Taking A Closer Look At A CPU

Taking a Closer Look at a CPU
Although many people are computer nerds; many people do not know what a CPU is; or what it does. A computer has many parts that make up the
hardware, and the software; enabling it to function correctly. One of the main components that a computer needs to work is a Central Processing Unit
also known as the microprocessor. The central processing unit includes all the computers main parts, and is the basic part of the computer. The CPU is
responsible for executing out tasks, and running the software. The software runs on programs that are translated into number codes made up of 1s and
0s that the central processing unit can understand. Each code that is executed means a certain operation should take place. A CPU serves for four
functions; Fetch, Decode, Execute, and write back these functions are the four primary ones. Other functions that follow are the Arithmetic and logic
unit, as well as the Memory access.
In the first step of dealing with a CPU the fetch function is up first. The fetch function involves retrieving information that it needs to run from the
program memory, and basically giving it instructions which is put in by a number of a whole line of them from the memory. Wherever the memory
may be is determined by the (PC) which is also known as the program counter. The PC stores a number that can keep track of the current place in the
program. When the instruction is fetched the Program Counter is then inputted by the length of the instruction in word terms of the
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Electronic Voting Machine Using 8051 Microcontroller
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
By: G.CHAKRADHAR REDDY (07241A0263) R S R GAUTAM (07241A0268) P. KIRAN KUMAR REDDY (07241A0274) B. NAGA TULASI
RAM (07241A0280)
1
List of Contents
Abstract 1. Background 2. Microcontroller 2.1 Introduction 2.2 History 2.3 Definition of a Microcontroller 2.4 Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
2.5 Memory Unit 2.6 Central Processing Unit 2.7 Bus 2.8 Input Output Unit 2.9 Serial Communication 2.10 Timer Unit 2.11 Watch Dog 2.12 Analog
to Digital Converter 3. Introduction to 16X2 LCD Display 3.1 Pin description 3.2 DDRAM – Display Data RAM 3.3 BF – ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What forms the basis of such vast and complex system of governance? One needs not to be an Einstein to guess the answer. It is fundamental right to
vote or simply voting in elections. Indian constitution provide every adult above the age of 18 years irrespective of his/her religion, region, caste,
creed, color, economic status, education and sex the essential right to vote and elect her/his candidate to represent her/him. Hence voting can be
termed as backbone of not just democracy in India but all around the world. Voting can be done in various ways. In early Roman Empire voting used
to be done by raising hands in favor or against. In board rooms voting is done in similar way, some write their vote down, some choose to speak, some
choose to cast vote using latest technology.
Voting Techniques In India all earlier elections be it state elections or centre elections a voter used to cast his/her vote to his/her favorite candidate by
putting the stamp against his/her name and then folding the ballot paper as per a prescribed method before putting it in the Ballot box. This is a long,
time–consuming process and very much prone to errors. This method wanted voters to be skilled voters to know how to put a stamp, and methodical
folding of ballot paper. Millions of paper would be printed and heavy ballot boxes would be loaded and unloaded to and from ballot office to polling

station. All this continued till election scene was completely changed by electronic voting

Why Are Computers Important Today? World?
Why are computers important in today's world?
Computers have become important in today's world because they are used in most fields of work, even the unexpected lines of work use computers
for example; Doctors rely on computers to store data for medical research and even keeping information about patients. Nowadays, we rely so much on
computers to help us to accomplish tasks easily, communicate, educate and there are many more uses.
Identify the main parts of a computer
System Unit
The system unit is where everything is stored to be able to work. The system unit holds the CPU (central processing unit) to act as the brain of the
computer. The unit contains the power supply and the motherboard, which is the brain and blood of the computer. All the other parts of the computer
join at the unit to allow the computer to work, which are: the monitor, mouse, keyboard and the speakers (if required).
Monitor
The monitor is the visual part of the computer. It is used to display information from the computer onto a screen to allow the user to see what they are
doing. The monitor does require electricity in order for it to work, which means that it has its own power cord, which is needed to be plugged into an
outlet.
Mouse
The mouse is used to help navigate around the computer. Some mouse's are wired and some are wireless. There are two buttons on a mouse that are
left click and right click.
Keyboard
The keyboard is used for entering data (letters, numbers and symbols) and

