✍️

1. The Cross Sectional Study Among Postmenopausal Women
In this cross–sectional study among postmenopausal women not currently using HT, we found some
evidence that higher levels DHEAS and DHEA levels may be associated with less thrombin
generation, lower nAPCsr values, and lower total protein S levels in analyses unadjusted for
multiple comparisons. After accounting for multiple comparisons, we found no statistically
significant evidence of associations between endogenous hormone levels and hemostatic factor
levels. We found no compelling evidence that androstenedione, total T, free T, FTI, E2, E1, or
SHBG levels were associated with hemostatic factors levels.
DHEAS, DHEA, and Androstenedione
In our study population of postmenopausal women not currently using HT, there was some evidence
that higher levels of DHEAS and DHEA may be associated with lower TG peak value, lower
nAPCsr, and lower total protein S and that lower levels of DHEA may also be associated with lower
levels of FVII and TG ETP; these associations were not statistically significant after accounting for
multiple comparisons. All suggestive associations between DHEAS and DHEA levels and
hemostatic factor levels were in the direction opposite than what we had hypothesized, other than
the association with total protein S. Interestingly, our results suggested that higher DHEAS and
DHEA levels may be associated with lower values of nAPCsr and measures of TG, but also with
lower values of total protein S, a cofactor activating the protein C–thrombomodulin complex,
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3. Cell Biology Final Essay
Name: _Leroy Johnson __________________________________ Date:
______________Comprehensive Study Guide. Test will only be Multiple choice
1. The feature that most clearly separates eukaryotes from prokaryotes is the presence of _______ in
eukaryotic cells. A) ribosomes B) oxidative phosphorylation C) DNA molecules –D) a nucleus
2. Cytoplasmic organelles are
– A) absent in prokaryotic cells; present in eukaryotic cells. B) present in both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells. C) present in prokaryotic cells; absent in eukaryotic cells. D) absent in both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3. Eukaryotic chromosomes contain _______ DNA molecules. A) single linear B) single circular –
C) multiple linear D) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A) True B) False
22. The two major groups of prokaryotic cells are the _______ and the _______, which diverged
early in evolution. archaebacteria; eubacteria
23. Connective tissues of animals include _______, _______, and _______. bone; cartilage; adipose
tissue
24. List four significant differences that distinguish prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells.

25. The formation of a phospholipid bilayer membrane around a set of macromolecules was an
important step in the origin and early evolution of life. What two advantages of such a system are
thought to have allowed the first cells to grow and evolve? (1) The membrane forms a
(semipermeable) barrier between the interior of the cell and its environment, and (2) it allows a cell
to grow and evolve as a unit, instead of existing as isolated molecules.
26. E. coli is a good model system for molecular biology studies because A) it has a small genome.
B) it reproduces rapidly. C) mutants can easily be isolated from culture dishes. D) All of the above
27. A yeast cell divides in culture about every A) 20 minutes. B) 2 hours. C) 12 hours. D) 24 hours.

4. 28. How many genes does the yeast nuclear genome contain? A) 1000 B) 6000 C) 10,000 D) 20,000
29. The adult nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans consists of _______ somatic cells. A) 95 B)
959 C) 9,590 D)
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6. The Presence Of Dna Damage
Objectives: We aimed to assess the presence of DNA damage in full term newborns with neonatal
sepsis. Materials and Methods: Sixty neonates with early onset neonatal sepsis and 45 apparently
healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Screening of neonates were done by modified clinical
sepsis score and hematological scoring system , adjusted to the results of blood culture and
screening tests. Complete blood count, C–reactive protein and DNA study were done. Results In our
study sepsis was likely in 41 patients (68.3%) taking score 3 or 4 with CRP (12 –48 mgL) , Sepsis
was very likely in 19 patients (31.7%) taking score ≥ 5 with CRP (48–96 mgL), Sepsis was unlikely
in all controls taking score ≤2 .Mean neutrophil count was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
[3] CRP levels usually begin to rise within 4–6 hours of the onset of sepsis, peak levels reached
within 48–72 hrs, and remain elevated until resolution of the inflammatory process. [4]. Neutrophils
are the most abundant cells of the innate immune system. When neutrophils are stimulated by
microorganisms, they become activated and increase their oxidative metabolism and unorganized
release of toxic derivatives that affected many macromolecules including proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids and nucleic acid. This results in cell injury and may induce cell death and apoptosis. [5]. Once
neutrophils physiological function has been fulfilled in the tissues, they undergo spontaneous
apoptosis that occurs to preserve neutrophil membrane integrity in equilibrium between the free
radical generation and antioxidant defense [6]. The resolution of inflammation therefore relies on
the effective 'switching off' mechanism of the neutrophil, the promotion of apoptosis and the
successful clearance of these cells. [7] Great interest in research area is directed towards targeting
apoptosis by means to treat neutrophil– dominant inflammatory diseases in a timely controlled
manner [8,9]. The present study was conducted to assess the DNA damage in newborns with
neonatal septicemia.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted on 60 full term neonates with early onset sepsis (EOS) ; 40
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8. How Do Pentraxins Help Detect Alzheimer 's Disease? Humans?
Briana Momchilovich
BIO 206
Writing Assignment #3
Detailed focus question: How do pentraxins help detect Alzheimer's disease in humans?
I. At the beginning to have a good understanding of the topic I will explain what the functions or
calcium–binding proteins and the locations of calcium–binding proteins. I am going to do this so the
reader has a better background understanding on the main topic of the paper.
A. Functions of calcium–binding proteins (Swanson el al., 1992).
1. Regulates mostly cellular processes.
a. They are needed for second messenger signals.
2. Calcium–binding proteins bind directly to Ca2+.
a. Regulates the amount of Ca2+ in the cytosol.
3. They have a huge effect on neurons.
a. This has an effect on learning and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. The C–reactive protein is usually produced in the liver of humans.
C. SAP – Serum amyloid P (Swanson el al., 1992).
1. The basic feature of serum amyloid P is it has a high relationship with phospholipids that are
negatively charged.
2. The function of serum amyloid P binds to calcium and it consists of a dimer of pentamer.
a. This allows for defense from pathogens from the body.
3. Serum amyloid P is usually produced in the liver of humans.
III. This last section I will combine all of the ideas that were made above. I will talk about what
Alzheimer's disease is and how C–reactive proteins and serum amyloid P proteins relationship to
Alzheimer's disease.
A. Alzheimer's disease is a very common disease in the older generations (Dominguez–Prieto el al.,
2017).
1. The disease is a progressive disease and it ends up leading to loss of memory.
2. Alzheimer's disease is caused by the increase of beta–amyloid protein.
a. Beta–amyloid protein is what leads to nerve cells dying.
3. Genetic too have a lot to do with Alzheimer's disease also.
a. When a person has a certain gene mutation they are a lot more likely to have Alzheimer's disease.

9. b. The apoE4 gene is the gene that has the strongest correlation with Alzheimer's disease.
B. C–reactive proteins relationship to Alzheimer's disease (Yarchoan el al., 2013).
1. There is an increase of C–reactive proteins in people that have Alzheimer's disease.
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11. Cbr Intervention Model
In the United States (U.S.) 117 million adults have chronic diseases, approximately 24.3% of this
population has at least one chronic disease and 26% has multiple chronic diseases (Ward, Schiller et
al. 2014). Seven of the top 10 causes of deaths in the U.S. are chronic diseases (Statistics 2016).
