Proto Pump Inhibitors Essay

Proto Pump Inhibitors Essay
Description/Synopsis: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used for the treatment of gastroesophageal
reflux disease (GERD) and Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) due to their potential to inhibit gastric
acid production. Unfortunately, high doses of PPIs are associated with adverse health outcomes. The
use of PPIs has been shown to affect the absorption of minerals and vitamin–like calcium, iron and
vitamin B12. Not only the risk of other severe conditions like hyperparathyroidism, diarrhea and
pneumonia increases upon the long–term use of PPIs but the negative effects also extend to coronary
heart disease and atherosclerotic diseases. PPIs reduce the efficacy of the drug clopidogrel which
inhibits platelet activation thereby contributing to coronary heart disease and myocardial ... Show
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It is further reported to induce atrophic gastritis which can ultimately lead to gastric carcinoma.
Results of study: PPIs are generally considered safe, but initial studies reported that the short–term
use of this drug (8 months) was associated with adverse effects like vomiting/nausea, dizziness,
headache, and hypersensitivity reaction. On the basis of these observations, thereafter, several
studies unraveled potential long–term effects of PPI therapy. The studies reveal that upon intake of
PPIs calcium absorption efficiency decreases by 41% in elderly women. It is shown that odds ratio
for hip fracture increase with the intake of PPIs over subsequent years from 1.22 at one year, 1.41 at
two years, 1.54 at three years to 1.59 at four years. A significant difference in the value was seen
between men and women and the odds ratio was analyzed to be 1.78 vs 1.36, respectively. A study
further showed the increment in the odds ratio to 1.62 and 1.92 respectively upon the use of PPIs for
5 and 7 years, respectively. The OR for Vitamin B12 deficiency associated with the use of PPIs for
above a year was
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Hi Darwin Essay
Hi Jenny, The "warm little pond" is a theory that many modern biologist believe all life originated
from. Whilst there had been plenty of theories prior to Darwin's on the origin of life, his was the first
that proposed an explanation that is consonant with the larger picture of evolution of life on earth.
Darwin's theory of "the warm little pond" stipulates that life originated in shallow bodies of water
that contained very simple chemicals present in early earth. Adding the presence of an energy source
such as heat, light or electricity, Darwin believed that life could form. The most significant test of
this theory was the Urey–miller experiment in the 1950's. This involved sending an electrical current
through a sealed flask containing a chemical solution of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water
which were all the chemicals thought to be present in very early earth. At the conclusion of the
experiment, two percent of the carbon had formed amino acid 13 of which that are used to make
proteins ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
al 2014) citing that the Miller–Urey experiment only provides one possible mechanism for their
abiotic synthesis, and does not explain the origin of life. It has since been discovered, that the earth's
early atmosphere is nothing like what Urey and Miller recreated in the flask with scientists believing
that the Earth had a very neutral atmosphere, similar to the current atmospheres of mars and Venus
comprising mostly of carbon dioxide with small amounts of hydrogen and nitrogen. This led to the
proposal of new theories such as (Mulkidjanian Galperin 2009) theory suggesting that life on Earth
originated at photosynthetically–active porous structures, similar to deep–sea hydrothermal vents,
made of zinc sulfide. They stipulate that under the high pressure of a carbon dioxide dominated
atmosphere, these zinc suffice structures could form on the surface of the

Estepr Theory Lab
The purpose of this lab was to determine the atomic structure of small molecules and ions which we
did by drawing Lewis Dot Structures, drawing molecular geometries, and using the VSEPR model
on a computer. The VSEPR Theory states that molecular geometries of molecules can be predicted
through their number of electron pairs on the central atom because these electrons will repulse each
other as much as they can while still being bound to the central atom. The Lewis Dot Structures and
the molecular geometries that we were asked to draw were in order for us to have background
knowledge of how each molecule was shaped before we had to make them on the computer.
Most of the angles we calculated in the molecular geometry section of our lab were similar to the
ones we predicted in Section II.C. For example, our model for ClF5 was predicted to have less than
a 90 degree angle and our calculated result on the computer was 87.52 degrees. Also, the CO32–
predicted model was 120 degree angle and we got 119.99 degrees which rounds up to the predicted
model. However, some of the angles we calculated did not agree with the predictions we made. For
example, CH3OH was predicted to have a bond angle of less than 109.5 degrees for both the C and
O bond but our computer model showed an angle of 120.08 degrees for the C bond and 163.40 for
the O bond. In the beginning of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through this structure we can see which atomic orbitals make up the different parts of molecular
orbitals. The HOMO orbital is antibonding with sigma bonds. The HOMO–1 orbital is a bonding pi
orbital. The HOMO–2 orbital is a bonding, sigma orbital. The LUMO orbital is an antibonding pi
orbital. The LUMO–1 is a bonding pi orbital. We can tell this because antibonding orbitals have a
gap between the two atoms while bonding orbitals do not. A sigma bond occurs through axial
overlap between atoms. A pi bond occurs with lateral overlapping of

Atom Research Paper
Atoms
Atom is the fundamental building block of all stuff, or what scientists like to call "matter". An
individual atom is very small. In fact, the smallest type of atom, hydrogen, has a diameter of 10–8
cm. Every single object is composed of atoms. Our body is made up of many, many individual
atoms. There are also many different types of atom. These different types are called elements.
Examples of some elements are hydrogen, oxygen, and helium. Under normal conditions many
atoms can stick together to form larger, different stuff. Scientists call material that results from the
joining of different types of atoms "compounds". Atoms are not the smallest things there but are
made up of still smaller stuff. Also, atoms can be broken apart ... Show more content on
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At a later moment, they are struck more on another side and so change their direction of motion.
Many scientists, who had previously resisted the notion of atoms because they could not be
observed, were convinced by Einstein's explanation of Brownian motion. Now we have special
microscopes capable of enabling us to see single atoms. A molecule may consist of two or more
different kinds of atoms or may consist of one or more of the same kind if atom. For example, the
two principal of gases of the air of our atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen. Each molecule of
gaseous nitrogen is composed of two atoms of nitrogen bound together by electrical forces, and
likewise for gaseous oxygen. A rarer gas in our atmosphere is carbon dioxide, a molecule of which
contains one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. On the other hand, molecule of helium gas
contains only one atom of helium. Atoms are bound together to form molecules by electrical forces.
The composition of atoms Atoms are neutral as a whole, they consist of smaller particles that are
electrically charged. If two atoms are far apart compared to the size of the atoms, each atom acts like
an electrically neutral object because the effects of the positive and negative charges cancel each
other out. However, if the atoms are close together, each feels the electrical forces from the charged
constituents of the other because the positive and

