Stress And Cancer Of Cancer

Stress And Cancer Of Cancer
Stress and Cancer Name
Class
Stress and Cancer
Introduction
The human body is an intricately interlinked organism. Every system of the body has a role to play
in the well being of the other. The most prevalent disease of the modern age is cancer, and there has
been considerable effort to determine the causes of cancer. Substantial research in this regard point
to stress being one of the leading causes of cancer.
The Impact of Stress on Cancer Cancer, medically called 'tumorigenesis' (Thaker, Lutgendorf, &
Sood, 2007, p.430) occurs when cells in the body orient themselves for malignant growth. Such
cells show 'self–sufficiency in growth signals', are 'insensitive to anti–growth signals' and have
'limitless replicative potential' (Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430). Once a particular set of
cells become malignant, the malignancy can spread to other set of cells in different organs due to
'crosstalk' between the affected cells and their surrounding 'tissues' and 'micro–
environments'(Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430). Current research is focusing on the role of
'neuropeptides' and 'neurotransmitters' in the occurrence of cancer. Researchers have observed that
cancerous cells require nutrients and the diffusion of oxygen to proliferate malignantly. In this
aspect, stress–related hormones act as inhibitors or stimulants to cancerous growth depending upon
the type of hormone and the type of cancer. It has been established that '–agnostic
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A Study On Cancer And Cancer
Introduction
Cancer is defined as diseases that have abnormal growth of cells, and they can invade to other
tissues and affect other part of the body ( http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/). The
genes in a cancer cell that are used to regulate cell growth and differentiation have been mutated,
and lead to uncontrollable cell growth. After a period of growth, the proliferation of those abnormal
cells form a tumor (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#cite_note–WHO2014–1).
Currently, over one hundred difference cancers exist (https://www.cancer.gov/about–
cancer/understanding/what–is–cancer#types–of–cancer). A majority of them are caused by
environmental factors, while small number of them is cause by inherited genetics. Typical
environmental factors are tobacco smoking, diet and obesity, infection, radiation, etc.
(https://www.cancer.gov/about–cancer/understanding/what–is–cancer#types–of–cancer).
People have been working for years to find new ways and modify traditional methods of curing
cancer. Although people have been making great progress during these years, there are still great
barriers that make cancer one of the top killers in the U.S. One out of four deaths in the United
States is cause by cancer. Today, there are 1.6 million cancer cases in the United States and it is
expected to increase 45% by 2030 (CNN).
Currently there are several ways such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, etc. The interest
of this study is under the category of

Prostate Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
Prostate Cancer Awareness
There are men who can be in a percentile of having prostate cancer and unaware of what is going on
with their body do to the lack of knowledge about prostate cancer. One main reason most men are
unaware of the dangers of this illness is because it is not talked about enough amongst their peers.
The advertisement is very veg to whom prostate cancer effects and may not be advertised enough.
According to cancer.org there are about one in every seven men that will be diagnosed with prostate
cancer in the ages of 65 and older, and it is rare before age 40. Prostate cancer is the second leading
cause of cancer death in American men, behind only lung cancer. About one in every 36 men
diagnosed will die of prostate cancer. Just as all men have a prostate all men should be aware of
what the terms and symptoms of prostate cancer are and what can be done to help slow this growing
illness.
Symptoms
There are several different kinds of symptoms to be aware for when unsure about prostate cancer.
One having to urinate a lot at night can be a sign especially if you have not taken in much fluid to
have to go that much. Another sign can be the notice of blood in urine or in semen. When things like
this happen, it is very important to know what exactly is going on. By going to see a doctor for
routine checkups can help make many people aware and alert of signs that lead to prostate cancer.
Knowing what all the symptoms are can be very powerful to a man's life. Once a

The Disease Of Cancer And Cancer
Cancer is the name given to a collection of many diseases. Cancer is uncontrolled cell division due
to genetic changes that interfere the cell cycle and activate cell division. The cancer start in any part
of the human body, such as in blood, lung, and colon. Cancers are different in the ways they spread
and grow. Cancers types have its own characteristics. The general characteristics of Cancers are they
work in the absence of growth factors, make their own growth factors, don't respond to the signal
that stop cell division or cell dies, and they make signals the increase blood vessel growth to provide
nutrients. There are many types of cancers the most common types are Lung cancer, Breast in
female, Prostate in male, a Malignant Melanoma, and many other types of cancers. The incidence of
cancer and cancer types are influenced by many factors such as age, gender, race, local
environmental factors, diet, and genetics. There are many different causes that led to cancer. For
example, radiation and genetics. Also, the International Agency for Research added new factors that
led to Cancer and classified it as a high–risk agent cancers, such as beef, lamb, and pork. Normal
cells in the body follow an orderly path of growth, division, and death errors in these instructions
can cause the cell to stop its normal function and may allow a cell to become cancerous. Mutation in
DNA is responsible for cell division. The DNA of the cancer microbes may "mix" with the DNA of
the cell and

Breast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
"Cancer" is the name for a group of diseases that start in the body at the cellular level. Even though
there are many different kinds of cancer, they all begin with abnormal cell growth with the potential
to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These abnormal cells lump together to form a mass of
tissue or "malignant tumor". Malignant means that it can spread to other parts of the body or
Metastasize . If the breast is the original location of the cancer growth or malignant tumor, the tumor
is called breast cancer. (American Cancer Society, 2014, as cited in cbcf.org) Breast cancer is a
complex disease that will affect around 1 in 9 Canadian women during their lifespan. According to
the latest statistics, it is found that around ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ductal carcinoma is when the cells that line the milk ducts have changed to look like cancer cells.
The difference between Ductal carcinoma and an invasive cancer is that the cells have not spread
outside the walls of the ducts to the surrounding breast tissue. Because it hasn't invaded, Ductal
carcinoma can't spread or metastasize outside the breast to the rest of the body. DCIS has no signs or
symptoms and usually can't be felt with a routine breast examination. Sometimes, a lump may be
found or there might be discharge coming from the nipple. One of the ways to find it early is by
having a mammogram done. (American Cancer Society, 2014., National Cancer Institute, 2014.,
Breastcancer.org, 2014., Canadian Cancer Society, 2014. As cited in cbcf.org)
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast–cancer–breast–cancer–types
Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer. Invasive ductal carcinoma
starts in one of the milk ducts in the breast, spreads through the wall of the duct and into the fatty
tissue of the breast. Once it has spread outside the duct it is possible to spread to other parts of the
body through the lymphatic system and blood stream. Some signs and symptoms of invasive ductal
carcinoma can include: a lump in the breast tissue or armpit area, redness, thickening, irritation or
dimpling, breast pain and or swelling, and nipple changes and or discharge. (American Cancer
Society, 2014., National Cancer