Incidence and mortality rates are different for different racial groups (CDC MMWR, 2013); African
Americans (AA) particularly experience higher incidence and mortality rates for chronic diseases
like diabetes, cancer and heart disease (CDC, 2013). Furthermore, African Americans in South
Carolina (SC) have some of the largest health disparities in the nation (U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
6.36, p=0.02), but higher waist–to–hip ratio (mean: 0.88 vs. 0.86, p=0.05). When analysed
continuously, a one–unit increase in health messages was associated with a decrease in HbA1c%
(p=0.01). No other statistically significant associations were observed for the continuous form of
health messages (data not shown). When stratified by intervention status, controls showed a similar
pattern of results. However, these findings were not observed among the intervention group.
However, those in the intervention group attending churches with more health messages had lower
CRP compared to intervention participants in churches with fewer health messages (mean: 1.76 vs.
2.44, p=0.05; Table 2). When CRP was dichotomized (i.e., ≤3.0 vs. >3.0mg/L) the odds ratios
between those attending churches with fewer health messages compared to those attending churches
with more health messages were as follows: all participants (odds ratio [OR]=2.78, 95% confidence
interval [95%CI]=1.19–6.48), intervention (OR=5.86, 95%CI=1.51–22.81), and control (OR=1.27,
95%CI=0.40–4.09; data not
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13. The Association Between Obesity And Elevated Levels Of C...
Background
A number of previous studies examine the association between obesity and elevated levels of C–
reactive protein (CRP), which is an inflammation and an indicator marker of cardiovascular disease.
Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), or waist–to–hip ratio (WHR), were used as
measures of obesity. These measures were classified based on the normal, overweight or obese
participant in most previous studies. However, these categorizations might lead to drop information.
This study aims to investigate a flexible nonlinear approach such as Fractional polynomial models
(FPs), to examine the association between obesity and C–reactive protein to select the best fitted
model within 44 potentially FP models.
Methods
This study ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The association between the ln(CRP) and BMI when estimated using the fractional polynomial
regression model exhibited a J–shaped pattern for women and men. The J–shape did not change for
the difference ethnicity. The women have more risk for elevated CRP level compared to men. A
deviance difference test yielded a significant perfection in model fit of –2 and –2 compared to other
BMI functions.
Conclusion
The fractional polynomial regression model shows a robust compared to categorization or other
linear or nonlinear models (e.g. quadratic model) for BMI. The model might be useful for other
health outcomes.
Introduction
Obesity is considered as one of the main factors that influence the healthy and unhealthy people. It
has also been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) either in childhood or in adulthood. In recent
time, inflammation is considered as one of the main majors of the initiation and development of
CVD. C–reactive protein (CRP) has been proved to be one of the important inflammatory markers
for predicting CVD risk. Besides, obesity is considered as one of the risk factors that potentially is a
reason of the CVD.
A few cross–sectional studies examine the association between CRP and obesity, and they found a

14. significant relationship. A systematic review study investigates the association between the CRP and
obesity by using body mass index measure
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16. Evaluation Of Open Reduction And Internal Fixation Of...
Evaluation of perioperative variations in the levels of inflammatory markers in open reduction and
internal fixation of maxillofacial fractures INTRODUCTION
Infectious complications are commonly encountered following ORIF (Open reduction and internal
fixation) ever since it has been adopted as a treatment modality for maxillofacial fractures. Early
detection of infection can be difficult in the postoperative phase as many signs and symptoms may
actually mimic a SIRS (Systemic inflammatory response syndrome).
There is a wealth of literature supporting the use of various inflammatory markers in diagnosis and
monitoring of treatment of infectious complications in post–operative patients[1–4]. Various authors
have studied markers including (Total leucocyte count) TLC, CRP(C–reactive protein), AST
(Aspartate Transaminase) and ALT (Alanine Transaminase) in patients with SIRS and sepsis [5].
Behaviour of inflammatory markers and their correlation to infection in the postoperative phase
have been evaluated in various disciplines of surgery. However, similar studies in maxillofacial
surgery have been found to be very scarce. We therefore designed a study to evaluate perioperative
variations in the levels inflammatory markers in Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) of
maxillofacial fractures.
An attempt was made to establish an acceptable range of variations in the values of inflammatory
markers in ORIF and co–relate these variations to the length of surgery, type of
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18. Discuss the Beneficial Effects of Activated Protein C in...
Sepsis is a potentially fatal medical condition where the blood is overwhelmed by the presence of
bacteria; activating the immune response and potentially causing organ dysfunction due to the
disruption of homeostasis, tissue perfusion and limited oxygen supply. Systemic inflammatory
response syndrome can be a key to the recognition of the illness. This condition can be treated with
antibiotics intravenously or by draining the infected fluid. However, treating the infection with
appropriate anti–microbial medication does not always cure the illness. Understanding the activation
of inflammation, coagulation and fibrinolysis in the pathophysiology of sepsis, has allowed further
research and development of therapeutic agents in its clinical ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It inhibits thrombosis by inactivating co–factors Va, and VIIIa (Neyrinck, 2009). When deficient,
Factor V can cause excessive blood clotting and Factor VIII, being an essential clotting factor, can
cause blood to profusely move out of tissues once cut or damaged (Faust, 2001 and Yan, 2001).
Thrombin may become limited, one reason being the decrease of plasma D–dimer, which again
stimulates fibrinolysis (Bernard, 2001).
Animal models have been used to test the effectiveness of Protein C as a treatment for severe sepsis;
one example is an experiment carried out to investigate the coagulation effects of Protein C which
was tested using baboons (Taylor FB, 1987). Studies of this type have initiated the development of
recombinant human protein C; the activated form also termed drotrecogin alfa (activated).
A variety of variables are considered throughout the research of many experiments in investigating
whether Protein C is a beneficial treatment of severe sepsis. Animal models, specifically sheep, were
used to observe the clinical significance of APC in the work of Wang.Z et al. The results indicate the
beneficial consequence of APC on gaseous exchange and lactic acidosis; a considerably higher
arterial pressure is observed, as well as, higher thoracopulmonary compliance and PaO2/FIO2
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20. The Synthesis Of Most Coagulation Factors And Inhibitors
Liver has many haemostatic functions including the synthesis of most coagulation factors and
inhibitors as well as fibrinolytic factors. The balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant
factors is essential to prevent excessive blood loss from injured vessels and to prevent spontaneous
thrombosis(11).The global effect of liver disease with regard to hemostasis is therefore complex, so
that patients with advanced liver disease can experience severe bleeding or even thrombotic
complications(12).In our study as regards presence of co– morbid factors namely DM and
hypertension, the prevalence of DM and hypertension was higher in PVT group than non–PVT
group, these results match the findings reported by Martinelli et al.(13) who clarified that
hypertension and DM were associated with increased risk of PVT. That finding may be attributed to
the association of dyslipidemia with diabetes and increased risk of atherosclerosis. So patients with
liver cirrhosis and associated with diabetes or hypertension carry the risk for PVT more than
cirrhotics without them. The number of patients who were Smokers and users ofISSN 2320–5407
International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 12, 1539 – 1548
1545
contraceptive pills were also statistically higher in PVT group than non–PVT group indicating that
these may be factors for PVT development which goes in agreement with Shetty and Ghosh study
(14). These results may be attributed to the hypercoagulability caused
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22. Hepatic Portal Vein Obstruction ( Ehpvo )
Introduction: Extra–hepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO), i.e., in the absence of liver cirrhosis
or abdominal cancer, is a rare manifestation of venous thrombosis that often leads to portal
hypertension1.After prothrombin, factor V, next most common cause of thrombophilia is high
plasma levels of coagulation factor VIII, which are present in approximately 20% of patients with
deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower limbs and increase the risk of the disease in a dose–
dependent manner 2. Like fibrinogen, factor VIII is an acute phase reactant whose concentration
rises in plasma in the presence of inflammation. However, high factor VIII levels are associated with
an increased risk of DVT independently of the acute phase reaction3.