Atoms In Electrons
Atoms in Electrons "Energy levels in Atoms exist all over the world. Some atoms consist of protons
and neutrons making up a nucleus; they are surrounded by electrons. Rutherford made designs and
conclusions to develop his nuclear atomic model. Although Rutherford's model couldn't explain
other properties of elements, such as why metals or compounds of metals give off colors when the
flame is heated" (Wilbraham et al 136). John Dalton. (Early nineteenth century) He combined an
idea of elements with the earlier theory of atoms. He had the following ideas about matter: (1)
matter is made up of atoms. (Wikipedia) Matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms.
Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole–number ratios to form chemical ... Show
They are all somehow using electromagnetic radiation differ only in their wave length, frequency
and energy. All of these forms of energy as well as many others are organized to what is called "The
electromagnetic spectrum." All types of electromagnetic energy travel through space as waves. So,
knowing what a wave is first, it is defined as the distance a wave travels as it completes the cycle.
That distance is measured in the appropriate pomegranate for length which can vary from
pedometers to kilometers. The frequency of a wave is the count of how many cycles occur in a given
period of time, and it is measured in hertz or in cycle per second. The speed of a wave is the product
of its wave length and frequency. Electromagnetic waves travel at a constant speed, which is the
speed of light through a vacuum. It follows through this relationship between speed, frequency, and
wavelength; that the wavelength is inversely proportional to the frequency. This means that if all
else is equal, then increasing the frequency of a wave will decrease the wave length

How Did Henri Becquerel Discovered The Discovery Of The...
Shortly after the discovery of X–rays, another form of strong rays were discovered. In 1896, French
scientist Henri Becquerel discovered natural radioactivity. Many scientists of the period were
working with cathode rays, and other scientists were gathering evidence on the theory that the atom
could be subdivided. Some of the new research showed that certain types of atoms break by
themselves. It was Henri Becquerel who discovered this experience while investigating the
properties of fluorescent minerals. Becquerel was researching the principles of fluorescence,
wherein certain minerals glow (fluoresce) when exposed to sunlight. He utilized photographic plates
to record this fluorescence.
One of the minerals Becquerel worked with was a uranium

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: Renewable Resources
Hydrogen and Fuel cells
Renewable energy
Hydrogen and fuel cells are not technically renewable energy although they are everywhere and
don't cause much pollution. With hydrogen, it can be used as fuel and the only emission is water. By
using hydrogen there can be a large reduction in green house gases and air pollution. Plus the
hydrogen can be used in the fuels cells to power electric motors or batteries for electricity. If your
wondering what fuel cells is, there pretty much batteries, or what you would power an electric car
with. The only thing about hydrogen is that it is hard to obtain, or it takes more energy to make it
than it gives off. Hydrogen is an element on the periodic table and is in the gas family. Hydrogen's
atomic number is 1and it was discovered by a man by the name of Henry Cavendish in the year of
1766. Hydrogen has no color, taste, and smell, is slightly soluble in water and is highly explosive.
Hydrogen can be found anywhere in the universe and is used as the fuel for many solar reactions.
The hydrogen that is in our atmosphere has three different isotopes and they are called protium,
which has one proton, then deuterium, which has one proton and one neutron. Then the third is
tritium, which has one proton and two neutrons. Now if your wondering what protons and neutrons
are, then you came to the right place. A proton is sub atomic particle with a positive charge found in
the nucleus of an atom. A neutron is a sub atomic particle with a negative

Pricing Strategy Of Proton
6.1 Product As one of the largest automobile manufacturers in Malaysia, the portfolio of Proton
models includes Saga, Wira, Waja, Gen.2, Persona, Savvy, Exora, Satria Neo and Perdana. The
product strategy of Proton is to introduce the right car, for the right market, at the right place and at
the right time. After the acquisition of Lotus, Proton adopts Mitsubishi and Lotus automobile
technology to improve the consumer confidence towards Proton's products and the quality of the
automobiles. Proton has always strived to produce innovative products to extend its market and
attract customers from categories in terms of age and income. In 2015, Proton has launched its new
product, Proton IRIZ. Proton IRIZ Proton IRIZ has 2 four–cylinder petrol ... Show more content on
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It has 2 distribution channels, Proton Edar and EON Proton, which has a reduction in number of
outlets to 302 outlets in 2008 to reduce the cost. Proton also has its products distributed globally to
various countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, United Kingdom and Australia to expand
its market. The company has also set up showrooms and service centrals at the main cities to attract
more local customers and provide convenience for the customers to obtain Proton's product and
receive services after sales. Meanwhile, Proton built its manufacturing plants in Shah Alam and
Tanjung Malim. The manufacturing plants comprise buildings with high technology such as
Automatic Line Control to achieve production

Periodic Table Research Paper
Every day of your life a basic element is used. There's not a day that goes by that you can survive
without some of the elements on the periodic table. For example the air we breath is made up of
elements, we can not live without oxygen, when we go to the dentist, we get our teeth covered in
fluoride. The Periodic Table is basically built like a sectional grid. On the periodic table the elements
are arranged in eight sections in order of atomic number which allows scientists to clearly identify
the properties of the elements. The structure has rows and columns separating each element by
characteristics. Each square has its own element containing an atomic number, symbol, name and
atomic mass.
The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom is equal to the atomic number. The number of
electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons. Electrons are the smallest of the three
parts that make up atoms. Both protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus. Electrons are
sometimes found in the orbitals or the shells. The atoms of elements have different numbers. Every
element has its own unique atomic number. That number tells you the number of protons in every
atom of the element. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having this job you are mixing chemicals making substances. Just about everything you mix is
going to have at least one atom that comes from the periodic table. For example a Bell Metal mixes
about a 4:1 ratio of copper to tin. Bell metal ore is a sulfide of tin, copper, and iron called stannite.
According to the Hunting Elements video, only few bells come out the right way, after mixing,
pouring, and letting sit overnight. You take on a very risky job being a ET, items are being
demolished right in front of your eyes. An ET I'll work in a variety of environments, the military,
fire and police departments, construction and demolition, mining and other

roseflakes Essay
Faculty of Accountancy, Finance & BusinessBachelor of Business (Honours) in Marketing
BBDT3063 Integrated Marketing Communications
Year 3 SEM 1
Individual Assignment
Title: Proton Iriz (Commercial Advertisement)
Tiger D'Sara (Print Advertisement)
Name : ONG WEI KEAT 13WBR12285
Tutorial Group : RMK Group 6
Tutor's Name: Mr Lim Chin Hock
Date of Submission : 31 October 2014
Plagiarism Statement
Faculty of Accounting, Finance & Business
Plagiarism Statement
Read, complete and sign this statement to be submitted with your written work.
We confirm that the submitted work are all our own work and are in our own words. Name (Block
Capitals) Reg. No. Signature
1.ONG WEI KEAT13WBR12285 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the main focus point of Proton Iriz is about its technology and function but this
advertisement is focus on the environment and it is trying to show the emotional appeal to audience
in order to affair the emotion of customer and grab their attention.
3.2 Benefit
From the video, the benefit of having Proton Iriz is making the people feel confident. The car
provide touch screen, button–press engine such new technology. People feel confident when driving
a modern, new technology and functional new generation car. They will feel proud if the car is
sophisticated and it really is. The video and product also bring happiness and joyful to audience.
3.3 Uniqueness
The uniqueness of the car is about the car provide modern and functional new technology with
inexpensive car. Compare with other brands of car, either there is pro technology but expensive or
cheap but not so functional car. So that this car is the one unique. People may feel high class
because they are having better quality of life.
3.4 Potency
The video makes this car become brandy and valued. People are feeling happy and comfortable
when having this car is because they feel safe and trustful with this car.
4.0 Target Audience