The Treatment Of Cancer And Cancer
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Cancer can be classified as a typed of
disease that causes an overgrowth of cells (1). The cancer cells begin to divide at an abnormal rate
which can cause lumps or tumors. This disease is very widespread and includes over 100 different
types. Some of the most common types of cancer include, Breast Cancer, Leukemia, Prostate
Cancer, and Melanoma (2). Because this disease is so widespread and one of the leading causes of
death, researchers are working hard to develop ways to prevent and treat cancer. Over the years,
many of these treatments have shown great potential for a cure to cancer. One of these that is
gaining more advancements every year is the treatment of cancer using Immunotherapy.
Immunotherapy is the use of a person's immune system in order to fight cancer. By taking what they
know about how the immune system works scientists have discovered many ways to treat cancer
with immunotherapy. Some of the current treatments of caner using immunotherapy include,
antibody therapy, cell mediated immunotherapy, and cytokine immunotherapy.
Antibody therapy is a widely researched area of immunotherapy. According to Encyclopedia
Britannica, antibodies are "a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the
presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen. Antibodies recognize and latch onto antigens in
order to remove them from the body" (4). Antibody therapy dates back to around 200 BC, where
they

Ovarian Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
Ovarian cancer is a disease in which malignant or cancerous cells are found in the ovaries. The
ovaries are two small organs that are located on each side of the uterus. The way cancer develops is
when cells begin to grow out of control. Cancer cells are different from normal cells because they
continue to grow and instead of dying, they create abnormal cells that form into a tumor. Woman
around age 35–74, ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of death. The earlier this cancer is treated
the better. Most woman don't have symptom and when they do end up finding out that they have
ovarian cancer their already on their 3rd or higher stage. Every woman diagnosed with this cancer
has a survival rate of 30.6% (NOC, 2016). Females are the ones who get this disease not males.
Although ovarian cancer is very rare in young women, the types that occur tend to be easier to treat
than the epithelial tumors that do affect older women (UCSF Medical Center, 2016). Most of the
time ovarian cancer develops after menopause (UCSF Medical Center, 2016). Since the menstrual
cycle changes on women over 37–75, there is a high rate of them getting ovarian cancer (UCSF
Medical Center, 2016). There is a way to reduce the risk of getting ovarian cancer, is by tying the
tubes to prevent pregnancy (UCSF Medical Center, 2016). Most women get this disease and others
do not, so there is no saying that every women ends up getting it. In case no one new, Ovarian
cancer is called the

Is Cancer A Cure For Cancer?
Cancer is figured to be the second leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With
approximately 14 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer related deaths in 2012, alone .Why are
so many people stuck suffering with this deadly disease? Millions of dollars have been invested into
cancer research, yet there is no cure. Are these pharmaceutical companies focus on finding a cure for
cancer or concentrating on elongated treatments in order to lengthen their pockets? We must first
understand that cancer is big business earning huge profits. Nonetheless, the cancer industry is
spending virtually zilch of its multi–billion dollar resources on effective prevention strategies, like
dietary guidelines, exercise, natural remedies and herbs proven to cure cancer. Instead, it pours its
money into treating cancer, not preventing or allaying it. Why focus on treatment instead of finding
a cure? It is simple; there is in profit in finding a cure for cancer. Desperate and eager to live, the
typical cancer patient spends about $50,000 fighting the disease. Chemotherapy drugs are among the
most expensive of all treatments, many ranging from $3,000 to $7,000 for a one–month supply. If
the cancer industry allows a cure, then their patient base goes away (Dr. Mercola, D. (2011, January
1). Cancer: Forbidden Cures | Natural Cancer Treatment. Retrieved February 26, 2015, from
http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/08/03/natural–cancer–treatment.aspx.) It
makes more

Cancer And Its Effects On Cancer
Cancer is a topic that many don't like to talk about because of its dark association with death.
However it is important to be educated on what cancer exactly is and where it comes from. First off,
there are many types of cancer that can occur in all areas of the body. The craziest fact is that all
cancers start off with the mutation of just one single cell. We have millions of cells in our body and
just once mutated cell can change someone's life or even end it. Many people will say "this cancer
runs in the family" and they think that is the cause of the cancer. However that is only true for few
as cancer is inherited less than 10% of the time. The majority of cancer is caused by environmental
factors. The saying "that comes with age" is true with cancer as well because mutations will
accumulate more as we age increasing the probability of being diagnosed with cancer. The way
cancer cells can grow is when they aren't responsive to mitosis which is the growth and
development of normal cells. This means that cancer cells will continue to grow without being
checked by the body and its normal growth and division process. Cells that don't die when they
actually should is a cause of cancer happening. This is a part of the beginning of cancer becoming
worse with the end result of a lethal tumor. The life on a cancer in prolonged by what is called a
telomerase enzyme which extends the telomeres of a chromosome making it longer and longer. A
long telomere allows for many cycles of

Cancer Pathogenesis Of Cancer
There has been a spontaneous advancement in the understanding the pathogenesis of cancer over the
last two decades. Even though there has been a significant success in the knowledge of tumor, there
still a wide gap in the treatment of tumors. There is a little treatment information available on cancer
making it difficult to control it. Chemotherapy remains the only effective treatment method used.
This study aims at examining the possible roles of the p53 gene in leukemia and how that data can
be utilized for diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Due to its potent tumor suppressive activity, a molecular understanding of p53 action will create
significant experiences into specific procedures that limit tumor growth and may identify key ...
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There are essentially two pathways that transduce signs to start apoptosis in leukemia. The primary
route is the extrinsic pathway. It includes the trimerization of death factors like CD95/Fas/APO–1 or
TNF receptor one which initiates caspase 8, which initiates the apoptotic machinery. The second
pathway is the intrinsic pathway. This pathway involves the p53 gene and is subsequently of more
concern. The p53 gene initiates the arrival of cytochrome C from the mitochondrial intermembrane
space into the cytosol. The cytochrome C in the presence of ATP reasons the oligomerization and
activation of Apaf–1 and caspase 9 as per Schuler, (2000).
Therefore, then prompt caspase three and other effector caspases that cause apoptosis. By utilizing
this data, experiments have been carried out that try to induce apoptosis in cancer cells by activation
of the p53 gene. One particular examination was done on the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos–2,
which is deficient in p53. According to Schuler (2000), an introduction of the p53 gene led to
apoptosis through an intrinsic pathway. Subsequently subjecting p53 to gene treatment might be of
enormous importance in the battle against leukemia.
According to Liu (1994), it has additionally been discovered that p53 mutant tumors are more
unstable genetically and this state of instability may enable the tumors to become more rapidly
resistant to drug treatments.
Since p53