The Development Of Computer Development
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER FROM 1980 TO 2014
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of figuring out/ calculating devices. A generation
refers to the state of improvement in the product development process. This term is also used in the different advancements of new computer
technology. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before it. As a result of the
making something much smaller, speed, power, and computer memory have proportionally increased. New discoveries are constantly being developed
that affect the way we live, work and play. Each generation of computers is seen as the major technological development that basically changed the
way computers operate, resulting in more and more smaller, cheaper, powerful, efficient and reliable devices
As for now, there are four generations of computer which is first generation, second generation, third generation, and fourth generation. The first
generation begins from year 1940 to 1956 using vacuum tube. For the second generation was from year 1956 to 1963 using transistor. Later integrated
circuit was produced in the year 1965 to 1971. By the year 1971 until present the microprocessors is being used.
Microprocessor is a miniature electronic device that contains math, logic and control circuitry needed to function as a digital computers CPU.
Microprocessors are integrated circuits (Ic) that can understand

Nt1310 Unit 3 Research Paper
Level 3 or L3 cache is dedicated memory that works hand–in–hand with L1 and L2 cache to increase computer performance. L1, L2 and L3 cache are
computer processing unit CPU caches, verses other kinds of caches in the system such as hard disk cache. CPU cache accommodates the needs of the
microprocessor by anticipating data requirements so that processing instructions are delivered without interruption. CPU cache is quicker than random
access memory (RAM), and is intended to stop bottlenecks in performance.
When a request is made of the system the CPU wants instructions for executing that request. The CPU works faster than system RAM, to cut down on
interruptions, L1 cache has bits of data that it anticipates will be needed. L1 cache is very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symmetric multiprocessing treats all processors similarly. I/O can be processed on any processor. The processors interconnect with each other as
needed. It allows many processes to be run at once without corrupting performance. Symmetric multiprocessing treats all processors similarly. I/O can
be processed on any processor. The processors interconnect with each other as needed. It allows many processes to be run at once without corrupting
performance. Three advantages of multiprocessing are: Increased throughput – with more processors, more work can be accomplished in less time;
Economy of scale – peripheral devices may be shared amongst multi–processor systems; increased reliability – if one processor crashes, then the others
may continue to operate. One disadvantage of a multi–processing system is the added difficulty in operating system and possibly application software.
Another limitation of SMP is that as microprocessors are added, the shared bus get overloaded and becomes a performance bottleneck. Symmetric
Multiprocessor Master–slave multiprocessor is not reliable as if the master processor fails the whole system goes down.
The master–slave configuration offers an excellent defense of the system and its data, since slave processors may only access data and system resources

Nt1310 Unit 5 Components
Question 1
The five components found inside a system unit are as follows:
Hard drive
Definition– is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information.
Function– responsible for storing all documents and data, including files, the operating system and more.
Central Processing Unit
Definition– piece of hardware that carries out the instructions of a computer program.
Function– performs the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/ output operations.
Power Supply
Definition– computers need power to function.
Function– is to convert the outlet voltage to voltages that are used by components in the computer.
Fan
Definition– a large fan is often placed on top of the Central Processing Unit.
Function– it avoids overheating. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some operating systems for desktop computers and mobile/ handheld devices include:
Desktop computersMobile/ handheld devices
Microsoft Windows
Apple Mac OS X
Linux
Google Android
Windows Phone
Apple iOS
Question 3
Wired network uses cables to connect devices to the internet, however, wireless network uses radio waves to devices to connect internet. The major
differences between wired network and wireless network are as follows:

The media and devices involved in setting up such networks:
Wireless setup Wired setup Question 4
A computer without a memory is of no use since memory plans an important role in saving and retrieving data. There are two types of memory:
Primary memory– is internal memory of the computer. It provides main working space to the computer.
Random Access Memory (RAM) – the storage of data and instructions inside the primary storage is temporary. It disappears from the RAM as soon as
the power to the computer is