4.1 Primary Audience
From the advertisement, obviously we can see there is all Malaysian in the video which include
Malay, Chinese and India. Yes, we are actually targeting all

How Do Atoms Bond To Form A Molecules?
Introduction Our study of life begins with physics and chemistry. All substances are composed of
matter and all matter is composed of atoms. What is matter? Matter is anything, any substance that
have mass and which takes up space and all matter is composed of atom. An atom is a basic unit of a
chemical element and an extremely small amount of a thing. When atoms bond they can form this so
called molecule. Molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the
chemical properties of that element or compound. This term paper could answer the following
questions: What are the atomic structures? If atoms bond to form a molecule what do you call those
bonds? What are the processes that are needed to perform that ... Show more content on
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Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding the nature of biological molecules.
Let us furthermore understand what an atom is. Atoms are natures building material. All substances
are composed of matter, and all matter is composed of atoms. Atoms are composed of protons which
is the positive charged particles, neutrons is the neutral particles and electrons which it is the
negatively charged particles. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus. Electrons are found in
orbitals surrounding the nucleus. Negatively charged electrons circle the nucleus of the atom, while
the nucleus is composed of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. An atom's atomic
number refers to its number of protons, while its atomic mass refers to the number of protons and
neutrons. Every different atom has a characteristic number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic number
is the number of protons. Atoms with the same atomic number have the same chemical properties
and belong to the same element.
Each proton and neutron has a mass of approximately 1 Dalton. The sum of protons and neutrons is
the atoms atomic

Proton Company Case Study
1.3 Problem Statement
A problem statement is a move that a document makes to help the reader realize why that is
important. Problem statement that I would like to state in this study is in formal way and informal
way. Problem that has been existing in the Malaysian Automotive Industry is involving the
reputation, government policies, consumer perceptions and competitiveness. One of the problems
faced by Malaysian Automotive Industry is reputation. For many years Proton car is always being
branded as a cheap and below par car manufacturer. Due to this unwanted reputation, consumers are
sceptical about Malaysian cars where it does not guarantee any assurance. Since Proton was formed
in 1985, Proton managed to breakthrough in domestic and international market as an affordable car.
But over the years, Proton has compete aggressively with other automotive manufacturers due to
localization of many foreign manufacturers in Malaysia. Due to the localization, foreign cars has
been in the market in lower prices. This makes Proton as a car that does not have resale value
because the pricing of Malaysian cars depreciates rapidly each year. The second problem that
Malaysian Automotive Industry is government policies. For many years Proton has been one of the
most important GLC's in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Malaysian Automotive Industry should like towards globalization because globalization factor is
essential to push Proton moving forward. This research promises some rebuilding strategies in
Proton. Knowledge Management would be the best solution for the automotive performance. KM
strategy can help idea and knowledge coordination in Proton. I believe this can help the Malaysian
Automotive Industry to revamp their industry to make Proton as one of the growing force in the
automotive sector. Research and development should be given extra

In What Two Ways Can Two Atoms Share Electrons When...
1. Describe the attractive forces and repulsive forces that exist between two atoms as the atoms
move closer together.
A. An attractive force occurs between the protons (nucleus) of one atom and the electrons of another
atom. a repulsive force is a force that occurs between like charged electrons and like charged
protons of the two atoms.
2. Compare a bond between two atoms to a spring between two students.
A. Each student on either side of the spring represents an atom & the spring between them acts as
the bond between them.
3. In what two ways can two atoms share electrons when forming a covalent bond?
A. The electrons can be equally shared (covalent bond) or one atom can provide all of the electrons
shared in the bond. The latter is called

Personal Understanding of Hydrogen Fuel Cells Being the...
Every element is valuable and unique due to the endless arrangements of sub–atomic particles,
which fascinates me. This allows for a diversity of elemental properties, sparking innovation for
chemists to develop new products from different tasting chocolates to materials used for rockets–
shaping society and the environment of the modern world. The sheer range of applications where
chemistry is involved inspires me to contribute, while learning, unlocking why everything behaves
the way it does.
With the hydrogen fusion project in construction and the recent use of hydraulic fracturing which
has caused environmental and social dispute, I chose to undertake the extended project qualification
related to this, energy, as chemistry leads these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having read Phillip Balls 'the elements', Bill Brysons philosophical book 'short introduction on
nearly everything' and a regular reader of chemistry review; I have encountered various topics and
experiments that I would like to know more about, for example colloidal gold, the properties of this
suspended gold, how this happens and its applications.
Outside my academic ability I am passionate about music, playing the bass guitar and guitar. I have
performed at school concerts presenting my creativity to large audiences. I have participated in sport
days for high jump, cross country and 800m runs obtaining podium positions using hard work. I
captain a 5 man team in the prestigious berry hall league (5 a side football) at school and we attempt
to finish the season on top; I took the credit of being "the best signing of the season" last year. With
the family or solo, I have travelled across Europe, Asia and America developing tastes for new food,
understanding new cultures and apprehending to new environments. As the whole world is involved
in Chemistry, my travel experiences will prove vital in working or studying, involving Chemistry,
abroad.
I have been employed, working as a co–secretary for a landscape architecture company. Dealing
with memorandums, company's purchase report and mainly helping with IT. From this, I obtained
crucial communicational and presentational skills

Sodium: One Of The Most Fascinating Elements On The...
Sodium is one of the most well known and abundant yet fascinating elements on the periodic table.
Sodium was given its name after a chemist who electrolytically produced a heretofore unknown
element from molten soda. This gave him the new element that he named sodium after the word
soda which is the collective name for several forms of sodium carbonate. The word "soda" likely
came from the Arabic word "suda" which means headache. This element has eleven protons, eleven
neutrons, and no electrons. This gives it an atomic number of eleven and an atomic mass of
22.989768. Sodium is a metal which means that it is an effective conductor of electricity as well as
heat. Compounds of sodium had been known off and used extensively throughout ancient times but
sodium as its own element was not discovered until 1807. The man who discovered it was an
English chemist named ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These areas include the Earth's crust, which is about three percent sodium, the ocean, where eighty
percent of the material dissolved in it is sodium chloride, and in evaporated prehistoric seas and
mineral deposits. In the early 1900s, an American chemist named Hamilton Young Castner
developed the Castner process to commercially produce and isolate sodium from compounds such
as sodium chloride. It was a modification of Davy's process to allow more to be produced. Sodium
is a one of the most abundant elements on planet and it is most commonly found in salt or as sodium
chloride. Sodium has just one naturally occurring isotope called sodium–23. However, there are six
radioactive isotopes that are known of. The most common and most used of these six are sodium–22
and sodium–24. They are used in the medical field as well as in things like pipes to detect when oil
is leaking. Other uses of sodium are in power plants as a heat exchange medium, in light bulbs
because of its yellow flame, and in artificial rubber. The most common use is in salt as a flavor