Breast Cancer Unfortunately, as most of us know cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in our
society. Breast Cancer is the second leading cause of death in women in the United States, next to
lung cancer and also the most common cancer diagnosed in women. Over one million people are
diagnosed with cancer every year in the U.S. alone. As many people are aware of today, due to
uncontrolled growth of cells within in the body, cancer is developed through this. During class Dr.
Weilert asked us whether we knew anyone that had cancer, suffered with some form of cancer or are
now in remission. I was shocked to see that about 80% of the class did know someone. Since there
has been an ongoing investigation and ongoing research for the cure of cancer, it is now known that
there are over one hundred different types of cancer. In this paper I will discuss; the natural history,
pathophysiology, the signs & symptoms, the diagnoses and finally share some statistics surrounding
breast cancer within the United States. Breast Cancer has been around for many, many years now.
Dating all the way to ancient time's right up to the world we live in today. The oldest record of this
disease was found in the "Edwin Smith Papyrus" (The American Cancer Society, 2015), which was
a document explaining thoroughly how cancers could possibly be treated. The document was named
after a dealer who had bought it in the year of 1862. Scientists began to understand more about the
human body in the fifteenth

Treatment Of Cancer : Cancer
Approach to Care: Cancer
The diagnosis of cancer makes one to be depressed, lonely hopeless and helpless due to the fear of
unknown. It is very difficult for one to understand the true nature of this disease as there is no
definite cure. Anyone diagnosed with cancer need to be supported emotionally together with the
family members. Treatment of cancer requires an extensive treatment, early detection is very useful
in the management of a cancer patient.
WHAT IS CANCER?
Cancer consists of group of diseases that share common characteristics. The continuous division and
proliferation of cancer cells to other parts of the body and tissues surrounding it is a common trait
shared by all types of cancer. Cancer cells is made up of billions and billions cells which could state
anywhere in the human body and spread to any other part of the body As new cells emerge, the old
ones dies, this process allows the new ones to grow again to replace the old or dead cells. Cancer
results due to the abnormality of the cells, these abnormal cells are known as malignant cells, and
these abnormal cells grow and multiply in the human body uncontrollably. These cells grow as
rapidly as they overgrow and destroy the normal cells and tissues, allowing more room for the
malignant cells to grow. The cells continuously break off and migrate to other parts of the body with
the use of human body and the lymph system. The cancer usually travel to the vital organs like the
brain, brain, lung, and the liver.

The color pink, ribbons, 5k runs, mammograms, and the month of October all have one thing in
common: breast cancer awareness. Breast cancer begins when a tumor is formed in the tissues of the
breasts. "A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that grow in the breast, for example, or
surrounding tissues and spreads to distant areas of the body" (American Cancer Society, 2014). The
tumor travels to surrounding tissues by blood cells. Breast cancer is more likely to develop in
women than men. Depending on the individual, some signs and symptoms can be seen while others
may not show any signs and symptoms. Individuals should be aware of certain precautions to reduce
the chance of developing the disease. Radiologic sciences and advancement in technology makes
early detection and treatment possible for individuals that become diagnosed with breast cancer.
Risk Factors
Being a woman is the number one risk of breast cancer. "There are about 190,000 new cases of
invasive breast cancer and 60,000 cases of non–invasive breast cancer this year in American women.
While men do develop breast cancer, less than 1% of all new breast cancer cases happen in men.
Approximately 2,000 cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed in American men this year" (Being a
Woman, 2015). Women tend to get breast cancer more often than men because of hormonal factors
and the maturing of the breast.
Age is the second leading risk factor. As individuals age, the risk to become diagnosed with breast
cancer

Cancer : A Cure For Cancer
There is No Cure
Over 1,665,540 people were diagnosed and 585,720 people died from cancer in 2014 ("Cancer
Facts"). Cancer will eventually take over because there is no cure. Many people have devoted their
entire lives to finding a cure for cancer. Billions of dollars have been put into research.
Unfortunately, most people have come up short in finding a definite way of curing cancer. Cancer
has many different treatments that vary out of these main treatments: chemotherapy, radiation, and
surgery. The main treatments and cancer research are not able to keep up with the increase in cancer
incidents in the human population.
Since there is no definite cure for cancer, billions of dollars have been spent trying to find one. On
average, 4.8 billion dollars a year is spent on cancer research. Breast cancer had the most money put
towards finding a cure for it at around $572.6 million dollars. Next was prostate cancer at $285.4
million. Another cancer that had a lot of money put towards research was uterine cancer at about
$17.1 million. ("How Much"). Most of all of this money comes from large organizations or
governments who specifically donate money for cancer research.
Chemotherapy is the use of certain drugs to treat cancer. Doctors will choose drugs depending on
the type of cancer diagnosis. For example, chemotherapy is used to treat breast cancer. ("How is").
There are many side effects of chemotherapy. A few are; anemia, appetite loss, memory loss,
bleeding, clotting,

Cancer And Cancer : The Most Important Causes Of Cancer
One–hundred percent of us humans will all die, seventy percent will have something that attempts to
take a precious life, nineteen percent of them will actually die from it, it being cancer. One walks
into their specialist's office, already shaken up by the whole event of their findings, to only have a
whole dictionary of medical terms thrown at them, knowing that the chance of survival is low.
Though all that is happening is an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in the body. A person's
life can be lost in a matter of seconds, death is like snowflakes, no two deaths are alike. Although
one can say 1.3 million people die from car crashes each year in the United States alone, not one of
those vehicle collisions were the same; even if two people were in the same exact car and both died
in the same accident, neither of their deaths will ever be told and never be the same. Cancer takes
many lives a year, although half of that of car crashes, again no two stories are the same. Even those
eighty–one percent of diagnosed cancer who survive, not a single one of those stories will even be
close to matching up with their comrades. Although all of them united by the common life–
threatening illness, they will never be the same. Ironically anyone born in the months of June 21st –
July 22nd has the zodiac sign cancer. The sign signifies home, and the most important part of that
sign is one's home life. Though when it comes to the home life of a cancer patient, home is not even