Case report: A 21–year–old male in good health and with no significant past medical history
presented with abdominal pain for 2 months in epigastric and left hypochondrium. He is not on any
drugs. History of similar complaints in his younger sister and she died 2 years back without any
evaluation. A contrast enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed superior
mesenteric vein thrombosis with multiple collaterals in perigastric and porta hepatis. A coagulation
profile work–up was done. His factor VIII activity concentration was found to be 260% of normal
(normal: 60–150). Analyses for prothrombin O20210A
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24. Resistance Assay Lab Report
Introduction
Factor V Leiden is a hereditary gene mutation that leads to the disorder in the clotting process of
blood. It causes the diseases known as Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia or APC resistance. Factor V
functions normally in the coagulation pathway of the blood. But a mutation occurs and its cleavage
by the body's natural inhibitor Protein C is slowed. This leads to excessive clot formation in the
blood vessels. This mutation is the most common cause for a Deep vein thrombosis(DVT).1 DVT
happens most frequently in the legs but can also happen in other parts of the body.3 About 5% of
caucasians are heterozygous or homozygous carriers of this factor mutation.2 Heterozygous carriers
are associated with a three to sevenfold increase ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Periodic surveillance and evaluations are to be maintained in order to assess risks, especially during
pregnancy. Aside from blood thinners, individuals with Factor V Leiden Mutation may minimize
their risk of blood clots by: living a healthy lifestyle, avoiding prolonged periods of immobility,
keeps preexisting medical complications under control, and avoid smoking. Anyone who has a
family member that has had a DVT or PE that is unexplained, recurrent, or developed in an unusual
site may find it beneficial to be tested for factor V
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26. Effects Of Periodontal Disease On Arthrosclerosis
The Effects of Periodontal Disease on Arthrosclerosis Directly and Indirectly
Dyffreyon McGowan
Tougaloo College: Biology Department
The Effects of Periodontal Disease on Arthrosclerosis Directly and Indirectly
Introduction
In the oral cavity, therapeutic edentulation, a treatment in which treating chronic diseases caused for
tonsillectomies or tooth extractions, sometimes taking all a patient 's teeth, was common as a result
of the popularity of the focal infection theory. The theory of focal infection stated that center of
sepsis were responsible for the initiation and progression of a variety of inflammatory diseases such
as arthritis, peptic ulcers, and appendicitis (7). A countless number of teeth were removed due to this
theory, even if there was no true evidence of an infection and generally resulted in the initial
symptoms of patients never being relieved and the discrediting of theory. Recent progress in
classification and identification of oral microorganisms, and the realization that certain
microorganisms are normally found only in the oral cavity, have opened the way for a more realistic
assessment of the importance of oral focal infection. It has become increasingly clear that the oral
cavity can act as the site of origin for spreading of pathogenic organisms.
Periodontitis is a ubiquitous chronic inflammatory disease initiated by periodontal pathogenic
bacteria which accumulate as subgingival biofilms in periodontal pockets (4).
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28. C-Reactive Protein Research Paper
C– Reactive protein (CRP) is a protein found in the plasma that is released when tissue damage,
infection or inflammation occurs within the body.1 C–Reactive Protein, a member of the pentraxin
family of proteins is comprised of 206 amino acids folded into two antiparallel beta sheets with a
flattened jellyroll topology. Within the interior portion of the protomer, there is a cleft that is formed
which at one end contains the C1q and FcR binding sites and at the other end are Ca2+ ion and PCh
(Phospocholine) responsible for the binding ligands. This structural orientation of sites and ions
allows the protomer to have two faces, the recognition face with the PCh binding sites and an
effector face with the C1q and FcR binding sites. (Volankavis)2 ... Show more content on
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Simvastatin, a member of the hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase or statin family has
been shown to reduce the amount of inflammation in the arteries associated with atherosclerosis and
other cardiovascular diseases presumably by lowering the LDL levels utilized for oxidative
metabolism. It has also been proposed that statin therapy could help to decrease the production and
circulation of the mediators that induce CRP production such as tumor–necrosis factor–α or IL–6.7
A cyclooxygenase inhibitor used in the treatment of cardiovascular problems, namely aspirin has
also been found to reduce CRP levels by preventing the cell activation and proliferation of cells that
trigger a CRP response in the
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30. Research Paper Fibromyalgia
Allyson De Muri
Mr. Scroggins
Research Paper
April 24, 2017
Period 3
Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a genetic disease that is portrayed by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and
tenderness in localized areas. Fibromyalgia is when there is pain throughout the whole body. Being
diagnosed with fibromyalgia can be a big life changer! Some of the reasons why this is a life
changing disease are symptoms of fibromyalgia, how it is inherited, the type of mutation, the protein
that is affected, the chromosome number, and treatment for fibromyalgia.
The chromosome that fibromyalgia affects is chromosome number one. Number one chromosome
has 1,200 to 1,300 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. These proteins perform a ...
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Some of the most common places fibromyalgia will cause pain in is joints, abdomen, back, or neck.
The pain types can be chronic, diffused, sharp, or severe. Fibromyalgia can also cause mood swings,
insomnia, fatigue, pins and needles, depression, headache, irritability, joint stiffness, nervousness,
painful menstruation, back pain spasms, or tingling feet. That is just a short list of symptoms.
Fibromyalgia is what doctors diagnose patients with when they have pain and do not know what is
causing it. Misdiagnoses could also be Lupus, Lyme disease, Arthritis, and Sleep
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32. Symptoms And Treatment Of Kawasaki Disease
RUNNING HEADER: KAWASAKI DISEASE Dinesh 1
Kawasaki Disease
Rekan Dinesh
Mrs. Cheryl Taylor
Southeastern College
Abstract
Kawasaki disease is a disease that predominately affects children. It is a condition that causes an
inflammation of walls of arteries. The disease is very rare, so rare that there are fewer than 20,000
cases per year in the United States. Due to its rarity, the etiology of the disease is unknown, causing
the medical diagnosis of the disease very difficult. In order to diagnose a child with Kawasaki
disease, all other diseases and conditions must be ruled out. This is hard to do because some of the
symptoms that a diagnosed child may present are common amongst other conditions. Although rare,
the disease is usually not life threatening and is easily treatable. When diagnosed, the child
undergoes an initial treatment that includes an intravenous immunoglobulin along with high doses
of aspirin. This usually cures the child of the disease but in the cases where the disease is not cured,
further medical interventions are necessary.
Kawasaki disease, also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is a very frightening
disease amongst children. It affects people by causing inflammation in the arteries throughout the
body, including the coronary arteries, which supplies the muscles with blood. This disease is the
leading cause of acquired heart disease among first world countries (Gordon, Kahn,
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34. Case Study Of Pericarditis
"Chest Pain From Pericarditis"
Alexis Lightbourn
January 2, 2015
Pathophysiology– 1st period
Ms. White
Abstract: A middle aged patient presented with symptoms conducive to a condition known as
pericarditis, an inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart, most likely caused by a recent
bacterial infection. The patient was, however, negative for pericardial effusion, or fluid collection
around the heart, usually a tell tale sign of pericarditis. She was admitted and treated for pericarditis
and was released with a very favorable outcome and no complications.