The Theory Of The Atom
The atom, a constituent particle of a molecule, affects every aspect of life. The theory of the atom is
a phenomenon that has occupied the minds of many scientists, who implemented their knowledge
and wisdom into experiments. The Ancient Greeks were the first known to discover the existence of
the atom. Throughout history the definition of an atom has been changed, added to, and
reconfigured, to what we know today.
Democritus was the first who suggested the mere existence of the atom. Democritus lived in the 5th
century BC in Ancient Greece as an Ancient Greek Philosopher. He lived from 460 BC to 370 BC.
He believed that atoms were indivisible and indestructible, and that they moved in this "void" or
never ending space. Also, he believed atoms to be infinitely small, and that their size cannot be
diminished or compressed. He said that atoms did not have pores, were homogeneous and could be
arranged in many different ways. Because the scientific method had not yet been created,
Democritus lacked any experimental support for his atomic philosophy. However, his ideas laid the
groundwork for scientists to come.
There was a long hiatus on the study of the atom, but picked back up in the early eighteenth century
with a British chemist and schoolteacher with the name of John Dalton. He lived in the early 1800s
in England. He was born in Cumberland England and died in Manchester. Dalton took Democritus's
ideas, elaborated on them and formed them into a scientific theory. There

Essay on Ernest Rutherford and The Gold Foil Experiment
Ernest Rutherford was a New Zealand born British physicist who is famously known for "splitting
the atom." His work on the gold foil experiment contributed greatly to the model of the atom and
helped develop the standard model of the atom to what we now use today. Without his contributions
we would still be using the Plum Pudding model, an out dated and incorrect model, and we would
have less of an understanding of how atoms form the world around us.
Before Rutherford's Geiger–Marsden experiment the most popular model of the atom was the "plum
pudding model" developed in 1904 by the person who also discovered the electron in 1897, J.J.
Thompson. It was the most common model of the atom and stated that electrons (plum) floated
around with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He positioned a variety of metal foil in the route of the alpha rays, including gold, silver, tin, copper
and aluminium (at different times) to observe whether the flashes of light moved, spread out, or
changed at all. He found that as the various metals disrupted the paths of the rays the flashes become
more spread out. This result indicated that alpha particles were being deflected as they passed
through the metals. Rutherford wanted to know if alpha particles could be deflected at a larger
angle, as the current tool developed by Geiger could only measure deflection of up to a few angles.
Geiger was joined by Ernest Marsden to create a new instrument to detect whether alpha particles
could be deflected at greater angles. This device was different from the previous in the way that the
gold foil and radium were both inside a metal cylinder, which was fixed to a swivel. The microscope
attached penetrated the wall of the cylinder. The lens of the microscope was covered in a zinc
sulphide screen and the microscope could be moved in a full circle around the foil so Geiger could
tally the flashes of light from every possible angle. He observed alpha particles deflecting by as
much as 150°.
The results of this experiment proved the plum pudding model of the atom to be incorrect as some
of the alpha particles (helium atoms) deflected meaning the atom has a dense centre of positive
charge. Particles either hit the positive

Atomic Structure: A Positively Charged Electron
Atomic Structure
All atoms are made up of three microscopic components; a positively charged proton, a neutral
neutron, and a negatively charged electron. The proton and neutron make up the nucleus (the center)
which makes up the entire mass of the atom. The number of protons determines the atomic
properties and the atomic number of the element. Protons also determine electron affinity; the atoms
size depends on how attracted the electrons are to the protons. The electron(s) orbit around the
nucleus; they orbit so fast that they create an electron cloud. Outer electrons are further away from
the nucleus because electrons in lower orbital shells shield the positive pull. Additionally, electrons
are curial in bonding. Chemical Bonds
There ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a water molecule, for example, oxygen is more electronegative so the electrons orbit around the
oxygen more than the hydrogens. In nonpolar molecules, the electrons orbit each atom equally. Ionic
bonds are formed from an anion and a cation. The electrons are not shared. The metal readily gives
up its electron and the nonmetal readily accepts the electron. Examples of ionic bonds are within
salts. In biology, hydrogen bonds are very weak, like in DNA, but from a chemical stand point, they
are strong. Conversely, many hydrogen bonds can be very strong. Hydrogen bonds are only created
with a hydrogen attached to a nitrogen, oxygen, and/or fluorine atom.
Chemical reactions Chemical reactions are simply at least two molecules reacting together to form a
new molecule (products). In chemical reactions, bonds are broken and formed. An example of a
physical change would be the bumper of my Ford Ranger rusting compared to a physical change
which would be water boiling or freezing. For the most part, chemical changes cannot be reversed
whereas physical changes can. Examples of chemical reactions in regards to molecular biology
include cellular respiration and

Albert Einstein's Atomic Bomb Experiments
Atoms, when thinking of this word the terms of protons, electrons and, neutrons come to mind. Also
what comes to the mind of every chemist and most people are the names of J.J Thompson, E.R
Rutherford, Robert Millikan, and of course Albert Einstein. These people made some astonishing
advancements in the work of atoms from Thompsons's cathode ray experiment to Einstein's
photoelectric effect experiment and what they hold in common is that these are the great
experiments that learn and understand atoms to this very day. Starting off with J.J Thompson he was
and still, is highly esteemed for his discovery of the negatively charged particles within the atom,
later to be known as electrons. What he is even more so esteemed for is, his cathode ray ... Show
This is when, shown through the examination that when light is beamed onto a piece of metal, a
small current flows through the metal. The light is giving its energy to the electrons in the atoms of
the metal and granting them access to move around, generating the current. However, not all colors
of light alter metals in this way. No matter how bright a red light you have, it will not make a current
in a metal, but even a faint blue light will event in a current flowing. With light as photons, Einstein
showed that red light can't displace electrons because its distinct photons don't have enough energy
– the impacts are just not large enough to shift the electrons. However, blue light can dislodge
electrons – each individual photon has more energy than the red photon. And photons of ultraviolet
light, which have yet more energy, will give electrons enough energy to go or spring off away from
the metal altogether. These contributions now make up the basic grounds for what we know of
atoms today. As science grows, we will see that we can go further in this and not only prove these
same experiments but improve them. It was the work of these four J.J Thompson, Rutherford,
Millikan and, Einstein that we have this information now and are to utilize it to the very last

The Physics Of The Atomic Theory
Matter is anything made up of atoms and molecules and the study of these "things" called atoms
dates back to the time of Ancient Greece to the present. The information about atoms known today
is certainly much greater than what was known centuries ago. First, there were only hypotheses on
this idea that everything in the world is made up of tiny, unseeable particles. As technology
advanced, these hypotheses were tested, critiqued, modified, and built upon. A mass of knowledge is
known regarding atoms, thanks to the research of numerous chemists and physicists. The atomic
theory is the building block to the study of matter, just as the atom is the building block to all matter.
Around 400 BCE was when the Greek philosopher Democritus, alone with his teacher Leucippus,
the idea of the atom was born (the word atom comes from the Greek word "atomos" or "atomon"
meaning "that which cannot be split"). This was a completely new concept, and Democritus's theory
stated that atoms were indestructible and homogenous, and different states of matter were made up
of differently shaped atoms: solids had sharp and pointy atoms and liquids had large round atoms.
Later these ideas would be proved inaccurate, however, this was the beginning of the discovery of
the atom even though the people of this time had no instruments capable of testing the theory. It was
not until centuries later that the atomic theory was truly looked at again. In 1803 an English chemist
and physicist named