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mainframe Computers
Table of Contents Introduction2 Section A3 Mainframe's Principal3 Mainframe's Classification4 Enterprise Class4 Business Class4 Mainframe's
Importance5 Mainframe's Advantages and Disadvantages5 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)8 References9 Introduction Mainframe computers were
first developed in the 1950s, and it is still evolving till the current century. Mainframes in the 1960s are very huge in size and require an entire room
for it to run correctly. The mainframes in the 2000s however, are only as large as a refrigerator. Mainframes are capable of handling thousands of users
simultaneously. Mainframe computers are able to process huge amount of instructions, in fact, million instructions per second. Mainframes are very
expensive and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mainframes are virtualization; it can run multiple operating system and application. A mainframe can handle multi–user operations responding
according to the user's request. Mainframes are popular for it security and reliability, an ordinary virus hardly affect a mainframe. a non–authorized
user are unable to access the mainframe until the user is a granted permission to access. Mainframe's Advantages and Disadvantages The advantages of
mainframeThe disadvantages of mainframe It can support thousands of transaction per secondRequires a special environment management room to
check after the heating, cooling, ventilating and also suitable power supply. Have the ability to serve thousands of user and applications at a same
timeDedicated staffs are needed to run the system. Able to manage a huge number of data that is obtainedThe initial start–up cost for the mainframe is
high More reliable and secure that the client–server networkGeographical distribution built is not available Section B CPU Specifications, Features and
General

Unit Wp2: Word Processing Software
Unit WP2: Word processing software Assessment Scenario You work for the Marketing department of The Fruit and Veggie People Ltd, a company
that sells organic, ethically sourced fruit and vegetable boxes. You are responsible for overseeing production of a newsletter that will be mailed to
existing customers. You have been given an initial draft of the newsletter to edit and prepare for printing and mailing. The newsletter will be sent to
customers on the first of the month, along with a cover letter. You have been asked to edit and prepare the newsletter, taking it from 1st draft to final
draft ready for distribution. You must also make changes to the cover letter that will be sent out with the newsletter, and create a form... Show more
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Before you start working on this part of your assessment, carry out some planning by answering the following questions. 1. What kind of Word
document should you create for this task? ".doc" – Microsoft Word Document file You are correct when you say you should create a Word document,
Rytis, but you had to state what specific type of document you have been asked to create. However, although you haven't done this in your answer to
this question, the type of document is implied in your answer to Question 2 below, in which you have stated that you would use a newsletter template,
so I will not ask you to repeat "newsletter" here. 2. Can you suggest a suitable template to use and say what style / structure would be most appropriate
for this document? Template of newsletter of business involved with products – fruits, and vegetables, so it should be colourfull. So most sutable
would be : Newsletter template, I think also would be suitable Flyer template. For style and structure I would use preferences which are bigger, maybe
with bold/strong – style letters. To be more flashy with newsletter , for attention attraction. 04/11/13– You have stated that you could use the template
called Newsletter, and have used this when creating your newsletter for this assignment. Good. You've explained that the fonts which are bold and
strong, and which would attract attention, but could you mention what

Hardware And Software Basics Plug
Hardware and Software Basics Plug–In B3
There are two basic categories of information technology which are hardware and software. Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer
which is sometimes called the equipment of the computer which consists of the keyboard, disk drives, microprocessor, the monitor, the mouse, the
processing unit, and many other physical parts. Most of a computer 's hardware cannot be seen, it is not an external element of the computer, but an
internal one surrounded by the computer 's casing (Harvey 2015). Software is commonly known as programs which consist of all the electronic
instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a specific task. Software is written in a computer language by programmers. The computer
language is in a text format and can be read by people although if you do not understand the structure and rules of the language you may not
understand it very well. The two main types of software are system software and application software (Beal 2015). Hardware and software are both
needed for a computer to work. Computers can be confusing if people do not know what they are doing. There are some people that do not like
technology, so they do not try to understand it. There are also people that reject modern advances and they are called luddites. The luddites were a
political movement during the industrial revolution who destroyed the new mechanical looms in the textile factories. A computer 's hardware is
comprised of many