Introduction:
Patient's family and medical history was not remarkable and raised no red flags, there were no risk
factors for cardiovascular disease and a physical examination revealed the patient to be in no
obvious ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient is admitted to the hospital for observation and since she is suffering only from acute,
uncomplicated pericarditis, she is started on 800 mg. of Ibuprofen; 3 times a day and discharged,
advised to get a follow up with her primary health care provider. After 1 week she reports that she is
completely free of symptoms and with no further therapy being recommended. Pericarditis is an
inflammation of the pericardium and can be the result of a number of medical conditions, including
but not limited to: viral infections, association with tuberculosis, bacterial infections, as well as
autoimmune disorders, though with some cases of pericarditis the cause is not apparent. Given the
patient's history of the recent Salmonella infection, a bacterial infection, it can be hypothesized that
this was the cause of her pericarditis. Though it is favorable in these cases to know the etiology of
the condition, it is not necessary for effective treatment of the pericarditis itself (Zayas, Anguita,
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36. Descriptive Essay On Hunting
After a long day of teaching, I bolted to the parking lot, turned up my CD player, and quickly drove
home in serious need of some tree–stand therapy. I dressed in my camo, grabbed my weaponry
(which included my newly–equipped LED–nocked arrows), jumped back into my Jeep, and headed
to the woods!
It was a peaceful evening in the west end of Mifflinburg – a little overcast and chilly. The weather,
along with the Pennsylvania rut, presented me with perfect November archery conditions.
When I arrived, I took the short walk to my ladder stand. I was encouraged by the slight northwest
breeze; from my perspective, this would counter the keen nose of an approaching deer. With about
an hour of sunlight left, I pulled an arrow from my quiver, clicked the LED nock to my bowstring,
and began the peaceful wait.
(LED nocks have become an essential part of my hunting gear. These inserts light up once released
from the bowstring, and they help a hunter see and retrieve his/her arrows more easily.)
My stress–therapy was working as nature shared her gifts. I heard the unmistakable sound of geese
flying overhead to their nighttime destination. I witnessed squirrels frantically gathering acorns for a
future winter feast. A flock of turkeys took roost for the night in some trees far across a field from
me. When I heard the bellow of a great–horned owl in the distance, I knew legal daylight would
soon end. Nevertheless, I was still full of hope as the dimming woodland was bustling
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38. The Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking And Novel Risk...
Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking and Novel Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease In The
United States
In a study of the general population of the United States, over 17,000 individuals were examined on
the relationship between cigarette smoking and the levels of homocysteine, fibrinogen, and serum
C–reactive protein. Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease have been linked and the topic has
not been studied much. Cardiovascular disease was the cause of death in 40% of the United States in
1999. Stroke, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, and peripheral vascular disease can
also result from cigarette smoking. In the study, there were "4,187 current smokers, 4,791 former
smokers, and 8,375 never–smokers" eighteen or older participating from the years 1988 and 1994.
Three thousand people were excluded from the study because their C–reactive proteins had little
information. This left 16,596 people in the study for C–reactive proteins. In the analysis for
fibrinogen, 2,000 people lacked the information for fibrinogen. Because the participants in the
fibrinogen analysis had to be over 40 years of age, 9350 were left for this analysis. Between 1991
and 1994 (phase 2 of the study), homocysteine levels were measured. Close to 1,500 were missing
homocysteine values, so 7,458 were examined.
The data for the study was collected through home interviews and clinical examinations. Patients
had their blood pressure measured six times total (three in the home
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40. Factors Affecting The Rate Of Protein C ( An Anti...
○ Factors V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII.1,16,17
○ von Willebrand factor.16
○ Decreased levels of fibrinolytic protein C (an anti–coagulation factor).16
○ Coagulation changes are most pronounced in the third trimester.16
● Effect on Dental Treatment o The patient's hypercoagulable state places them at increased risk for
thromboembolic disease.17 Because of this, there is an increased risk that the patient may have a
thromboembolism while in the dental office. (See the following section titled "Thromboembolic
Disease" for additional information.)
Thromboembolic Disease
● Background Information
○ Changes in clotting factors place all pregnant women at increased risk for venous
thromboembolism.8
○ During pregnancy, women have a five times ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
○ The patient may be on anticoagulant therapy which may increase risk for bleeding.17
○ Epinephrine from local anesthetic during intramuscular injections is not thought to significantly
increase risk. Accidental intravascular injection may increase risk of activating coagulation.16 (For
further information see "Local Anesthetics – The Immediate Post Partum Period" on page ...)
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APLS)
● Background Information
○ APLS is a disease where antiphospholipid antibodies bind to phospholipids and may cause
thrombosis and fetal loss.1,20
○ Women with APLS are at significant risk for thromboembolism during pregnancy. They may be
placed on anticoagulant therapy to prevent thrombus formation.1,20
● Presentation in Dental Office
○ The patient may list the medical diagnosis, or medication being taken on the health history.
● Effect on Dental Treatment
○ Provide dental care to these patients in a hospital setting.1
Immune System (IgG)
● Background Information
○ In the second half of pregnancy, immunoglobulin G (IgG) blood levels are decreased.8
● Presentation in the Dental Office
○ Decreased IgG levels can lead to oral pathogen proliferation. This may allow for sustained oral
infections such as periodontal disease.8
● Effect on Dental Treatment o Emphasize the importance of impeccable at–home oral hygiene care.
(Refer to OHI see page ____)

41. Supine ("Frank") Hypotensive Syndrome
●
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43. The diacylglycerol (DAG) mediated regulation of protein...
The diacylglycerol (DAG) mediated regulation of protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine
kinases plays a critical role in several intracellular signaling pathways and the pathology of several
diseases including cancer, neurological, cardiovascular, and others. In consequence, PKC isozymes
are being actively pursued as the subject of intense research and drug development. Depending on
their enzymatic properties and activation mechanism, the mammalian PKC isoenzymes have been
categorized into classical (calcium–, DAG–, and phospholipid–dependent), novel (calcium–
independent, but DAG– and phospholipid–dependent), and atypical (calcium– and DAG–
independent) subgroups. The DAGs selectively interact with the C1 domain of PKC isoenzymes. ...
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Therefore, C1 domains have become an attractive objective in designing selective PKC ligands.