Atomic Number Is A Correct Answer
Atomic number, is a correct answer. Atomic number is the total number of proton of the element.
(Gilbert, 2012) It is always used to differentiate the elements since every element have their unique
atomic number. The differences of atomic number enabled elements to react with other substances
differently. For example, Neon which have atomic number of 8, acts like an inert gas. Meanwhile
group 1 element Sodium which have atomic number of 11, reacts vigorously with water. Such
characteristic have made elements unique from each other.
Choice C. Mass number, is an incorrect answer. Mass number is the total number of proton and
neutron of the element. The unit for mass number is atomic mass unit(amu) or Dalton(Da). (Brand,
2013) The presence of isotopes might cause two elements to have the same atomic weight. For
example, the atomic weight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This explains why elements in periodic table are not differentiated and grouped based on their
atomic weight.
Choice D. Only A and B are correct, is not a correct answer. Since atomic weight (choice A) is not a
correct answer, choice D is eliminated.
Choice E. Only A, B, C are correct, is an incorrect answer. Since atomic weight (choice A), and
mass number (choice C) are incorrect answer, choice E is eliminated.
The ability to differentiate elements through atomic numbers is helpful in real world. The elements
are grouped together in the periodic table based on the number of valence electrons which are
related to the atomic number of the element. The elements in the same group always have similar
chemical properties. Such knowledge enabled us to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the
material. In order to improve the

Concepts of Electrostasis
Week Five Textbook Exercises
Geoffrey Anderson
PHY/101
December 9, 2014
Mr. Craig Spencer
Week Five Textbook Exercises
Chapter 22: Electrostatics
8) When combing your hair, you scuff electrons from your hair onto the comb. Is your hair then
positively or negatively charged? How about the comb? –The hair becomes positively charged and
the comb becomes negatively charged; since, the electrons went from your hair to the comb and the
more electrons there is makes an object more negative.
18) It is relatively easy to strip the outer electrons from a heavy atom like that of uranium (which
then becomes a uranium ion), but it is very difficult to remove the inner electrons. Why do you
suppose this is so? –Outer electrons are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second wire has twice the length and twice the number of turns than the first wire.
43) The metal wing of an airplane acts like a "wire" flying through Earth's magnetic field. A voltage
is induced between the wing tips, and a current flows along the wing, but only for a short time. Why
does the current stop even though the airplane continues flying through Earth's magnetic field?
–The current stops even though the airplane continues to fly through the Earth's magnetic field,
because the losses which occurred when a motor operates a generator and when the voltage is
stepped up by a transformer is not considered. After the completion of each cycle, the energy
outputted decreases due to the losses in the motor, the generator, and the transformer. Therefore, this
will stop.
Chapter 32: The Atom and the Quantum
6) Why does classical physics predict that atoms should collapse? –According to classical physics,
an accelerated charged particle emits radiation. An electron that is orbiting the nucleus should
radiate energy and move into a spiral path that ends at the nucleus. Therefore, atoms should collapse
from a classical physics description.
28) When and where do Newton's laws of motion and quantum mechanics overlap? –When the size
of the system is very large compared to the de Brogue wavelength, the Newton's laws of motion and
quantum mechanics overlap.

Chapter 33: The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity
16) Two protons in an

Biology 108 Worksheet Essay
1. Define science – Science is the development of concepts about the natural world , often by using
the scientific method 2. Define multicellular organism – are those organisms containing more than
one cell, and having differentiated cells that perform various functions. 3. Identify the 3 domains of
living things. Which domains include one–celled organisms with no nucleus? a) Organized,
Homeostatic & Reproduce. b) Bacteria & Archaea 4. Modern taxonomists (scientists who
classify organisms) no longer use the classification of the kingdom of Protists. List the three other
kingdoms of Eukarya. Plants, Fungi & Animals 5. List and give a brief explanation of the steps
of the scientific method. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reporter may misunderstand what is printed 9. Which types of URL's on the internet are
considered more reliable when trying to find a website with scientific information? URL's that end
in .edu, .gov, and .org. Which types of URL's should you carefully question and verify? URL's that
end in .com or .net. Why? Because quite a bit of scientific info on the Inet is intended to entice
people. 10. What is anecdotal data? Testimonies by individuals rather than results from a controlled,
clinical study which isn't reliable. Why is it considered unreliable supporting scientific information?
Because it's subjective. 11. Why is correlation data (data showing that two events occurred at the
same time) not necessarily meaningful? Because one factor might not be the cause of the other. 12.
Briefly define the following: Matter is anything that takes up space. Element is any substance that
can't be broken down into substances with different properties. Atom is the smallest part of an
element that displays the properties of the element. 13. What are the subatomic particles and what is
the electrical charge of each? Protons (positively charged), Neutrons (electrically neutral), both
found in the Nucleus of the atom & Electrons (negatively charged). Where in the atom is each
of these particles found? In the orbital (Electrons) 14. Which two types of bonds join atoms into

Hands-On Science With Squishy Circuit Analysis
In the two articles, "Energy Story, Conducting Solutions and the video "Hands–On Science with
Squishy Circuits are similar because they all talk about how important electricity. They all have
something to do with science and electricity. They talk about the importance of it and they're all
involved with science and electricity. The stories and videos all talk about what electricity is and
how it is important they also teach you about it. All of these stories/video have all been informative.
The differences between "Energy Story, Conducting Solutions, and Hands–On Science with squishy
circuits" are those two are articles and the other one is a video. Also The Energy Story talks about
what is inside of an atom which are neutrons protons and electrons. When Conducting Solutions talk
about ions. Like what they are what's inside it and other questions. The video talks about how play
dough ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conducting Solutions is important in life because it apart of science. If you want to be a scientist,
then you would need to know what conducting solutions is. This article also talks about ions and
electrical currents. Some demonstrations of this are ammonia vinegar mixed with molecules
solutions and conduct electricity. Some water contains ions which conducts electricity really well
Conducting Solutions is really important to know.
The video "Hands–On Science with squishy circuits" is about when this woman and her student
Sam learn to make play dough turn into science and it's still fun. For example, they make a sushi
play dough and they get electricity lights and you need salt and sugar to make the lights light up. In
conclusion, all of these stories are very similar and yet different. Like the Energy Story talks about
how important electricity is and how it can affect our lives. These stories give out a lot of
information and they can help us with our daily

The Physics Of Atomic Theory
Science would not be where it is today if not for those who have devoted a great deal of their life to
making new discoveries and figuring different aspects of the universe. Over 30 different scientists
have added on the development of atomic theory, and made science changing discoveries that are
still today quite impressive, even in comparison to modern day scientists. There are countless
scientists involved in the evolution of atomic theory, but less than 50 have majorly impacted the way
we view atomic theory today.
Discovery and experimentation on the atom first began in the Greek Era with scientists as old as
Democritus and Aristotle. Democritus was believed to be the first person to touch on the atomic
theory. He stated that he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He also published a table of atomic weights. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev created one of the most
important tables in the history atomic development. He arranged the atoms into 7 groups with
similar properties, and published his first periodic table of elements. Not only did it organize things
tremendously, but also allowed Mendeleev to predict new elements. After him in 1873, came James
Clerk Maxwell who proposed that electric and magnetic fields filled the void. Six years later in
1879, Sir William Crookes made an enormous discovery... He studies the effects of sending and
electric current through a gas in a sealed tube. This electrode was called a cathode and the particles
were cathode rays. He discovered that cathode rays travel in straight lines from the cathode; cause
glass to fluoresce; are deflected by electric fields and magnets to suggest a possible negative charge;
cause pinwheels in their path to spin showing they have mass. In 1896 while studying the effect of
x–rays on photographic film, Henri Becquerel discovered some chemicals spontaneously
decompose and give off very penetrating rays. He exposed potassium uranyl sulfate to sunlight,
believing that uranium absorbed the sun's energy and emitted it as x–rays. This hypothesis was
considered to be a failure because it was overcast in Paris, however Becquerel developed his plates
anyways and the images were still clear! This proved