Nt1310 Unit 3 Control Unit Analysis
Task 1
The Control Unit
There are two types of control unit which are hardwired and micro program where hardwired are for fixed architecture and are typically RISC and
cost more than micro program because of the time required to design the circuits , but they are faster. Micro program control units are slower than
hardwired but are easier and cheaper to implement as the instructions are stored in special control memory. The control unit controls all data going in,
out and inside the CPU. The control unit decodes the data from ram and turns it into an instruction depending on what instruction set the control unit is
programed or hardwired to have. Then if the instruction involves any logic or mathamatical caluculations it gets sent to the alu ... Show more content on
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Once the instruction from the device has completed the CPU will pick back up where it left off by loading the instructions back from the stack. When
an interrupt is send the device must send some code which tells the cpu how to handle its needs this is called an interrrupt hander. Every device which
is cababable of sending a interrupt needs to have its own uniqe interrupt hander which is loaded into ram during

How To Build My Own Computer
So, over the summer I built my main computer from scratch. I bought hardware such as a Ryzen 1700X CPU (Central Processing Unit), 16 GB
(Gigabytes) of Crucial Ballistics 2666 MHz DDR4 RAM (Random Access Memory), a Gigabyte GA–Gaming 5 Motherboard, a 500 GB Samsung 850
EVO SSD (Solid State Drive), a 650 Watt PSU (Power Supply), an MSI GTX 1080ti GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), a NZXT S340 Elite case, 2x
NZXT RGB 120mm fans and a Hue +, and a NZXT Kraken x42 AIO (All In One) Liquid cooler. First, I set the CPU in the AM4 Socket on the
MoBo (Motherboard) and installed the RAM into socket 1 and socket 3 (Running the RAM in dual channel on a Ryzen system allows the computer to
work much faster than running them in single channel). Next, I installed the AIO cooler to the build and the PSU so that I could start a POST
(Power On Self Test) to see if any of my components are DOA (Dead On Arrival).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At first nothing happened and then I realized that I can't plug the monitor to the board because AMD (The creators of the Ryzen chip that I installed
into the board) CPUs don't have integrated graphics built into to them. So I shut off the PC (Personal Computer) by flipping off the switch on the PSU
and plugged my GPU into one of the PCIE slots on the MoBo and shorted out the power button pins again and finally the system booted up and I saw
the POST

Taking a Look at the Phantom A3
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1. Tecno INC 1.2. Phantom 2. Phantom A3 Specification 3. Hardware and Software 4. MediaTek1.5
GHzQuad core processor 4.1.Mediatek introduction 4.2.What does QAUD MEAN? 5. Processor architecture 5.1.HowCPU works 5.2.Single core
processor 6. Quad core processor 6.1. Dual core processor 6.2. Quad core Architecture 6.3. Quad core performance with multimedia 7. MT6589T Quad
core 1.5 GHZ ARM Cortex–A7 7.1.1. Big Little 7.1.2. CPU Migration 7.1.3.Heterogeneous Multi Processing 7.1.4. Scheduling 7.1.5. ARM Cortex A–7
7.1.6. ARM Architecture 8. References 1.INTRODUCTION The Phantom A3 is a touch screen smart phone.it has preinstalled blackberry messenger
(BBM) and it is developed by Tecno. It is a 3rd generation Phone which Succeeding the Phantom B and Phantom B+ and preceding Phantom
A2.Phantom A3 is an upgraded version of Phantom A2. It comes with a smoother body than that of its prototype and a larger 6.0вЂі Capacitive
Touchscreen. Dual Mini SIM Technology was introduced in it and accommodates a 1.5GHz quad–core processor, 16GB ROM, 1GB RAM which
permits it to run on Android OS 4.2 JellyBean efficiently. Phantom A3 comes with 13MP back camera with flash technology and 8MP front camera.
1.1. TECNO INC Tecno is a china based Electronic Companywith an R&D center in France. They introduced many electronic devices in international
market like as Mobile phones, Smart Phones, ipad etc.TECNO introduced his first dual