There are two functionally nonequivalent C1 domains (C1a and C1b) positioned in tandem within
the regulatory domain of classical and novel PKC isozymes. The PKCα–C1a and PKCθ–C1b
subdmains shows higher DAG binding affinity than the C1b and C1a subdomain respectively. For
PKCδ–C1b/a subdomains, conflicting results have been reported regarding their DAG binding
affinity. Accumulating evidences suggest that anionic phospholipids like PS, phosphatidic acid (PA)
and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) enhance the DAG dependent membrane binding affinity and PKC
activity; although the anionic phospholipid dependence varies considerably among the PKC
isozymes. Among the classical PKCs, PKCα and PKCβII prefer PS to PG, whereas PKCγ shows
comparable affinity for PS and PG. Among the novel PKCs, PKCδ and PKCθ show a certain degree
of PS selectivity, whereas PKCε shows preference for PA. In case of isolated C1b subdomains,
similar selectivities have been observed for PKCδ, PKCθ and PKCε. Whereas the PKCβII–C1b
subdomain shows little preference between PS and PG. However, the reported experimental
measurements used either only DAG or a combination of separate DAG and anionic lipid molecules
in solution or under liposomal environment to determine the DAG dependent membrane binding
capabilities of the
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45. C-Reactive Protein Research Paper
Why am I having this test? High–sensitivity C–reactive protein (hs–CRP) test is done to determine
the level of C–reactive protein in your body. Results from this test are used to estimate your risk of
heart and blood vessel diseases, including heart attack and stroke. You may have this test if you are a
man aged 50 years or older or a woman aged 60 years or older. What is being tested? In this test, the
level of C–reactive protein in your blood is measured. C–reactive protein is a protein made by your
liver. When there is inflammation in your body, the level of C–reactive protein goes up. Long–term
inflammation can lead to heart and blood vessel diseases. What kind of sample is taken? A blood
sample is required for this test. It is usually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Surgery. An injury. An illness. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any medicines or birth
control pills. If you are having the hs–CRP test along with a lipid profile, do not eat or drink
anything after midnight on the night before the test or as directed by your health care provider. How
are the results reported? You may have to wait for a few days for the test results to be finalized. Your
test results will be reported as a range of values. You will compare your results to normal ranges that
were established after testing a large group of healthy people. Reference ranges may vary among
different people, labs, and hospitals. For this test, reference ranges is: Less than 3.0 mg/L. What do
the results mean? If your hs–CRP level is 3.0 mg/L or higher, your risk of developing heart or blood
vessel disease is high. If your hs–CRP level is between 1.0 and 3.0 mg/L, your risk is average. If
your hs–CRP level is less than 1.0 mg/L, your risk of developing heart or blood vessel disease is
low. Talk with your health care provider about your results and treatment options, and whether you
need more tests. If you have questions, contact your health care provider. How do I get my
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47. Factor Vs Juavian
The Genetics of Factor V Leiden
Factor V Leiden as named after the Dutch city Leiden in which it was discovered. Factor V Leiden
is a genetic blood clotting disorder that results from a mutation of the Factor V gene. Most of the
time you will inherit Factor V Leiden from your family. If kept under control blood clots are mostly
harmless, but if left uncared you can have a piece of the blood clot break and enter your lung there it
will cause serious damage like a heart attack or stroke. The main job for our blood is to transport
important nutrients and oxygen to all the body tissues. Your blood must remain in liquid form to so
it can flow easily through your body. When a person gets a injury the blood will flow and form a
plug is this know
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49. Vulvovaginitis Essay
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is one of the most prevalent vaginal infections and represents,
approximately 40%–50% of all cases of infectious vulvovaginitis [22]. The prevalence of RVVC
among childbearing women and its importance as an Egyptian public health problem make an
interest to continue research on such cases to add deep knowledge on RVVC and to understand the
behavior of its pathogen and its epidemiology within Egyptian patients [23]. RVVC and its control
by MBL was studied previously, but unfortunately none of the published papers discussed such
cases in Egyptian patients. In an attempt to fill this gap, this study was designed on 118 childbearing
Egyptian women to find out new therapeutic strategy for RVVC.
The suspected Candida ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, some investigators found that MBL serum level was higher in RVVC cases when
compared it to controls indicating that MBL might be defensive against RVVC [13]. On the
contrary, other studies reported that MBL level was lower in RVVC cases compared to controls [12,
32]. Nevertheless, they depended on measurement of MBL in vaginal fluid while in the present
study, MBL was measured in serum. From practical point of view, determination of MBL level in
vaginal discharge is technically too difficult to perform and to standardize. Even more, the entity of
vaginal fluid is changeable throughout menstrual period [33].
The present study could find an association between MBL2 exon 1 codon 54 polymorphism and
susceptibility to RVVC. Carriage of mutant allele "B" was more frequent in women with RVVC
(16.1%) than in controls (6%). In previous studies, MBL2 codon 54 polymorphism has been
associated with increased frequency of RVVC in Latvian, Brazilian, Chinese, and Belgium [12, 32,
34, 35] but not Italian patients [31].
In the present study, analysis of genital hygiene behaviors among wild MBL genotypes estimated
that bad genital hygiene behaviors increased the risk of RVVC by 3.47 times while the risk of
RVVC has been elevated to 18.67 times in the presence of mutant MBL genotypes. These results
supported the fact that RVVC is a monomicrobial; however, it is multifactorial disease in origin
[36]. Moreover, good genital hygiene behaviors
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51. The Conservation Of Coagulation Factor V
Rob Markowitz NSA
The Conservation of Coagulation Factor V Protein, and its Role in Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia
Introduction: The cascade which must occur for blood to successfully clot is complex, multivariable,
and fraught with opportunities to go awry. The coagulation process requires the organization of
platelets, enzymes, cofactors, and fibrin to develop a protective covering when blood vessels
become injured to prevent loss of blood and prohibit infection.1 While some pathologies related to
clotting are a result of age, environment, or lifestyle, the most common cause of thrombophilia, an
increased propensity to form blood clots in the vessels, is an inherited genetic mutation known as
Factor V Leiden ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is interesting to note that even with such an elevated risk, only roughly a tenth of those carrying
the mutation will have a thrombotic event which leaves room to investigate the influence of other
factors both endogenous and external.4 To this end, it is necessary to better understand the
coagulation factor V protein, including it's conservation among organisms to determine a suitable
model in which to study, and in the future develop therapeutic interventions. Additionally,
coagulation factor V protein presents an excellent opportunity to build upon a solid base of
knowledge in regards to how organisms have evolved blood clotting functions. Given how
fundamental the protein's function is and blood clotting as a whole is, it serves as a valuable tool to
probe the development of similar systems in other organisms, and assess which divergent proteins
may have shared a common ancestral path.
Methods:
To fully understand the role of coagulation factor V protein, a review of the medical and scientific
literature was conducted utilizing PubMed5. This was necessary to understand the implications of
the mutated protein in the development of factor V Leiden thrombophilia, as well as its function as
part of the cascade when the wild type gene is present. Search terms used were "Factor V
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53. A Literature Review Of Complimentary Therapies With Arthritis
A Literature Review of Complimentary Therapies with Arthritis
Elizabeth Kyle, David Lee, Jethro De Vera
Loma Linda University School of Nursing
NRSG 429 Nursing Reseasrch
Eileen Fry–Bowers
June 8, 2015
Introduction
Arthritis is a disease process that many people are affected by today. It is defined as, "painful
inflammation and stiffness of the joints". Within arthritis, there are two different types of this
inflammatory disease; osteoarthritis, which is the result of, bones rubbing together due to loss of
synovial fluid and rheumatoid arthritis which is caused by an autoimmune disease process. There are
many different treatment options available from over the counter medication to powerful
prescription medication. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over all , the trend that we noticed was that most patients preferred cold therapy over heat therapy,
but in most cases, when both aspects were utilized, they yielded a better result.
Research
Because pain is the main issue that we are looking at absolving, we wanted to look at how patients
reacted to pain. Yvonne C. Lee et al. looked at pain sensitivity and pain reactivity in osteoarthritis.
The purpose of the study was to assess the experimental pain sensitivity and compare the
inflammatory response to pain in 26 OA patients and 33 age–and sex–matched controls from the
general population.
The methods consisted of participants undergoing psychophysical pain testing to assess pain
sensitivity in response to heat, cold and mechanical stimuli. "Blood samples were taken at baseline
and four time points after testing to determine the effect of acute pain on C–reactive protein (CRP),
interleukin 6, interleukin–1beta and tumor necrosis factor–alpha." (Lee et al., 2011) They found that
patients with osteoarthritis had lower pressure pain thresholds (P ≤ 0.003) and higher heat pain
ratings (P ≤ 0.04) than controls across multiple body sites. Patients had higher CRP levels than the
controls (P = 0.007). "CRP levels did not change in response to pain testing. Although not
statistically significant, patients tended to have higher interleukin
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55. Hemophilia Case Study
. This factor VIII is also associated with hemophilia. It is the factor that is either damaged or
missing12. Factor Vlll can be in two states: active and inactive. When it is in its inactive state, it will
bind to VWF in the blood. If this factor does not bind VWF while it is in circulation, it will degrade.