The Importance Of Energy Experiments
The initial hypothesis of this lab was mostly refuted by the data with some exceptions. While most
of the data showed that there was no true relationship between the number of valence electrons and
the number of spectral lines, a few of the elements did prove to have said relationship. For instance,
the elements Lithium, Sodium, Barium, and Potassium all had valence electron numbers that lined
up with the wavelengths. Additionally, when reviewing the first graph, it is clear that there is no
obvious trend or correlation within the data. This became evident through the extreme differences
between the numbers within the first graph. However, through the second graph, it became clear that
this is a much more accurate representation of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, the initial reasoning behind the hypothesis makes sense, but was proved wrong as a
different pattern was discovered. Perhaps had the lab been executed slightly differently, a different
trend would have been found, or possibly the data would have supported the hypothesis. While only
given one class period to complete this lab, it is possible that it was slightly rushed, resulting in
different results. Additionally, it would have been beneficial to test each element more than once to
ensure that the most accurate information was being gathered. This may have led to unexpected
results as something may have gone wrong with the Spectrometer and its data collection. It is also a
possibility that the Spectrometer was not given enough time to fully collect the data. Perhaps it was
not close enough to the flame, or it was turned off before it was finished gathering information.
There are a few points of uncertainty–––as mentioned above–––in the lab procedure that could have
led to varying results. For instance, the procedure was repeated multiple times for certain elements,
but others were only tested twice. This is definitely a point of inconsistency, las it would have been
better to test all of the elements multiple times if we were doing it to a select few. Through
discussion with other participants of this lab, everyone gathered vastly different results. While the
same data was

Atoms Within Magnets
All magnets produce their own invisible magnetic field that's unable to be seen with the naked eye,
and each magnetic field interacts with other magnetic fields. Magnets are made of metals like iron
ore, iron, or alloys, which is a mixture of metals, or of a metal and a nonmetal. Magnets only react
with certain metals such as iron, steel, nickel, or cobalt. They have two poles, one of them is north
pole, while the other is called the south pole. The opposite poles attract, while the same ones repel
one another. Everything is made of atoms, and magnets are no exceptions (Rutledge, McDaniel,
Boudreau, Ramroop, Teng, Sprout, Costa, Hall, & Hunt, 2012). Atoms within magnets contain
electrons which carries electrical charges. These electrons circumvent

Helium: Periodic Table Of Elements
Helium is an element. It is in the first period, in group 8 in the periodic table of elements. Helium is
also a nonmetal. Its element symbol is He, and it has an atomic number of 2, and an atomic mass or
molar mass of 4.003 amu. This means that helium contains 2 protons, 2 electrons, and 2 neutrons.
Helium is the second most common element on the universe. Helium is a noble gas, a noble gas is a
substance that does not have color, taste or odor, and they are not flammable. Noble gases were
originally labeled as group 0 in the periodic table because once they were discovered they believed
that they were not able to bond to any other atoms, meaning that they weren't able to combine with
other elements to be able to form chemical compounds. Now they have discovered that some noble
gases do form compounds. [1] Helium was discovered by some astronomers named, Pierre Janssen
and Norman Lockyer. Pierre was studying the suns spectrum when he noticed a yellow line. Later
Norman discovered that the line could not be produced by any elements they had known in that
time. Noticing that a new element was formed that came from the suns spectrum. [4] ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
But we are using helium so much that we are using more helium that is being produced, so there are
new technologies that are trying to find ways to recycle helium to slow down the problem. There are
times that the balloon you inflated with helium begins to sink, that is because the helium can leak
from the balloon. Helium is less dense than normal air, so at times when people inhale it causes their
voice to change becoming higher than normal. Helium is a gas but can turn from liquid to solid,
there just needs to be a temperature of absolute zero. When helium is liquid it is used to cool some
metals for superconductivity use. [4] Those are some fun facts on

Liam Goldsworthy On Protons
Liam Goldsworthy – What are electrons, protons and neutrons made of? – Essay
Everything that exists in the world is made up of atoms, from the asteroids that float around in space
to the very cells inside a human body. Atoms are everywhere and that's because atoms make up
everything. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, each element has different
amount of protons, neutrons and electrons. For instance one Helium atom has two protons, two
neutrons and two electrons. Helium is an extremely stable element so there are no variations such as
ions or isotopes. So we know that atoms make up everything in the universe and atoms are made up
of protons, neutrons and electrons. So what makes protons, neutrons and electrons? Diagram ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Electrons are known to fall into orbits or energy levels. These orbits are not visible like the orbit of a
planet or celestial body. The reason is that atoms are so small and the best microscopes can only
view so much of atoms at that scale. Even if we could view electrons they would move too fast for
the human eye. We can only estimate where the electrons are, that is why the modern model of the
atoms has an electron cloud surrounding the nucleus of an atom instead of a set orbit. Electrons are
classed under as fermions seen in diagram 3, as far as we know electrons have no internal structure
instead they are oscillations of the electron field or quantum field

Analysis Of The Nothing That Is A Natural History Of Zero...
The Nothing that is about Everything The Nothing That Is A Natural History of Zero by Robert
Kaplan is a book literally a book about the number zero and how it was formed. He takes the reader
on a journey through time and shows the transformation of not just zero but numbers in general
from multiple countries and empires. Kaplan starts off his book by describing zero and what its
possibilities are in the world. Then he jumps into the Sumerians who were one of the first to create a
number system comprised of stick that had a triangle on the top. Slowly their number system
evolved but never had a zero. They started making place holders for the larger numbers and
assigning different sizes to the shapes in order to show a larger amount. He then moves on to the
Greeks who he credits the discovery of zero. It is believed that the O came from the Greek word
omicron which is the first letter of ouden or nothing. Zero was not originally used to show the
absences of something but as a place holder or a space between other numbers. It was then used by
Greek astronomers as anything from minutes and seconds to degrees but still not as zero today. It
wasn't until 730 AD that the Greeks used an informal way to show zero. They would count using
their fingers and zero was a relaxed hand. The Greeks even created a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Indians created their own type of arithmetic called Bakhsali and they had to learn to solve
fractions and multiply them. Hindus was one of the people to uses this math to solve many different
problems like foiling and solving for x. Another important figure is Donald Knuth who came up
with exponents they were originally pictured as 3 3. The more arrows placed in between the threes
the more exponents were stacked on each other. Later on Kaplan shows a property of zero, he is
setting quadratics equal to zero so they can be