Before going in depth, let us first define what breast cancer is. According to the National Breast
Cancer.Org "Cancer is a broad term for a class of diseases characterized by abnormal cells that grow
and invade healthy cells in the body. Breast cancer starts in the cells of the breast as a group of
cancer cells that can then invade surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to other areas of the
body." Cancer begins in the cells which are the basic building blocks that make up tissue. Tissue is
found in the breast and other parts of the body. Sometimes, the process of cell growth goes wrong
and new cells form when the body doesn't need them and old or damaged cells do not die as they
should. When this occurs, a build up of cells often forms a mass of tissue called a lump, growth or
tumor.
Breast cancer occurs when malignant tumors develop in the breast, these cells can spread by
breaking away from the original tumor and entering blood vessels or lymph vessels, which branch
into tissues throughout the body. When cancer cells travel to other parts of the body and begin
damaging other tissues and organs, the process is called metastasis. Breast cancer affects many
individuals, however; a number of people do not have knowledge about the disease until they are
affected or someone close to them is affected. In 1996, the American Cancer Society estimated that
44,300 women would die of breast cancer in the United States that year and 184,300 more will be
diagnosed. This

Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
Cancer starts when cells begin to grow out of control. Cells in any part of the body can become
cancerous and they can spread to other areas of the body. "Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that
starts in the cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into
surrounding tissues or spread to distant areas of the body. ("What is Breast Cancer?")"
Breast cancer stages range from 0 to 4. Stages 0 and 1 are the earliest detection of cancer
development, the cancer cells are confined to one area. Stage 2 and 2A is evidence that the cancer
has begun to grow or spread. Stages 3 A, B and C is considered to be advanced cancer that shows
the cancer entering surrounding tissues near the breast. The last stage is stage 4 and it shows that
cancer has spread beyond the breast to other areas of the body. Most breast cancers begin in the cells
that line the ducts, which are tubes that carry milk from the lobules to the nipple. and begin in the
cells that line the lobules, this is the milk producing glands. Lymph nodes play a role in breast
cancer because its one–way breast cancers can spread. Lymph nodes are a small collection of
immune system cells that help fight infections and these are connected to lymphatic vessels, which
breast cancer cells can enter the vessels and grow in the lymph nodes. If this happens there is a
larger risk that cancer cells have gotten into the bloodstream and spread to other areas in the body.
"The more lymph nodes with breast

Prostate Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
Cancer begins when cells start to grow uncontrollably. Prostate cancer occurs in a male's prostate
gland (a small walnut shaped gland that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports
sperm) (Mayoclinic.org, 2015). Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men
(Mayoclinic.org, 2015). There are 4 types of prostate cancer such as sarcomas, small cell
carcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors and transitional cell carcinoma. Most prostate cancer is
considered to be adenocarcinomas due to the cancer developing from the gland cells (American
Cancer Society.org, 2016).
Prostate cancer shows no signs or symptoms in the early stages. If prostate cancer develops into
advance stages it can metastasize, and lead to several manifestations such as, trouble urinating,
decreased force in stream of urine, blood in semen, discomfort in the pelvic area, bone pain and
erectile dysfunction (ED) (Mayoclinic.org, 2015). Other known signs and symptoms are pain in the
hips, spine, ribs and weakness in the legs or feet. Some of these symptoms may also be caused by
other diseases or illness (American Cancer Society.org, 2016).
Medical organizations have disagreed on when men should be screened and what the benefits would
be. The recommendations from these medical organizations for screening purposes are as follows:
when they reach the age of 50 or sooner if the individual has any of the risk factors. The risk factors
are any of the following: family history of prostate cancer

Cancer
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with approximately 14
million new cases in 2012.2 The amount of new cases is expected to rise by about 70% over the next
2 decades. Cancer which causes nearly 1 in 6 deaths, is the second leading cause of death globally,
and was responsible for 8.8 million deaths in 2015. Approximately 70% of deaths from cancer occur
in low– and middle–income countries. In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred
globally (not including skin cancer other than melanoma).3 The most common types of cancer in
males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer.
The purpose of cancer tissue engineering is understanding cancer biology which is a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
When cell populations are used to form tissues and organs, proper 3D systems, with clinically
relevant dimensions, are required to eventually scale up these findings into effective new treatments.
6
Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is one type of cancer happening from the cervix due to abnormal growth of cells.
There are many reasons to cause cervical cancer. One of them is that the abnormal cells from other
parts of body are able to invade or spread to the cervix and cause the abnormal growth.
Unfortunately, in early stage, typically no symptoms are seen, and later symptoms may include
abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or pain during sexual intercourse. What's more, when
bleeding after sex, it also may indicate the presence of cervical cancer.7
In the United States, it is one of the eight–most common cancer of women. According to researches,
the data shows that Hispanic women are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with cervical
cancer than the general population and their median age at diagnosis is 48. In 1998, about 12,800
women were diagnosed in the US and about 4,800 died. Among cancers of the female reproductive
tract, it is less common than endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. The rates of new cases in the
United States was 7 per 100,000 women in 2004. Cervical cancer deaths decreased by
approximately 74% in the

Ovarian Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
Ovarian cancer is also one of the cancer that is affecting millions of women in today's world. The
previous researches were claiming that ovarian cancer comes from ovary cells. However, studies
have found that ovarian cancer could be coming from fallopian tube. Dr. Burdette's lab researched
how fallopian tube can be contributing to ovarian cancer, and her research shows strong evidence of
how does it occurs. It is very important to find a cure for ovarian cancer, otherwise deaths due to
ovarian cancer will keep increasing. Also, ovarian cancer has potential higher risk of causing breast
cancer. Curing ovarian cancer will stop it from damaging other tissues because the hormones
released from ovaries can negatively impact cell proliferation ... Show more content on
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PAX2 is a transcription factor that is expressed in fallopian tube. Evidence has showed that loss of
PAX2 could be happening in the earlier stage of ovarian cancer. Secretory cell of fallopian tube
starts to lose Pax2 initially, and then there is mutation in p53 gene. Dr. Burdette's lab collected cells
from mouse oviduct (fallopian tube in women) and mouse ovaries. They knocked out Pax2 protein
short hair pin RNA. When made cell lines on western blotting, they found that loss of Pax2 did not
make any difference in cell proliferation and cell migration. However, when knocked out Pax2 and
introduced mutation in p53 gene, they saw difference in cell proliferation. It showed increase in cell
proliferation, cell migration, and colony formation. Basically, they found out that there is no effect
of Pax2 in absence of p53 mutation. Dr. Burdette's lab created two models of high grade serous
cancer. One of the model showed that cells that were lacking PTEN proliferated faster. When Pax2
were re–expressed in those cells, cell proliferation reduced by many folds. Pax2 expression was
found to be linked with apoptosis in cell. Women who retained Pax2 expression lives longer
compared to women who does not. After finding the target of disease, it gets much easier to find out
the specific drug that will target the disease. Dr. Burdette's lab screened many compounds and found
4 compounds that has already been approved by FDA that could potential