After VWF is made, it can follow a number of pathways. It can either be released into the plasma,
released into the subendothelium or it can also be stored in organelles in the cytoplasm. If VWF is
stored, it can be released when it is needed depending on the physiological status of the
individual10. When VWF is exposed to an injury in the blood vessel in the endothelium, the platelet
receptors will be activated. This activation, will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the main fibrinolysis enzymes is plasmin, this is an enzyme that comes from plasminogen,
the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin will incorporate 2 serine proteases. These serine proteases
are tPA and uPA. The enzyme tPA, is made and released from the endothelial cells, while uPA is
made by monocytes and macrophages. Two enzymes also differ in the fact that uPA has a lower
affinity for plasminogen compared to tPA. This process will stop and inhibit the buildup of fibrin, it
also allows the thrombus to be removed. The activation of plasminogen will form plasmin and this
will degrade the thrombus. Plasmin will terminate the clotting process. During this process, fibrin
degradation products (FDPs) will begin to form. These FDPs will include fibrinopeptide B and other
fibrin degradation dimers. These products will be released and will degrade the fibrin18. This
process will remove the
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57. Gastrointestinal Anastomotic Leak Research Paper
C– reactive Protein as Early Predictor of Gastrointestinal Anastomotic Leak
Ashraf El–Sayed Sayed Ahmed, Hamed Ahmed El Badawy, El–Sayed Abdel Wahab, Hany Abdel
Fatah
Department of General Surgery, Al–Azhar University
Abstract:
Background: Anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery occurs in 5–15% of patients undergoing
this type of surgery and leads to a substantial morbidity and mortality. Many factors determine the
occurrence of anastomotic leakage and its sequelae, including both patients and surgery related
factors. In the literature much emphasis in put upon the type and quality of surgery responsible for
complications. However, many patient related factors have enormous bearing upon the occurrence
of anastomotic leakage, as well as on the severity of the complication. The health ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wille–Jorgensen P, Guenage KF, Castro AA et al., clinical value of preoperative mechanical bowel
cleansing in elective colorectal surgery. Dis–Colon Rectum 2010; 46:1013–1020
6. Macarthur DC, Nixon, SJ, Aitken RJ. Avoidable deaths still occur after large bowel surgery.
Scottish Audit of Surgical Mortality. Royal College of Surgeons of Edinbeurgh Br. J. Surg 2008
Jan.: 85(1): 80–83
7. Fielding LP, Stewart BS, Blesovsky L, and Kearney G. Anastomotic integrity after operations for
large bowel cancer: A multi–center study. Br Med J 2013; 281:411–414
8. Junger W, Miller K, Bahrami S et al., Early detection of anastomotic leaks after colorectal surgery
by measuring endotoxin in the drainage fluid. Hepatogastroenterology. 2011 Nov–December;
43(12): 1523–1529
9. Mulari K and Leppaniemi A. Severe secondary peritonitis following gastrointestinal tract
perforation. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery. 2010; 93: 204–208
10. Wilson DD, Editor. Manual of Laboratory and diagnostic tests. McGraw–Hill Co. 2012: 191–
193
11. Welsch T, Muller SA, Ulrich A et al., C–reactive protein as early predictor for infectious
postoperative complication in rectal surgery. Int J colorectal Dis 2010; 22:
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59. Partitioning Defective Proteins ( Par6 ) And Protein...
Partitioning defective proteins (Par3, Par6) and protein kinase C (PKC)
These proteins are components of an apical polarity complex that has also been shown to influence
TE/ICM fate choice. Par3 and Par6 are cell junction proteins that were up–regulated during morula
stage. This apical–basal polarity can be seen in the compaction of the eight–cell stage embryo and
through the localization of known polarity markers from other organisms and developmental
contexts, including partitioning defective 3 (Par–3), partitioning defective 6 (Par–6), and protein
kinase C (PKC) (Pauken and Capco, 1999; Vinot et al., 2005; Muller et al.,2001). Par3, Par6 and
PKC exist in the apical plasma membrane and tight junctions and shift their position during 8‐ ...
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Furthermore, a fluid–filled cavity, the blastocoel, is formed by merging of intercellular spaces and
water movement into the embryo. The blastocyst usually occurs around day seven in the cow.
Attachment of TJ and adjacent TE cells is essential for the integrity of epithelial cells and
blastocoelic cavity production by processing of transepithelial ion transport. Formation and
expansion of blastocoels depend on a tightly of membrane/ion transporters aggregation to both
apical and basolateral domain. Beside the membrane aggregation, the maintenance of epithelium
integrity also requires mature junctional complexes (Collins and Fleming, 1995). Many proteins
were up–regulated during blastocyst formation when compared to morula, including membrane
traffic, ion channel, electron transporter and transfer/carrier proteins. Cell cytoskeleton and cell
adhesion protein assembly combined with TJ formation is restricted to the outer cells (Pratt et al.,
1982). Blastocoelic cavity generation by processing of transepithelial ion transport is relied on TJ.
Water osmotic transport across the epithelium is suggested to be regulated by Na+/K+ ATPase
(Watson and Barcroft, 2001). It is reported that active K+ transport are found mainly at the apical
membrane. Moreover, electron transporters such as NADH dehydrogenase subunits were
characterized and that may
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61. AAV Gene Therapy
In a study titled "AAV–mediated factor IX gene transfer to skeletal muscle in patients with severe
hemophilia B," 8 patients were enrolled to further investigate the safety of intramuscular injection of
adeno–associated viral vector. The study was also analyzed to determine the effectiveness and
duration of F.IX levels. Seven of the 8 patients were also previously infected with Hepatitis C.
Hence, muscle–directed gene therapy reduced the potential of certain complications compared to
liver–directed gene therapy. 4.1 Methods The patients were divided up into three groups depending
on the amount of injection sites with a limited dose of 1.5 x 1012 vector genomes (vg)/site. The
vector was administered into one or both of the vastus lateralis muscles located along the outside of
the thigh. The number of sites for three patients in the low–dose cohort was 10 and 20. Three other
patients in the medium–dose cohort were given 30 to 50 injections. Two patients in the high–dose
cohort were given a total of 80 to 90 shots in the vastus lateralis muscles, deltoid, and the soleus.
Bethesda assays were performed on equal volumes of test plasma and normal pooled plasma, which
determined the residual F.IX activity after incubation. Additionally, Western blot was also performed
to detect anti–F.IX antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The studies could not be performed on all of the muscle biopsies due to insufficient tissue. Only two
biopsies were available for analysis for the 6–month and 10–month time periods. Vector DNA was
detectable on Southern blot of injected tissue as a high–molecular weight form for 5 of the 9
biopsies at 2 months. The gene copy number was about 0.5 to 4 copies/diploid genome at doses of
about 1.5 x 1012 vg/site. The copy number and expression were consistent for the samples observed
at each of the time
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63. Rejection to the Proposal of Mr. Clotter John Ko Essay
Rejection to the Proposal of Mr. Clotter John Ko
Is generalised Genetic Screening for Factor V Leiden Necessary?
===============================================================
Genetic screening has no doubt have been the one of the most controversial issue in the branch of
medicine.
The new issue has recently triggered the on–going debate: the dilemma of whether the Government
should allow the Genetic screening of all 16 year old girls for mutation in specific gene called the
Factor V which sometimes lead to condition called the DVT , or not.
In the essay I will suggest on why we should not do the screening.
In the first paragraph of my essay I shall briefly explain the science ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Factor V Leiden is a single nucleotide substitution Guanine to Adenine at nucleotide 1691 which is
responsible for the single amino acid replacement (Arg506Gln).