How Atoms Are Made Out Of Molecules
Atoms:
Introduction to :
Matter is basically everything. Everything is made out of matter and matter is made out of
molecules which are made out of atoms. Everything you look at whether it is a liquid a solid or a gas
is made out of atoms. In this essay I will tell you what atoms are made out of. After that I will tell
you about the molecules in each form of matter (liquid, solid, gas). After that I will tell you about
positive, negative, and neutral charges.
What are atoms made out of?
Atoms are made out of neutrons, protons, and electrons.The nucleus is like a shell around the middle
of the atom. Inside this shell, there are protons. There are also neutrons. Outside of the nucleus there
are electrons. The electrons orbit around the nucleus. This is how atoms are constructed. If you put
these atoms together they create molecules which then create matter. Matter can take a liquid, solid
or gas form.
Forms of matter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A liquid is considered a liquid when it has the ability to flow. The reason a liquid can flow is
because the particles are able to move each other. Atoms can form molecules. There are many
different types of molecules. One type is a water molecule. Water a molecules are formed with two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. This the one of the most common molecules. Liquids are
dense which means that these molecules are packed closely together. Like a liquid, solids are also
usually very dense and have a pattern of molecules. All the molecules would be the same distance
apart. With liquids however this is not true. With liquids however, they are close to each other but
are not lined up. One molecule might be 1 millimeter away but another might be 2. A gas is
completely different from the two. A gases molecules are spread apart and

Atomic Bomb Definition Essay
ATOMIC NUMBER & MASS – atomic no. refers to no. of protons in the nucleus (determines what
each element is)
– Atomic mass equals total mass of protons, neutrons and electrons.
– The atomic number and atomic mass increases as you go both across the period and down the
group. The atomic mass and the atomic number increases as the nuclei gaining more neutrons and
protons.
– Going left to right on the periodic table, the atomic mass increases as protons are being added to
the nucleus, more protons attract the outer electrons the nucleus bringing them closer to the nucleus.
ATOMIC RADIUS helps measure the size of its atoms, usually distance between nucleus and its
valence electrons.
– Atomic radius increases moving down a group as energy levels ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Electrons increase, which atoms contribute to the 'sea of electrons'. The melting point rises due to
bigger molecules meaning the heat energy supply must also get bigger.
– Moving across the period metals generally have a high melting point while most non–metals have
low melting points.
– The particles in a solid are held together by intermolecular forces and to convert a solid into liquid
you therefore must overcome the forces.
– Going down group 1, when any of the metals are melted, the bond (metallic) has been weakened
so the atoms then can more freely, the decrease in melting point when going down the group shows
a decrease in strength.
– Going down group 4, the bonds change from covalent to metallic, decreasing the strength of the
bonds as atoms increase and the bonds get bigger.
– melting point decreases as molecules get bigger, therefore the probability of temporary dipoles
occurring increases and this is responsible for the attractions. Molecules with greater dipoles need
more energy to break these bonds causing the melting point to be higher.
DENSITY – is the relationship between the mass and volume of a substance
– Density will increase when going down the group as mass has a large increment compared to

Ous Said..
enefit from a plurality of producers operating in a very competitive market.
The OECD Competition Committee debated oligopolies in 1999. – Extracts.
A formal definition of oligopoly is: "...a market structure with a small number of sellers – small
enough to require each seller to take into account its rivals'current actions and likely future
responses to its actions." – Recognised interdependence is the hallmark of oligopoly.
Kantzenbach and Kruse (1987, 10) offer a more technical definition asserting that an oligopoly
exists, "... if the variation of a behavioural parameter by one of a group of competing firms leads to a
perceptible change in selling conditions for the other competing firms..., thus causing them...to
respond by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also and excellent example of how not to manage your CHANNELS.
What do you think is going to happen to the channels very soon? Will they defect to a more
lucrative offer by Toyota or Perodua?
Will they ask the government to bail them out – since most of the channels are owned by quite
illustrious Datuks and Tan Sri's.
And what will happen to the many second hand car dealers in the market? Will they have to bear the
brunt of the actions taken by the new car dealers market?
Overall – 2008 is just around the corner, this is the time when the extension granted to PROTON for
AFTA comes to an end and the market goes thru another shake–up. The future is very difficult to
predict now that regulations are about to be loosened.
Here is a possible scenario of the future:
2008 – tariffs are brought down to 5% – Industry sales slump to the lowest point in history.
PROTON management scrambles to do last minute methods to halt declining sales –massive
promotion and discounting campaign –Trade in at the highest rates
Mid 2008
Most of the channels for Proton bail out. Market share declines to 15%. Surge in sales for Honda

and Toyota who now can price much lower.
PERODUA launches 1.5 and 1.6 DVVT Sedan for thier drivers to upgrade – keeping thier share of
the market.
GM and VW try to break in to Malaysian market but have a hard time
End 2008 – Share prices for Proton

The Biological Significance Of The Properties Of Water Essay
The Biological Significance Of The Properties Of Water
The human body 15% lipids, 12% proteins but by far the biggest % is water which makes up a
massive 70% of the human body. This is the equivalent of 49kg in an average male adult human of
mass 70kg. This is a good indication of just how important water is in the human life. Without water
we would not be able to life and Earth is therefore the only planet in this galaxy with life as we
know it except for Mars where ice has been discovered so water may have been present once.
Water is a polar molecule, meaning that it has a positive and a negative pole. This is due to the fact
that the water is an oxygen atom covalently bonded to 2 separate ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is this cohesion that allows water to travel up tree trunks to the highest branches on trees, if the
cohesion was weaker the water would simply flow back down the xylem vessels due to gravity,
therefore without this property of water tall trees and plants would die.
This cohesion of the water creates a surface tension on the surface of water in for example, a pond.
In a pond small insects such as pond skaters which are relatively dense can float on the water and
live on the surface of the water. Without the tension such organisms would have no habitat and
would die.
Water also acts as a good temperature buffer to stabilise experiments within cells. Due to the
hydrogen bonds produced bonds between the water molecules water is given the following
properties relating to heat and temperature :–
1. Relatively high heat capacity
2. Relatively large latent heat of vaporisation
3. Relatively large latent heat of fusion
These three properties are very similar and basically mean that a relatively large amount of energy
required to change the temperature or state of water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4184J/kg,
over 40 times that of sodium chloride. This means that a lot of energy is required to change the
temperature of water and it is that fact that makes this property very useful in enzyme action.
Enzymes in