The Psychology Of Cancer And Cancer
In this essay I will be discussing the psychology of cancer. More than 270,000 people are diagnosed
with cancer each year in the UK. Cancer is the cause of a quarter of all UK deaths, and well over a
third of all deaths in adults under 65 (Cancer Research UK, 2004). It is a deadly illness, in 2012, an
estimated 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred worldwide and an estimated 8.2 million people
died from cancer. Around 12,500 cancers in the UK each year are linked to alcohol with smoking
causing nearly a fifth of all cancers (including over 80% of lung cancers) (Anon., 2014). Genes are a
risk factor in an individual's risk of getting the illness, however there are further lifestyle risk
factors. Tobacco is by far, the single most important risk factor for cancer. Worldwide, it caused
more than 1 in 5 cancer deaths and almost three–quarters of lung cancer deaths (Cancer Research
UK, 2014).
Cancer is not a single disease with a single cause and a single type of treatment. There are more than
200 different types of cancer, each with its own name and treatment. Cancer is the general name for
a group of more than 100 diseases and is due to abnormal cell growth.
Cells become abnormal if their DNA – and therefore their "knowledge" – becomes damaged. As
long as there are very few abnormal cells and they are kept under control by our immune system,
they will not be harmful to the person. It is only when these cells start to divide uncontrollably,
forming lumps or

Abstract
In women, one of the most common cancers of course is breast cancer, in men prostate cancer and in
men and women, lung cancer and colon cancer are common cancers. It is important to understand
that the cancer that occurs in one individual is very different from the cancer that occurs in another.
Everyone is different; a lung tumor in one person will be different from a lung tumor in another
person. Once a diagnosis of cancer is made, the next obvious question is what do you do? There are
several things that are really relevant, for example, the stage of the cancer which is information
about where is the cancer?
What is Cancer?
Cancer is a defined as a group of cells in the body that begin to divide without stopping and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is called malignant because not only can it invade into adjacent organs but unfortunately a cancer
can spread to other tissues and that can be life threatening. Cancer can actually occur anywhere in
the body because there are cells everywhere in the body. In women, one of the most common
cancers of course is breast cancer, in men prostate cancer and in men and women, lung cancer and
colon cancer are common cancers. It is important to understand that the cancer that occurs in one
individual is very different from the cancer that occurs in another. Everyone is different; a lung
tumor in one person will be different from a lung tumor in another person. Once a diagnosis of
cancer is made, the next obvious question is what do you do? There are several things that are really
relevant, for example, the stage of the cancer which is information about where is the cancer? You
say it's a particular kind of cancer? How much cancer is present? Has is spread? Is it in lymph
nodes? Has it spread to other organs of the body? Cancer affects everyone in one way or another.
Whether it is a family member, loved one or ourselves, cancer has touched our lives.
Understanding cancer If you or someone you love has cancer, the fear and confusion that follows
can be overwhelming so understanding the basics of the disease can help. To understand the effect
of these abnormal cells it helps to look first at how healthy cells function. Each of us are made up of

Effects Of Cancer On Cancer And Cancer
CANCER
Cancer
INTRODUCTION: key factual statistics
Cancer is the worlds leading mortality factor with approximately 14 million new cases and 8.2
million cancer related deaths in 2012 .
And this number is expected to increase by almost 70% over the next 20 years.
lung, prostate, colorectum, stomach, and liver cancer were the 5 most common cancers diagnosed
with men ( researched by World Health Organisation in 2012 ).
While in women breast, colorectum, lung, cervix, and stomach cancer were the leading 5 among
them ( researched by World Health Organisation in 2012 )
Approximately 30% of cancer deaths caused are due to the 5 leading behavioural and dietary risks
such as ,obesity over the average more suitable weight , low fruit ,vegetable, and other vital mineral
intake, lack of physical activity, the use of certain narcotics and more especially the use of tobacco
substances, alcohol abuse .
The inhalation of tobacco , more commonly known as smoking tobacco is one of the leading factors
of cancer causing more than 20% of global cancer deaths and approximately 70% of the worldwide
lung cancer deaths.
About 60% of world's total new annual cases occur in Africa, Asia and Central and South America.
These continents are liable for approximately 70% of the world's cancer deaths .
It is predicted that the annual cancer cases will increase from 14 million in 2012 to 22 million within
the next 20 years.
These statistics are from the latest

Colorectal Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer, is a disease in which cancer cells form in the colon,
which is the upper five to six feet of the large bowel, or large intestine. Hereditary factors play a role
in colorectal cancer risk, but it can also be caused by outside factors. "Excluding skin cancer, it is
the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women in the United States" (American
Cancer Society). Colorectal cancer has been known since ancient times, and it is becoming less fatal
as research becomes more advanced. Great efforts have been put forth for investigation. Some
studies have been performed on organisms such as yeast and bacteria, such as one in 1993,
conducted by Dr. Bert Vogelstein, MD, led to the discovery of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
FAP is caused by mutations on the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene, a tumor suppressor gene
on chromosome 5 that occurs in an autosomal dominant pattern. The ACP gene controls cell growth,
so a mutation on that gene develops polyps in the colon that when left untreated, will develop into
colon cancer and can only be prevented by removing the colon. FAP is very rare, associated with
less than 1 percent of colon cancers . Familial adenomatous polyposis can also be a result of
mutations on the MUTYH gene (U.S. Library of Medicine 2013). Then, it is inherited in an
autosomal recessive pattern, where both copies of the gene in each cell are mutated. Both parents
may carry a single copy of the gene without showing symptoms. HNPCC, or Lynch syndrome, is a
result of mutations in the genes that repair DNA. Lynch syndrome is inherited in an autosomal
dominant pattern, so a single copy of the mutation will increase cancer risk. Most cases of Lynch
Syndrome are caused by mutations in two genes, MLH1 and MSH2. Both FAP and HNPCC have a
50% chance of offspring inheritance, and are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. A mutated,
inherited gene that is related to HNPCC causes an 80% chance of developing colorectal cancer (U.S.
Library of Medicine 2013). So even when an HNPCC–related gene is inherited, there is not a
definite future of colon cancer.