Factor V Leiden is inactivated by the protein C and S nearly 10 times slower than the normal Factor
V, resulting in increased clotting factor that is why it is commonly called APC Resistance.
Factor V Leiden is the most common genetic cause of venous thrombosis, which leads to deadly
pulmonary embolism when the part of the clot breaks away to the pulmonary artery. It is involved in
20–40% of cases and is present in 3% of the general population.
The other major genetic causes of venous thrombosis (deficiencies of protein C and S) together
account for only 5–10% of cases.
Factor V Leiden increases the risk of venous thrombosis 3–8 times for heterozygous (one bad gene
inherited) and substantially more, 30–140 times for homozygous (two bad gene inherited)
individuals.
2% of the general population was found to be heterozygous.

64. Risk is increased still further in situations such as pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, estrogen
therapy, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, immobilization, surgery, trauma, high blood pressure,
obesity, smoking or long time travel (commonly called economy class syndrome). In these cases risk
of clotting can increase dramatically.
Can Factor V Leiden be inherited?
Genetic
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

66. Proteins Are Colonic Epithelial Receptors For C. Difficile...
Finally, a paper published in September 2016 reveals that "frizzled proteins are colonic epithelial
receptors for C. difficile toxin B" [22]. As they are introducing their studies of identifying potential
TcdB receptors, they highlight some downfalls in previous studies, such as the fact that whilst
CSPG4 was showed as an interacting receptor with Toxin B in HeLa and HT29 cells [17], CSPG4 is
not actually present in the colonic epithelium [23]. Also, they comment on the fact that PVRL3 was
shown only to be associated with TcdB cytotoxicity and not proof of PVRL3 acting as a receptor
itself [13], however, there was evidence of PVRL3 interaction with TcdB, as discussed above [14].
This study used a genome–wide screen via CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis and identification of TcdB–
resistant mutants, which identified the Wnt receptor frizzled family (FZDs) as TcdB receptors [22].
This mutant screening with native TcdB also confirmed CSPG4 as TcdB receptor and further studies
showed it is CROP–dependent [17, 22]. The highest ranking mutant of plasma membranes when
screened with the truncated TcdB1–1830 was FZD2, a member of the Wnt receptor frizzled family
(FZDs) [22]. In healthy cells, the Wnt signaling, in which FZD proteins contribute to, are critical
signal pathways involved in proliferation and self–renewal function of colonic epithelial cells [24,
25]. TcdB competes for Wnt to bind to these regions, inhibiting Wnt signaling, which in turn affects
the health of colonic cells [22]. It
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68. Setting Up A Pcr Assay For Fv Cambridge Mutation
MEDS2140/2142 – LITERATURE REVIEW
TITLE OF PROJECT: SETTING UP A PCR ASSAY FOR FV CAMBRIDGE MUTATION, THIS
INCLUDES A FULL EVALUATION OF THE METHOD AND THE ESTIMATION OF THE
INCIDENCE OF THE MUTATION IN THE BLOOD DONOR POPULATION.
Name: Lisa Nguyen
Student Number: 3330181
Due Date: 31/08/14
Demonstrator: Dr Cindy O'Malley INTRODUCTION
The haemostatic system is a process that keeps the blood in balance between bleeding and
thrombosis. In a healthy individual, blood is maintained in a stable flowing state and is able to
rapidly form a haemostatic plug that will prevent unrestricted bleeding when a vessel is ruptured.
The coagulation cascade is involved in fibrin formation and it consists of the common, intrinsic and
extrinsic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Factor V mutations include: Factor V Leiden, Factor V Cambridge and Factor V Hong Kong.
Studies have been conducted to see the prevalence of these mutations in patients who have been
diagnosed with venous thrombosis and its association with activated protein C resistance.
COAGULATION
Coagulation is a process where there is a blood clot formation at the site of an injured blood vessel.
Once there has been an injury to the blood vessel wall, vasoconstriction immediately occurs, and
then we get primary haemostasis. Platelet activation occurs in this process and they adhere to the
subendothelial complex. There is a formation of fibrin in this process and this leads to a haemostatic
plug being formed at the site of injury. Secondary haemostasis also occurs simultaneously with
primary haemostasis. In this process, tissue factors are involved in the initiation of the coagulation
cascade. The end result of the coagulation cascade is the activation of thrombin. Thrombin is an
important enzyme in haemostasis as it is needed for the conversion of fibrinogen to an insoluble
fibrin monomer to form the matrix of the clot and also it is important for further platelet activation.
(Khan and Dickerman, 2006; Hoffman, 2003; Clemetson, 2012; Arnout et al., 2006; Hawiger, 1987;
Green, 2006)
FACTOR V
The location of the

69. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

71. Mir34a Essay
MiR34a inhibits Aβ fibril uptake and autophagy flux
Regarding the compromised capability of Aβ clearance in AD, we suspected that miR34a may be an
indispensable player. To validate this, Aβ42 fibrils were prepared from Aβ42 monomer ex vivo and
used to treat glioma A172 and U251 cells. Aβ uptake was blocked by both transient transfection of a
miR34a mimic and stable miR34a overexpression (Supplementary Fig. 1B, Fig. 1A), but enhanced
by anti–miR34a (Fig. 1B), indicating that miR34a suppressed Aβ phagocytosis in these cells. The
fact that enhanced and decreased levels of miR34a correlated with corresponding changes in
intracellular Aβ supports the notion that miR34a may slow down Aβ clearance by affecting its Aβ
uptake and degradation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since mature autophagosome fuse with lysosomes to become autolysosome in the very late stage of
autophagy, we asked whether miR34a could retard autophagosome–lysosome fusion by examining
the co–localization of EGFP–LC3 and LysoTracker Red, a specific dye for live cell lysosome
labeling [47]. As expected, EGFP–LC3 puncta were dramatically reinforced in miR34a mimic
transfected cells but did not co–localize with LysoTracker Red. This was acting similar to cells
treated with bafilomycin A1 (Baf), which blocked autophagosome–lysosome fusion. In contrast,
E64D treatment induced a remarkable increased EGFP–LC3 puncta, which were well co–localized
with LysoTracker Red (Fig. 1D). Since lysosome–associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (LAMP2) is
also critical for autophagosome–lysosome fusion [48], we examined the effect of miR34a on
LAMP2 expression using WB analysis. MiR34a caused an unexpected increase of LAMP2
(Supplementary Fig. 1C), suggesting that the mechanism by which miR34a blocked
autophagosome–lysosome fusion was not due to LAMP2. As LAMP2 is mostly important for
chaperone mediated autophagy, its increase might be a compensation for the decrease in
macroautophagy. In summary, the above results reinforce that miR34a compromised Aβ degradation
by, at least, blocking autolysosome formation.
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73. Mediating Role Of Inflammation, Insulin Resistance And...
Mediating role of inflammation, insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia on the association
between obesity and cognitive function in older persons
Introduction
The increasing proportion of older persons in many developed societies due to population ageing
has been accompanied by a concurrent increase in obesity in this age group [1] [2]. Obesity is
associated with lower cognitive performance in early and mid adult life [3]. Further, mid–life
obesity is linked to development of cognitive impairment in late life [4] [5]. On the other hand, the
relationship between obesity and cognitive performance among in older persons is debatable. Few
studies have demonstrated a positive association between obesity and cognitive performance in
older persons [6] [7], while others have showed no evidence for an association [8], or an inverse
association [9] [10] [11] [12]. Recent studies indicate obesity is associated with structural changes in
brain areas targeted by neurodegeneration, such as hippocampus, frontal lobes and thalamus, in
cognitively intact subjects [13] [14].
