Planning is the process of making decisions about goals and activities for the future. It involves determining what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who will do it. Planning is important because it helps identify goals, ensures everyone understands the goals and their roles, and allows the organization to work towards goals in an accountable, resource-efficient way and to evaluate achievements. There are different approaches to planning like top-down, bottom-up, a composite approach, and a team approach. The composite approach combines top-down and bottom-up by having top executives provide guidelines and parameters for lower managers to formulate tentative plans, which are then reviewed and approved at the top. It engages more managers in