Planning involves deciding in advance what needs to be done, when it will be done, and by whom. It is the process of selecting the best alternative to achieve predetermined goals. Planning is goal-oriented, continuous, flexible, and forward-looking. It helps reduce uncertainty, coordinate activities, guide decision-making, and encourage innovation. Effective planning involves setting objectives, developing assumptions about the future, determining alternative courses of action, selecting the best alternative, and formulating supporting plans to implement the main plan. Regular evaluation ensures plans are achieving their objectives.

1. PRESENTED BY
LEKSHMI RAJEEV

2. MEANING OF PLANNING
Planning means deciding in advance
what is to be done
when is to be done
& by whom it is to be done.

3. DEFINITION OF PLANNING
Henry Fayol defines” Planning is deciding
the best alternative among others to
perform different managerial operations in
order to achieve the predetermined goals”

4. FEATURES OF PLANNING
Goal Oriented
Every organization have goals to be
fulfilled. Planning is a means towards the
accomplished of objective.
• Primacy of Planning
Planning is the basic function of
management. Without planning, there is
nothing to organize.

5. Continuous Process
Planning is prepared for a specific
period. At the end of the period a new
plan is prepared.
• Flexibility
Plans must be flexible so as to
accommodate future changes.
• Forward Looking
Planning involves looking ahead
&preparing for the future to accomplish
objective.

6. IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING
REDUCES UNCERTAINTY
Uncertainty & changes are inevitable. Planning
cannot eliminate changes.
• HELPS IN EFFECTIVE COORDINATION
Planning determines the activities of each
departments and individuals.
• GUIDES DECISION MAKING
Planning helps in decision making by selecting the
best alternative among various alternatives.

7. ENCOURAGES INNOVATION
Since planning is deciding in advance. We have to find
better & different methods to achieve the desired result.

8. TYPES OF PLANS
GOAL
Every organisation have a goal. A goal is an end
towards which an organisation strives to achieve
the objectives.
• OBJECTIVES
Every organisation exists to achieve the objective.
Objectives are the end towards which activities are
directed.
• POLICIES
It is a statement formulated to provide guidelines
in decision making to various managers.

9. BUDGET
It is a plan which states expected results of a given
future period

10. PROCEDURE
It is a chronological sequence and the established way of
performing the work to be accomplished.
• RULE
It is a decision made by the management regarding what
is to done and what is not to be done.
• METHOD
It provide detailed and specific guidance for day to day
actions.
• PROGRAMMES
It include all the activities necessary for achieving a
given objective.

11. QUALITIES OF AN IDEAL PLAN
SIMPLICITY
Plans must be simple & easy to understand.
CLARITY
It must be in clear terms.
INCREASE IN EFFICIENCY
Planning must aim at increase in efficiency of
individuals ,group etc
BALANCE
There must be a balance between physical& human
resources.
REGULAR FEED BACK

12. STEPS IN PLANNING
SETTING THE OBJECTIVES
Plans are formulated to achieve objectives. Objectives
must be specific & clear.
• DEVELOP PLANNING PREMISES
Planning is done for the future which is uncertain.
Certain assumptions are made about the future
environment. These assumptions are known as
Planning Premises

13. DETERMINE ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION
There are alternative ways for achieving the same
goal. So alternative courses of action should be
determined.
• SELECTING THE BEST ALTERNATIVE
The most appropriate alternative should be selected.
FORMULATION OF DERIVATIVE PLANS
Inorder to support the main plan, several sub plans are
required.The detailed sub plans are known as
DERIVATIVE PLANS.

14. • IMPLEMENTATION OF PLANS
It means putting the plans into action so as to
achieve the desired objective.
FOLLOW UP
Plans are evaluated regularly to check whether they
are proceeding into the right way.

15. IMPORTANCE
SETTING THE OBJECTIVE
DEVELOP PLANNING PREMISES
DETERMINE ALTERNATIVE COURSE OF ACTION
SELECTING THE BEST ALTERNATIVE
FORMULATING DERIVATIVE PLANS
IMPLEMENTATION OF PLANS.
FOLLOW UP

16. LIMITATIONS OF PLANNING
TIME AND COST
Planning is time consuming
RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
The required changes are made ,planning will be
ineffective.
LACK OF ACCURATE INFORMATION
The quality of planning depends upon accurate
information.
LIMITED SCOPE
Planning is said to be limited under changing
circumstances.

17. OBJECTIVE V/S POLICIES
OBJECTIVE
• Determines what
is to be done
• It is determined
by the top
management
POLICIES
• Determine how
the work is to be
done.
• It is formulated
at top, middle
and lower levels

18. Objectives
are the end
points
Policies
are
guidelines