It has been proposed that the link between obesity and cognition is not a direct effect but mediated
through a number of factors that lead to neuropathological changes [15]. Inflammation, insulin
resistance and hypertriglyceridemia have been described as the most likely causal mechanisms that
mediate this possible association [3] [16]. It is widely accepted that obesity is associated with
chronic low–grade
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75. Rheumatoid Arthritis Case Study Essay
According to the case study, there are findings to suspect that the patient has got rheumatoid arthritis
or not. According to the case study, the woman who is 37 year old gradually developed painful
wrists, and when the pain continued and due to the early morning stiffness which stopped her from
gardening she consulted the doctor. On examination, both wrists and the metacarpophalangeal joints
of both hands were swollen and tender but not deformed and there were no any nodules or vasculitic
lesions.
Even though she was treated with her initial symptoms, her pain, stiffness and swelling of the hands
continued and 1 month later both knees became similarly affected and after six months of the initial
presentation, she developed two subcutaneous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it can also be diagnosed by performing some other combination of clinical presentations
and some other certain tests in order to find out the exact diagnosis. The first way of diagnosing is
using the characteristic symptoms and signs like joint pain, stiffness and swelling due to synovial
inflammation and effusion and also common symptoms of RA, tenderness, swollen joints, pain,
stiffness, limited motion in joints, loss of appetite, muscle pain and skin nodules (Richa, et al, 2013).
In clinical trials, rheumatoid arthritis is diagnosed formally by using seven American Rheumatism
Association (ARA) criteria. The typical outpatient practice, a definitive diagnosis using these
criteria may be difficult to obtain early in the disease process. During the initial visit, patients should
be asked about degree of pain, duration of stiffness and fatigue, and functional limitations. A careful
joint examination looking for the characteristics described above is vital (Rindfleisch & Muller,
2005) and other diagnostic tests can also be performed. The initial and most simple way of
diagnosing is to take an X–ray. This can help the doctor to differentiate RA from
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

77. Symptoms And Treatment Of Arthritis
Introduction
Arthritis is a disease process that many people are affected by today. It is defined as, "painful
inflammation and stiffness of the joints". Within arthritis, there are two different types of this
inflammatory disease; osteoarthritis, which is the result of, bones rubbing together due to loss of
synovial fluid and rheumatoid arthritis which is caused by an autoimmune disease process. There are
many different treatment options available from over the counter medication to powerful
prescription medication. People of all ages, sexes and races can and do have arthritis, and it is the
leading cause of disability in America. Severe arthritis can result in chronic pain, inability to do
daily activities.
As a group we wanted to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research Because pain is the main issue that we are looking at absolving, we wanted to look at how
patients reacted to pain. Yvonne C. Lee et al. looked at pain sensitivity and pain reactivity in
osteoarthritis. The purpose of the study was to assess the experimental pain sensitivity and compare
the inflammatory response to pain in 26 OA patients and 33 age–and sex–matched controls from the
general population.
The methods consisted of participants undergoing psychophysical pain testing to assess pain
sensitivity in response to heat, cold and mechanical stimuli. Blood samples were taken at baseline
and four time points after testing to determine the effect of acute pain on C–reactive protein (CRP),
interleukin 6, interleukin–1beta and tumor necrosis factor–alpha. (Lee et al., 2011) They found that
patients with osteoarthritis had lower pressure pain thresholds (P ≤ 0.003) and higher heat pain
ratings (P ≤ 0.04) than controls across multiple body sites. Patients had higher CRP levels than the
controls (P = 0.007). CRP levels did not change in response to pain testing. Although not statistically
significant, patients tended to have higher interleukin 6 levels than controls (P = 0.12). Interleukin 6
levels increased after pain testing in OA patients and controls (P < 0.0001), but the amount of
increase was not different between the two groups. In osteoarthritis
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

79. A Comparative Group Of Healthy Controls
Results
Patients
The study aimed to have a comparative group of healthy controls, which for the purposes of this
presentation were excluded (n= 159). Patients currently with pouches and on steroids were excluded
from this sample as well leaving a total of 560 eligible patients with IBD had a colonoscopy, at
which time, an in–depth interview along with blood and biopsies were obtained. Following the
enrollment of patients into to study, chart review was conducted to collect additional information
such as inflammatory markers, serology and phenotypic information about disease behavior and
location. Participants were predominately; male (51.8%) white (86.8%), average age was 44 (SD
+/– 15 years of age), and its distribution is shown in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A split analysis was performed for the UC and CD group separately. There was a positive, strong
correlation for both groups to report more severe disease activity if they had PHQ–8 scores 10,
r=0.77 and r=1.15 for CD and UC patients, respectively. CD patients with moderate to severe
depression are 2.17 times more likely to report moderate to severe disease activity, using the HBI, as
compared to those with none or mild depression (OR = 2.17, 95% CI, p = 0.02). Furthermore, UC
patients with moderate to severe depression are 3.15 times more likely to report moderate to severe
disease activity, as per the SCCAI, as compared to those with none or mild depression (OR = 3.15,
95% CI, p = 0.01). Again, the gender difference did not reach statistical significance for neither CD
or UC patients.
C–Reactive protein (CRP), SES–CD, Mayo Endoscopic scoring, and UCEIS were found not to have
a significant association with both PHQ–8 and gender.
A correlation was done comparing self–reported, HBI and SCCAI, scores to endoscopic, SES–CD
and UCEIS, scores for CD and UC patients, respectively. We found that a larger proportion of
patients with Crohn's disease reported more severe symptoms albeit having less disease activity
endoscopically than patients with UC (Figures 4, 5, and 6).
Discussion/Conclusion
We hypothesised that IBD patients who have a higher PHQ–8 score predicts greater disease activity
at time of colonoscopy. While our results did not find a correlation between
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81. The Influence Of Resveratrol Supplementation On Various...
Cardiovascular disease has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide (1). In their
textbook, Smolin and colleagues state that "resveratrol [...] may help to prevent cardiovascular
disease" (2, p.479). Indeed, observational studies have provided evidence that populations that
regularly consume substantial amount of the compound resveratrol also have a lower incidence of
cardiovascular disease (CVD) (3,4). One meta–analysis calculated that drinking 150 mL of red wine
(containing resveratrol) per day provided the optimal protection from cardiovascular disease (5).
However, no experimental evidence exists to directly link resveratrol supplementation with
incidence of cardiovascular disease. A growing body of experimental evidence ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Twenty healthy, age–matched (36 years of age, on average) subjects were randomized to either
receive 200 mg of Polygonum cuspidatum extract (PCE) (containing 40 mg of resveratrol) or a
placebo daily for 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 1, 3 and 6 weeks.
Oxidative stress was determined by analyzing blood for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.
Inflammatory state was determined by assessing nuclear NFKB DNA binding activity (via gel shift
assay) and TNFα mRNA expression (via PCR testing). Resveratrol supplementation was found to
significantly reduce ROS generation, NFKB DNA binding activity, and TNFα mRNA expression
compared to both baseline and the placebo group at 3 and 6 weeks. (see figure 1). The authors
therefore concluded that 6 weeks of a resveratrol–containing supplement could reduce both
oxidative stress and inflammation. A major weakness of the study is that the authors failed to report
the sex of the subjects making it challenging to compare these findings with other studies.
Furthermore, this study used a PCE supplement, which contains several other antioxidants in
addition to resveratrol. The possibility therefore remains that these other compounds or an
interaction effect could have been responsible for some of changes that were observed.
A study conducted by Yoshino and colleagues was conducted to determine the
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