Cancer And Its Effects On Cancer
Cancer is one of the most ambiguous diseases. As Jenny Phillips, a researcher in the thoracic
oncology field, said, "I think the thing you need to know most about cancer is that we don't know
that much about it." Yes, it is known that cancer is the uncontrollable division of abnormal cells, but
how can it be stopped? That is the question. There are a number of treatments for this disease. There
are the traditional treatments: chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. There are also nontraditional
treatments such as the use of oncolytic viruses, acupuncture, and the targeting of matrices. Aside
from these treatments, are some other treatments that have recently been on the rise: personalized
medicine, targeted therapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery. However, despite the number of treatments
available for cancer, it is yet to be determined which is the most effective. Part of the problem lies in
the fact that cancer is an individualized illness; each cancer is different and acts differently. Gliomas
are difficult to treat due to the low accessibility of tumors inside the brain due to the Blood Brain
Barrier (BBB). Lung cancer can be difficult to treat, because blood flow to the lungs is very
different from that of other organs in the body (Jenny Phillips). In addition to the specifics of each
location of the body, each person is different and has a unique genetic make up. This means each
cancer will manifest within a certain set of genes which makes the task of finding a

Skylar Steinman
Period 6
Ms. Jobsz
12 February , 2016 Breast Cancer It is commonly known that Breast Cancer is one of the most
insidious diseases that mankind has had to deal with. With the discovery of the BRCA1( BReast
Cancer gene one) and BRCA2 (BReast Cancer gene two) genes, breast cancer can be detected with
a great amount of certainty on a genetic level in some women and men. 40,000 women and men die
of breast cancer each year. Knowing this it is very important to try to detect the mutation in the gene
as early as possible. In the United States alone between 1 in 800 people are diagnosed with the
BRCA gene mutation. However, among the Ashkenazi jews,( jews from primarily eastern european
decent) men and women are about one in forty to have the mutation. Even though battling this
disease provides many challenges to those afflicted, advancement in treatment and in research have
increased the ability to survive tremendously. The BRCA gene is passed directly from parent to
child. While everybody has a pair of BRCA genes it 's only when they are determined to be
abnormal that it increases the likelihood that Breast Cancer will be developed. The BRCA gene is
located on the long arm of chromosome 17 at position 21 ( Genetics Home Reference; two). The
primary purpose of the normal BRCA gene is to repair any cell damage in the breast tissue and to
keep the cells from them becoming abnormal. When the gene carries a detectable amount of
abnormality the gene starts to

Breast Cancer
Studies shows men are diagnosed with breast cancer contrary to the perception that this disease is
solely diagnose in women. What is breast cancer in men? Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that
starts from cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that may grow into
(invade) surrounding tissues or spread metastasize to distance of the body (Article 1).Women Manly
have breast cancer but men can get it also. Some people doesn't realize that men have breast tissues
and that can develop breast cancer. The breast is made up mainly of lobules (glands) that can
produce milk if the right hormones are present. Around the age 9 and 10 girls and boys have a small
amount of tissue which is called a Ducts which is located under the nipples and areola (Area around
the nipple). Puberty girl's ovaries make females hormones causing breast ducts to grow. Breast ducts
consists lobules from the end of the ducts, and the amount of stroma to increase. After puberty men
and boys normally have low level than females hormones and of getting breast cancer in all cells of
the body. A man breast duct cells can undergo cancerous changes. Breast cancer is less common in
men because their breast t cell are less developed than women breast cell. Men normally have lower
levels of female's hormones that effect the growth of breast cancer. The lymph system of the breast
is a yellowish fluid in the blood that special

Breast cancer
Introduction to Breast cancer
Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer only surpassed by lung cancer. It involves
a cancerous tumour located inside the breast but spreads if treatment is not administered. (Evert et al
2011) Breast cancer can be treated if diagnosed in its early stages but becomes progressively more
difficult upon reaching more advancing malignant stages. Breast cancer can be confused with being
a female only disease however both sexes suffer. According to statistics in 2011 which measured the
abundance of breast cancer in the UK, 50,285 new cases of breast cancer were confirmed with 98%
being female and 2% male, these statistics show that the disease is more problematic in females
which may result from differences in breast formation or hormonal and genetic differences.
Definition of Breast Cancer
The breast is a tissue overlaying the Pectoral muscles sitting in–front of the ribs. It is composed of
20 lobes consisting of milk producing lobules and ducts that transport milk to the nipple.
Surrounding the lobules are fat globules and fibrous tissue. The breasts consist of many blood
vessels supplying a continuous supply of oxygenated blood and lymph vessels that are connected to
cluster of lymph nodes aiding in trapping bacteria and cancerous cells. (Copper 1990)
Breast cancer is simply cancer that inhabits the tissues inside the breast resulting from random
mutations in specific genes or from over expression of certain sex

What I chose to research on my cancer project was breast cancer, since breast cancer is one of the
second deadliest cancers among women I felt like I should research into this topic more in–depth.
Anyone, no matter male or female, we are born with some breast cells and tissue. Even though
males do not develop milk–producing breasts, a man 's breast cells and tissue can still develop
cancer. Male breast cancer is very rare, yet more fatale because they are less likely to assume the
lump is possibly cancerous. One in a thousand men will ever be diagnosed with breast cancer as
opposed to the staggering statistics of 1 in 8 women developing breast cancer over the course of her
lifetime. The definition of breast cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in the cells of the breast.
A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that grow into surrounding tissues or spread to further
areas of the body.
Signs and symptoms and early indication of breast cancer are the discovery of lump in the breast –
the most common first sign. The woman usually finds the lump, a lump in the armpit, changes in
breast shape or size. Skin changes and or nipple changes.
The most common type of breast cancer being ductile carcinoma in situ (DCIS): meaning that the
cancer cell growth starts in the milk ducts. Breast cancer has 0 to 4 stages.
Stage 0 cancers are called "carcinoma in situ." Carcinoma means cancer and "in situ" means "in the
original place." the three types of "in situ carcinoma" of the