What Is The Unequal Sharing Of Electrons In Nuclear Molecules
Chapter 2: The Chemistry and Energy of Life
Concept 2.1
What is the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom? An equal amount of protons
and neutrons are placed together in the center of the atom. The nucleus contains the protons and
neutrons. Electrons are surrounded on the outside rings of the atom.
According to the octet rule, what would be the simplest way for a sodium atom to achieve electron
stability? A sodium atom only has one valence electron. So, the best way to achieve electron
stability is to bond with a halogen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Explain why or why not. Generally, the neutron determines its chemical stability, although in the
case of deuterium the isotope remains stable. This is because there is insignificant mass difference
between protons and neutrons.
Concept 2.2
How do differences in electronegativity result in the unequal sharing of electrons in polar
molecules? A molecule containing an atom with high electronegativity will be more polar than a
molecule containing an atom with a lower electronegativity. The higher the electronegativity the
more insatiable the atom becomes when it comes to sharing.
For each of the following, is it a Hydrogen bond donor, acceptor, both, or neither? Aldehyde is a
hydrogen bond acceptor. Amino is a hydrogen bond acceptor and donor. Hydroxyl is both a
hydrogen bond donor and acceptor.
What are the functional groups on this molecule? What is the R group to which they are attached? Is
the R group hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Neutrino Research Paper
Neutrinos, which are quite similar to the electrons, are subatomic particles which come from the
disintegration of radioactive substances. They are one of the few particles that make up the entire
universe. They are considered the "baby" particles which have very little electric charge. Weak
neutrinos can carry very large parts of information from the universe. Neutrinos have all the needed
requirements to be considered in astronomy. They have been around since the birth of the universe.
According to the IceCube South Pole Neutrino Observatory, there are so many neutrinos that they
combine together to sum up to a temperature of 1.9 Kelvin, which is about –271.2 degrees Celsius
(All 1). Other neutrinos are consistently being made unnaturally. Neutrinos are as unique as
astronomical messengers because they can come from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Beta decay contradicted the law of conservation of energy due to the fact that the energies of
electrons emitted by beta decay were shown in an experiment performed by Lise Meitner and Otto
Hahn in 1911. They then showed discrete spectrums. Instead of the experiment showing electron
energies emitted by beta decay producing discrete spectrums, they should've shown continuous
spectrums. In 1930, Wolfgang Pauli introduced the electron neutrino as an unknown neutron particle
with the difference of energy and final particles. Pauli considered it hypothetical. Enrico Fermi
referred to them as neutrinos because the name "neutrino" is the Italian name of the neutron. In
1934, he based a theory of beta decay to include the neutrino (All 1). They were also referred to
them as "ghostly" because of their properties. Because of this, they had to wait about 25 years after
these unknown particles were introduced in order for there to be the first experiment to detect
neutrinos. The article "Detection of the Free Neutrino: a Confirmation" was then awarded with the
1995 Nobel Prize (All

Protons And Neutrons
Atoms are made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. Protons have positive charge; electrons have
negative charge and neutrons are neutral. The magnitude of charges of protons and neutrons is the
same. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, while the electrons moves around it. Mass
number is addition of the protons and neutrons. Atomic number is the number of protons. [1] The
mass of an atom is less than the number we obtain by adding up the masses of all the protons and
neutrons. This is the binding energy. The nucleus of an atom determines if it is stable or unstable.
The higher the binding energy, the more stable an atom is. Unstable nuclei are radioactive, where
they decay until they form stable nuclei. They emit different particles to form more stable daughter
nuclei. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alpha particles are composed of 2 protons and also 2 neutrons. It has a plus 2 charge. They are the
nucleus of a helium atom. When an unstable nuclei releases an alpha particle, the mass number
decreases by 4, and the atomic number decreases by 2. This means that a new element forms due to
this emission. Alpha particles are released by relatively large nuclei. [3] It can travel across the air,
however does not travel well in solid. Alpha particles are able to ionize the solid that it is passing
through. [4] Beta particles occurs when an unstable nuclei emits an electron, which has a negative
charge. To conserve the charges in the atom, one of the neutrons in the nucleus spontaneously
changes into a proton. The mass number stays the same, however, the atomic number increases by 1.
[3] This also means that a new element forms. It can travel through air and compared to alpha
particles, they can penetrate through solid matter more, however its ionization ability is less than the
alpha particles. [4] The other type of emission is gamma rays. Gamma rays are photons; they are a

Questions and Answers on Ernest Rutherford Essay
What school did Ernest Rutherford go to? How far did he go in his education? Why?
Ernest received his early education in Government schools. At the age of 16 he showed great talent
so entered Nelson Collegiate School. In 1889 he was awarded a University scholarship to the
University of New Zealand, Wellington. 1894, he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Science
Scholarship, enabling him to go to Trinity College, Cambridge. It is believed that Ernest received
more scholarships that any other chemist.
Who were Ernest's family? What did they do?
Ernest was born August 30, 1871, in New Zealand he was the 4th child in a family of 7 sons and 5
daughters. His Father James Rutherford, a Scottish wheelwright immigrated to New Zealand with
his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alpha particles are emitted at high speed by some radioactive materials. Rutherford bombarded the
gold foil with alpha particles which proved that particles weren't indivisible. Alpha particles have a
positive electric charge and they are much more massive than the electron.
What version of the atom did Ernest discover to be true? How does it compare to today's
understanding?
Ernest was forced to discard JJ Thomson's Plum Pudding model, he reasoned that the mass of an
atom was concentrated in a nucleus. He thus developed the model of the atom which put all the
protons in the nucleus and the electrons orbited around the nucleus like planets around the sun. The
only difference with today's model is that electrons are now thought to be in electron clouds not in
specific orbits.
Which scientists model was before Ernest's? How do they compare?
JJ Thompson's plum–pudding model was just before Ernest's model. It states that atoms are made of
electrons and unknown positively charged particles. These particles are randomly placed inside of
the atom. Rutherford's model states that atoms contain protons in a very small space inside the atom.
Most of the atom is empty and the electrons orbit around the nucleus like the planets orbit around
the sun.
What did ernest contribute to the structure of the atom?

Through Rutherford's gold foil experiment, Ernest discovered the nucleus of the atom.

John Dalton
John Dalton was born in 1766 in England. At the age of 14 years old, Dalton became a teacher and
taught at a Quaker school in his village, where he attended until eleven years old. "Dalton continued
teaching himself science, mathematics, Latin, Greek and French." At the age of 26, he taught
mathematics and natural philosophy at Manchester's New College. In 1794, he wrote his first
scientific paper about color blindness. Although it was later proven wrong, he was the first to
research about it. He then wrote more scientific papers about "heat conduction, gas expansion by
heat, the properties of light, the aurora borealis, and meteorology" (Famous Scientists).
The discovery of the atomic theory begins in 1801 when Dalton gave a series of lectures ... Show
Second, all atoms of a particular element are identical. Third, atoms of different elements have
different properties. Fourth, Atoms cannot be destroyed nor created. Fifth, in a chemical reaction,
atoms link to one another, or separated from one another. Finally, atoms combine in whole number
ratios to form compounds (Famous Scientists).
Dalton's Atomic Theory has changed chemistry for the better. Without his research, the world would
probably be different today. "The splitting of the atom in the 20th century could most likely not have
been accomplished without Dalton laying the foundation of knowledge about the atomic makeup of
simple and complex molecules." Dalton's discovery has allowed mankind to manufacture chemical
compounds with the correct proportions of different elements for certain compounds. Because of his
theory, humans are able to make the right medicines to cure people from sickness. His discovery has
taken the knowledge of mankind to the next level.
John Dalton was an intelligent person. His Atomic Theory has been carried on for many centuries
and never has been proven wrong. Dalton has helped mankind to understand the nature of materials.
He passed away in 1844 due to a series of

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