, from about 29 percent of the
world’s population in 1950 to 48 per cent by 2003 and 55 per
cent by 2018. United Nations projection indicated that from
2000 to 2030, the world’s urban population will grow at an
average annual rate of 1.8 percent, nearly double the rate
expected for the total population of the world. Indeed, the
world’s urban population is expected to rise to 61 percent by
2030. Population growth will be particularly rapid in the urban
areas of so-called ‘developing world’, averaging 2.3 percent per
year during 2000–2030. The speed and scale of this growth pose
major challenges and monitoring these developments and
creating sustainable urban environments remain crucial issues
on the international development agenda.

3. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
The Meaning of Urbanization
Urbanization is a complex
socio-economic process that
transforms the built
environment, converting
formerly rural into urban
settlements, while also shifting
the spatial distribution of a
population from rural to urban
areas. It includes changes in
dominant occupations,
lifestyle, culture and behavior,
and thus alters the
demographic and social
structure of both urban and
rural areas.
Urbanization is shaped by spatial
and urban planning as well as by
public and private investments in
buildings and infrastructure.
Definitions are usually based on
criteria that may include any of
the following: size of population
in a locality, population density,
distance between built-up areas,
predominant type of economic
activity, legal or administrative
boundaries and urban
characteristics such as specific
services and facilities.

4. Take this statistical graph
published by Aaron O’neill
on February 1, 2022, at
Statista.com entitled
Urbanization in the
Philippines 2020. Here it
shows the degree of
urbanization in the
Philippines from 2010 to
2020. Urbanization also
means the share of urban
population in the total
population of a country. In
2020, 47.41 percent of the
Philippines' total
population lived in urban
areas and cities.

5. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
Linked to the problem of defining urban areas is the difficulty in identifying the population of
a given city. This is because the size of a city’s population is a function of how and where the
city’s administrative boundaries are drawn. For example, in the Philippines where Cities are
classified into three categories, namely:
1) Highly Urbanized Cities (HUCs) with a minimum population of
200,000 and latest annual income of PhP50 million;
2) Independent Component Cities (ICCs) which are those whose
charters prohibit their voters from voting for provincial elective
officials; and
3) Component Cities which do not meet the requirements for HUCs and
ICCs.
Any reclassification (e.g. changes in urban definition, city boundaries,
etc.) could change a city’s official population and the national
urbanization rate without any actual demographic change (Oberai
1987). Lack of reliable and up-to-date demographic data can also make
analyzing urbanization difficult. National censuses are usually the
principal sources, but they could be several years old. There is also a
tendency for censuses to undercount urban populations, because of a
large mobile population (Cohen 2004).

6. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
Trends in Urbanization

7. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
Trends in Urbanization

8. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
Trends in Urbanization
Part 1

9. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
Trends in Urbanization
Part 2

10. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
World Urbanization
Prospects 2018: Key Facts

11. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
World Urbanization Prospects 2018: Key Facts
• Urban growth is closely related to the three dimensions of
sustainable development: social, economic, and environmental.
Well-managed urbanization, informed by an understanding of
population trends over the long run, can help to maximize the
benefits of high levels of density while minimizing environmental
degradation and other potential adverse impacts of a growing
number of city dwellers.
• To ensure that the benefits of urbanization are shared and that
no one is left behind, policies to manage urban growth need to
ensure access to infrastructure and social services for all,
focusing on the needs of the urban poor and other vulnerable
groups for housing, education, health care, decent work and a
safe environment.
• Globally, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas, with
55 per cent of the world’s population residing in urban areas in
2018. In 1950, 30 per cent of the world’s population was urban,
and by 2050, 68 per cent of the world’s population is projected
to be urban.

12. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
World Urbanization Prospects 2018: Key Facts
• Growth in the urban population is driven by an overall
population increase and by the upward shift in the
percentage living in urban areas. Together, these two factors
are projected to add 2.5 billion to the world’s urban
population by 2050, with almost 90 per cent of this growth
happening in Asia and Africa.
• Just three countries – India, China and Nigeria –are
expected to account for 35 per cent of the growth in the
world’s urban population between 2018 and 2050. India is
projected to add 416 million urban dwellers, China 255
million and Nigeria 189 million.
• Close to half of the world’s urban dwellers reside in
settlements with fewer than 500,000 inhabitants, while
around one in eight live in 33 megacities with more than 10
million inhabitants. By 2030, the world is projected to have
43 megacities, most of them in developing regions.

13. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
World Urbanization Prospects 2018: Key Facts
• Tokyo is the world’s largest city with an agglomeration of 37
million inhabitants, followed by Delhi with 29 million,
Shanghai with 26 million, and Mexico City and São Paulo, each
with around 22 million inhabitants. Cairo, Mumbai, Beijing and
Dhaka all have close to 20 million inhabitants.
• Some cities have experienced population decline in recent
years. Most of these are located in the low-fertility countries
of Asia and Europe where overall population sizes are stagnant
or declining. Also, economic contraction and natural disasters
have contributed to population losses in some cities.
• As the world continues to urbanize, sustainable development
depends increasingly on the successful management of urban
growth, especially in low-income and lower-middle income
countries where the most rapid urbanization is expected
between now and 2050. Integrated policies to improve the
lives of both urban and rural dwellers are needed,
strengthening the linkages between urban and rural areas and
building on their existing economic, social and environmental
ties.

14. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
Components and
Causes of urbanization

15. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
Components and Causes of Urbanization
• Natural increase of urban populations results from an
excess of births over deaths in urban areas. The
balance depends on levels of fertility (affecting the
number of births) and life expectancy at birth
(affecting the number of deaths), and on the
distribution of the population by age (other things
being equal, older populations tend to experience
fewer births and more deaths).
• Migration to cities from rural areas or from abroad
contributes to urban growth whenever the number of
in-migrants exceeds the number of out-migrants.
Migrants are often younger, on average, compared to
the populations living in areas of origin or destination.
Therefore, migration tends to have an impact on the
age distributions of both the sending and receiving
populations.
• Reclassification contributes to urban growth by
enlarging the size of urban areas. When cities grow in
area, they incorporate neighboring settlements and
their populations, which were formerly classified as
rural.

16. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
The Essential Components
and Impacts of Globalization

17. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
The Essential Components of Globalization
According to Savitch (2002) the five essential components of
globalization are:
(1) new technology,
(2) the centrality of information made possible by instant
communication,
(3) an increasing trend towards the standardization of
economic and social products,
(4) growing cross-national integration, and
(5) mutual vulnerability stemming from greater
interdependence.
He identified some positive and negative implications of the
globalization process on cities – the positive impacts including
rising prosperity, the enduring importance of urban cores, and
increased democracy, while the negative implications consist
of sharpening imbalances, increased social disorder, and
greater citizen expectations.

18. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
The Impacts of Globalization
Drakakis-Smith (2000) summarized the impacts of
globalization, setting out various key arguments
around this process:
(1) that nation states are being transcended by
higher-level organizations such as supra-national
political entities and trans-national corporations;
(2) that economic integration is a driving force linking
resources from around the world into a global
network of production and marketing; and
(3) that convergence of cultures is leading to a hybrid
to a great extent dominated by Western culture.
Together with advancing communications technology,
this would appear to support the notion of a shrinking
world with intensified linkages worldwide, but
Drakakis-Smith (2000: 3) warns that the ‘process of
inclusion or access to, and exclusion from, the means
by which the world has allegedly shrunk has, in the
view of many, widened the gap between the haves and
have-nots, whether at the household or national level’.

19. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
How Do We Make
Globalization More “Just”?
According to Christine Lagarde, former President of the International Monetary Fund, “debates about trade
and access to foreign goods are as old as society itself ” and history tells us that closing borders or
protectionism policies are not the way to go, as many countries doing it have failed.
Lagarde defends we should pursue globalization policies that extend the benefits of openness and integration
while alleviating their side effects.
Globalization is deeply connected with economic systems and markets, which, on their turn, impact and are
impacted by social issues, cultural factors that are hard to overcome, regional specificities, timings of action
and collaborative networks. All of this requires, on one hand, global consensus and cooperation, and on the
other, country-specific solutions, apart from a good definition of the adjective “just”.

20. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
Bottomline on Globalization
The most visible impacts of
globalization are definitely the
ones affecting the economic
world. Globalization has led to a
sharp increase in trade and
economic exchanges, but also
to a multiplication of financial
exchanges.
Knowledge became easily shared
and international cooperation
among the brightest minds speeded
things up. According to some
analysts, globalization has also
contributed to improving global
economic conditions, creating much
economic wealth (that was,
nevertheless, unequally
distributed).

21. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
Bottomline: Urbanization and Global Development
• In 2020, some 55% of the world’s population – 4.2 billion
inhabitants – live in cities. This trend is expected to continue.
By 2050, with the urban population more than doubling its
current size, nearly 7 of 10 people in the world will live in
cities.
• With more than 80% of global GDP generated in cities,
urbanization can contribute to sustainable growth if
managed well by increasing productivity, allowing innovation
and new ideas to emerge. However, the speed and scale of
urbanization brings challenges, including meeting
accelerated demand for affordable housing, well-connected
transport systems, and other infrastructure, basic services,
as well as jobs, particularly for the nearly 1 billion urban
poor who live in informal settlements to be near
opportunities. Conflicts are on the rise, resulting in 60% of
forcibly displaced people living in urban areas.

22. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
Bottomline: Urbanization and Global Development
• Cities play an increasingly important role in tackling climate
change and also in the frontline of combating epidemics.
Cities across the globe are currently being tested to the
extreme with the COVID-19 pandemic.
• In normal times, there might be many attributes that cities
strive to compete on and excel at the global level, including
livability, competitiveness, and sustainability, but in any
given day and especially in a time of crisis, a city must
function well for its citizens.
• Building cities that “work” – inclusive, healthy, resilient, and
sustainable – requires intensive policy coordination and
investment choices. National and local governments have an
important role to play to take action now, to shape the
future of their development, and to create opportunities for
all.

23. Presenter:
HAYDEE OFIANDO
References:
• Jenkins, Paul, et. Al (2007) “Urbanization and Globalization”, Planning and Housing in the
Rapidly Urbanizing World, Routledge: London New York, Pages 9 to 34
• https://www.statista.com/statistics/455910/urbanization-in-
philippines/#:~:text=Urbanization%20in%20the%20Philippines%202020&text=Urbanizatio
n%20means%20the%20share%20of,in%20urban%20areas%20and%20cities
• https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/publications/AAG%20on%20cities_FINAL_nov%20%2028.pdf
• https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Highlights.pdf
• https://youmatter.world/en/definition/definitions-globalization-definition-benefits-effects-
examples/#:~:text=Globalization%20means%20the%20speedup%20of,and%20populations
%20around%20the%20globe
• https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview#1