Exploring Cancer : The Cause Of Cancer
Cancer, a well known and feared aspect of today's world, ha sheen discovered as a complex cell
malfunction that has horribly affected humanity's health and has greatly caused the death of millions
worldwide. For this reason, cancer is considered "the second leading cause of death in the world
after cardiovascular diseases" (History of Cancer). In the right conditions, "cancer develops when
normal cells in a particular part of the body begin to grow out of control and destroy body tissue"
(What is Cancer? and Cause of Cancer), and the "scary" aspect of cancer is that it's growth never
stops since every type of cancer goes through the same process: growth, division, re–division, and
the process is continuous(What is Cancer? And Cause of Cancer) until treatment is done. Cancer
causing viruses have also been discovered over the years by scientists as well. For this reason,
treatment is so significant for the curing of one's cancer and the saving of one's life. Because of the
fact that cancer can spread to almost every part of the human body through metastasis, malignant
cells that spread to other parts of the body by way of the blood or lymphatic vessels or membranous
surfaces, and because there are so many body parts, hundreds of cancers of been discovered
overtime. Besides the fact that cancer spreads in one's own body, the damaged DNA of a cancer
cell(s) can be inherited by the person's offspring. Most of the time, cancer is distinguished in the
form of a solid tumor(s), which

Breast Cancer
Disease Overview Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal
and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed
cancer in women. (Only skin cancer is more common.) About one in eight women in the United
States will develop invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. Researchers estimate that more than
230,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in U.S. women in 2015. Cancers
occur when a buildup of mutations in critical genes–those that control cell growth and division or
repair damaged DNA–allow cells to grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer
can be caused by inherited genetic factors. These genetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By helping to repair DNA, the BRCA2 protein plays a critical role in maintaining the stability of a
cell 's genetic information. The cancer risk caused by BRCA2 mutations is inherited in a dominant
fashion, even though usually only one mutated allele is directly inherited. This is because people
with the mutation are likely to acquire a second mutation, leading to the dominant expression of the
cancer. A mutated BRCA gene can be inherited from either parent. Because they are inherited from
the parents, they are classified as hereditary or germline mutations. Because humans have a diploid
genome, each cell has two copies of the gene (one from each biological parent). Typically only one
copy contains a disabling, inherited mutation, so the affected person is heterozygous for the
mutation. If the functional copy is harmed, however, then the cell is forced to use alternate DNA
repair mechanisms, which are more error–prone. The loss of the functional copy is called loss of
heterozygosity (LOH). Any resulting errors in DNA repair may result in cell death or a cancerous
transformation of the cell. Disease Pathology High–risk families include those whose members
carry a mutation in the BRCA2 gene. The mutated BRCA2 gene is inherited in an autosomal
dominant pattern. A child needs to inherit just one copy of the mutated gene to have an increased
cancer risk. Children who have a parent with a BRCA2

Lung Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
Lung cancer is the number one leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Lung cancer kills
more people than any other cancer, such as; breast cancer, colon, prostate, or ovarian. There are two
types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non–small lung cancers. These two lung cancers
grow and spread differently. Small cell lung cancer tends to spread quickly and makes up about 10–
15 percent of the lung cancers. Non–small lung cancer is the most common type, it attributes to
about 85 percent of lung cancers. The sub types of non–small cell lungs cancer are; squamous cell
carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. People who smoke have the greatest risk of
lung cancer. If you quit smoking you can significantly reduce your chances of developing lung
cancer. The overall prognosis is poor, lung cancer is usually not found until it is in its advanced
stage. According to the Mayo Clinic "Five–year survival is 40% to 50% for early stage lung cancer,
but only 1% to 5% in advanced, inoperable lung cancer."
Typically lung cancer doesn 't show signs or symptoms in the early stage. Signs and symptoms
typically occur when the lung cancer has advanced. Someone with lung cancer may show signs and
symptoms that can include: cough, cough with blood, shortness of breath, chest
Howe2
pain, hoarseness, loss of appetite, weight loss, wheezing, fatigue, bone pain, headache and clubbing
of the digits. Also patients may have a bluish color to their skin; this is

Cancer And Cancer : The Advantage Of Cancer
According to the National Cancer Institute, cancer is the broad name given to a collection of
diseases characterized by abnormal cells that grow and invade healthy cells ("What is Cancer?",
2015). The human body is made up of trillions of cells that grow, divide, and die on a regulated
cycle. When errors occur and build up over time, the likelihood of cancer increases. This can result
in cells that are old or damaged not dying as they should, and new cells growing when they are not
needed. These cells ignore cell cycle control signals, and may divide unchecked, forming growths
called tumors ("What is Cancer?", 2015). There are two types of tumors: malignant and benign.
Tumors that are malignant are cancerous, and they invade nearby tissues or travel to distant parts of
the body. Tumors that form away from the original tumor site are called metastatic cancer. Benign
tumors, on the other hand, do not invade nearby tissue, and, when removed, usually do not grow
back. While everyone is susceptible to cancer, some groups bear a disproportionate burden of cancer
compared with others, due often to differences in detection and treatment related to race, gender, and
socioeconomic status ("Cancer Disparities", 2016). Because of these disparities, certain groups
continue to be at an increased risk of developing or dying from particular cancers. One example of
many is that African Americans have higher death rates than all other groups for most cancer types
("Cancer Disparities", 2016).

Cancer And Cancer
I would refer a family friend or colleague to the American Cancer Society (ACS) website where a
huge selection of support programs is offered throughout treatment and recovery (ACS, 2017c).
There is an entire section dedicated to assisting with finding resources in whatever area someone is
in or near and different programs from which to choose (ACS, 2017c). Visitors of the website can
also filter their search based on an array of different choices ranging from, but not limited to,
advocacy, assistance, information, referral, supplies, support groups, and transportation (ACS,
2017c). The website is also very easy to navigate with phone numbers and live chat options (ACS,
2017c).
According to the ACS Cancer Statistics 2015 PowerPoint ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Separate brochures have been created for increasing activity, alcohol use, indoor tanning and
household radon. (CDC, 2017). There are also guides available online to help individual states
organize effective tobacco control programs and for communities to promote cancer prevention
(CDC, 2017). In addition to these helpful tools, there is an abundance of cancer prevention
information on infections and the flu related to cancer, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), health
disparities, and survivorship (CDC, 2017).
The Epidemiology Research Program strives at decreasing the stress of cancer by overseeing large,
nationwide studies that they anticipate will increase the knowledge base of cancer related to the
causation and survival as well as having an impact on cancer prevention programs (ACS, 2017a).
They have a team of experts that manage everything pertaining to cancer prevention studies (ACS,
2017a). From these studies, they have published over 750 scientific articles, which have been
utilized nationally as well as internationally (ACS, 2017a). They have made significant
contributions to tobacco–related research, obesity, diet, activity levels, use of hormones, pollution,
and other cancer related exposures (ACS, 2017a). For more than 60 years, information obtained
involving the research of nearly 2.7 million men and women of the United States that were willing
to be enrolled in the

The Relationship Between Cancer, Cancer And Cancer
Cancer, Cancer is one thing that happens to several people for smoking, tanning, or you can just get
it out of nowhere. It effects a lot of people's daily life while they continue their fight to try and win
their battle. You can be any color and still get cancer it happens to everyone because were all the
same. Don't we all bleed the same blood? Then you can also get it from the environment you live in,
which is similar to the people who develop racist attitudes from living in a racist society. Some
people tend to be racists and not even see it they way other people do. Of course we have all seen
different types of racism from place to place or even on TV. Like when we explore our downtown
area there are several homeless people the

Nanotechnology Cancer Cancer
Should Nanotechnology be used frequently by Cancer patients?
Did you know that about 1,688,780 new types of cancer have been found in the United States,
killing more than 600,920 people? Cancer has been known as the second leading cause of death in
the United States just after Chronic Heart Disease. Fortunately, researchers have found a way to
prevent and cure cancer and that is by using Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is a branch in the
science field that deals with dimensions less than 100 nanometers which is about a billionth of a
meter. Not only that, but scientists predict that nanotechnology can lead to a major breakthrough in
the medical field of Oncology. Researchers have now found a way to "tune" the nanoparticles so that
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since, it unveils that if the doctors can detect the cancer cells and give pre–medications to the
patient; they can stop the cancer cells from forming into tumors later on.
Lastly, nanotechnology can help doctors to identify cancer cells in a patient and also they have the
opportunity to give early medications to the patients that are diagnosed with cancer cells in their
body. Currently, doctors can use nanotechnology to detect the miniscule cancer tumors present in
millimeters of saliva and blood. As illustrated in the research done by the Stanford University, "We
can now detect just a few cancer–associated molecules or circulating tumor cells in the body in just
a few milliliters of blood or saliva, or map the boundaries of a brain tumor within millimeters to
assess its response to therapy or to plan a surgery," Gambhir said. "We've specially designed
nanoparticles that can send back a massively amplified, whopping signal when they bind to cancer
cells in the colon, and we're working on ways to trigger the self–assembly of nanoparticles when
they enter a cancer cell. The field has advanced tremendously in the past 10 to 15 years" (Gambhir).
Therefore, if doctors can detect cancer tumors or cancer cells in the body, then they can provide
required diagnostics and early treatment to the patient

Cancer And Cancer
The overall analysis of this manuscript was indicating how a particular gene is connected to how
tumors/cancer are suppressed and how tumors/cancer also grow and multiply. When the codon is
manipulated and mutated, the point in which the codon becomes altered, or the point in which the
p53 gene is stimulated, forms reactions that may be harmful or can be non–threatening. The reaction
that could be harmful could generate destruction to the gene and therefore form cancer. A non–
threatening reaction may cause a reconstruction in the mutation, which is beneficial. Two
predominant genes that contribute to cancer are tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes. The gene
known as p53, is also called TP53 or the tumor protein. This gene helps proteins ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These genes cause the cell–division process to decelerate, DNA mistakes are corrected, and
apoptosis occurs so mutations are limited and preventing cancer cells from forming. When the tumor
suppressor genes do not function accordingly, this creates issues with cell division and mutations
and then cancer can form. Tumor suppressor genes cause cancer when they are inactive, compared
to the oncogene when they cause cancer because they are activated. An example of a tumor
suppressor gene would be retinoblastoma, an eye cancer, mostly associated with children, that
affects the retina. This disease can be inherited and inherited distortions of tumor suppressor genes
have been discovered in families. These genes can sometimes cause cancer to be inherited, but not
always because normally the mutations are acquired. A specific trans–activator is a part of gene
regulation that raises the rate of a specific gene that can later be activated by a response, or are
unnaturally expressed. These genes are needed for domains of the p53 protein, and also are needed
for protein expression and protein regulation. When a mutation occurs, it happens within the DNA
of the cell. Later, the mutation could be noticed by p53. P53 can become activated and modified
when phosphorylation occurs and this allows the p53 gene to notice the mutation's location within
the DNA of the cell or wherever the damage in the DNA is. After this

We have all seen the pink ribbons. They have become a national, if not international symbol for
breast cancer support and awareness. Breast cancer knows neither racial boundaries nor age
restrictions. Females of all ages and ethnicities can develop breast cancer and it is the leading most
common cancer among women. Calling attention to this often fatal disease is important by
supporting its victims, families and friends of victims, as well as raising funds for breast cancer
research. Though males are not immune from developing a breast cancer, for the purposes of this
paper, this paper will be limited to information relating breast cancer in females.
Breast cancers have been plaguing women since ancient times as it was mentioned in almost every
recorded period of history. One of the first to note this disease, more than 3,500 years ago, were the
Ancient Egyptians when they referred to "bulging tumors of the breast that have no cure".
Hippocrates who is referenced as the father of Western Medicine had his theories about breast
cancer. His suggestion was that the cancer was caused by excessive black bile. In A.D. 200,
hundreds of years after Hippocrates ventured his thoughts about the disease, Galen also went on the
record suggesting that some breast cancer tumors were more serious than others. It was also
believed that this cancer affected the entire body rather than being limited to the breasts.
Time advanced and so did the research including everything from a

Pancreatic Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
Pancreatic cancer occurs when build up of cancerous cells develop within the tissues of the
pancreas. The build up of those cells can go on undetected for quite some time before pain or any
symptoms show themselves. Also some of the pains can be mistaken for symptoms of some other
less severe conditions. The pancreas is the organ that produces digestive juices and hormones that
regulate blood sugar. Cells called exocrine pancreas cells produce the digestive juices, while cells
called endocrine pancreas cells produce the hormones. The majority of pancreatic cancers start in
the exocrine cells (WebMD, 2015). Pancreatic cancer is the cause of the 4th most cancer deaths in
the United States of American with a median of six or less months and a 5–year survival rate of
4.6% (Sarkar, 2007). That's something that was news to me but pancreatic cancer is only behind
lung and bronchial cancer, colon and rectal cancer, and breast cancer.
Considerable research has been done over the past few years focused mainly on identifying
molecular events in pancreatic carcinogenesis, and the correlation with clinic pathological status
(Sarkar, 2007). With that being said there has been many discoveries along the lines of symptom
recognition to the point that like symptoms can be evaluated simplified. Within all that it was
discovered that there were multiple subsets of genes that undergo changes genetically. The
activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are partly

Stress And Cancer Of Cancer

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