Computer Is A For Home Education Essay
The word computer brings to mind the machines we have at home, that we use every day in one way or form. In reality the term computer is a large
umbrella that covers a myriad of machines.
Microcomputers:
"The term microcomputer is generally synonymous with personal computer (PC), or a computer that depends on a microprocessor. Microcomputers are
designed to be used by individuals, whether in the form of PCs, workstations or notebook computers. A microcomputer contains acentral processing
unit (CPU) on a microchip (the microprocessor), a memory system (typically read–only memory and random access memory), a bus system and I/O
ports, typically housed in a motherboard." (Beal)
Personal
As personal computers have become more affordable and easier to obtain for the general public, the microcomputer has been the hub for home
education, entertainment, productivity and many other uses. In addition to the usual microcomputers that sit at desk tops, microcomputing has become
more usable throughout the home with laptops, games consoles and computerised electronics such as the smart TV. As computers continue to shrink,
microcomputers are being used in increasingly more mundane equipment, such as fridges, washing machines and more. Business
"Not long ago, mission–critical systems all ran on mainframe technology, massive computers usually taking whole super cooled rooms. With the advent
of the PC, local area networks (LAN) and related technologies, many business applications moved

Ict Note
4/7/2012 Learning Objectives Chapter FOUR S y s t e m U n i t Reference: Shelly Cashman, Discovering Computers 2011, Living In Digital World,
International Thompson Publishing, Identify and describes components of system unit. Describes the function of ALU and control unit. Describes the
machine cycle. Describes types of RAM, Ports, Connectors of computer system. The System Unit The System Unit What is System Unit? Processor
chips The hardware unit that houses a computer's processor, memory chips, ports, and add–in boards Microprocessor– the smallest type of processor,
with all of the processing capabilities of the Control Unit and ALU located on a single chip Processor chips Memory chips Ports... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
MEMORY 4 4/7/2012 Data Representation 1 0 1 0 Data Representation Analog Signal 1 1 1 Digital Signal 0 0 0 Analog– Human speech; it consists of
continuous signals that vary in strength and quality. Digital – an electronic signals powered by electricity which only appear in two discrete states:
ON(1) or OFF(0) Data Representation IICSA CSA IIIICSA Data Representation CIIDCBE C DCBE CIDCBE 11110000 11110001 11110010 11110011
11110100 11110110 11000001 11000010 11000011 11000100 11000101 01011010 01111111 01111011 00110000 00110001 00110010 00110011
00110100 00110101 01000001 01000010 Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) – used widely on mainframe computers.
01000011 01000100 01000101 00100001 00100010 00100011 The Memory RAM (Random Access Memory) Volatile Memory– TWO When
computer power of types is turned off, volatile memory memory losses its content VOLATILE (RAM) Files remain in RAM when the computer is
running. Most RAM is volatile. Loses its contents when the power is off. Non Volatile Memory– NON It doesn't lose its content VOLATILE when
power (ROM) is removed from the computer. LOBMYS LOBMYS LOBMYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 A B C D E ! " # American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII) – the most widely used coding system to represent data. Most personal computers and mid–range servers use ASCII coding
scheme. 5 4/7/2012 RAM (Random

Nt1110 Computer Memory
Central processing unit (CPU) the CPU is the brain of the computer. The CPU is the most important part of the computer, this is where most of the
processes take place.
Size: CPUs are typically around 4–9 square inches
Speed: The speed of CPUs are called clock rates and they are measured in Hertz. Cost: CPUS come in different prices based on their power. They could
be as cheap as $10 or as expensive as $400
Capacity: The capacity varies but most CPUs are 32–bit operated or 64–bit operated
Cache Memory– Cache memory which is also called CPU memory, is a memory which can be accessed faster than many other types of memories. It
is a high speed storage, it can be in either the main memory or it can be placed in an independent storage. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You can say it is one form of a storage, and you can read and write in approx. the same amount of time. Size: The average for a ROM is 11 inches
square but due to innovation the sizes vary
Cost: RAM is usually around $6/GB so the prices are from $5 to $300
Speed: The speed of RAM is measured in Hertz and can vary from 66 MHZ to 1066 MHZ
Capacity: Capacity of RAMs come in increments such as "1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32" but they're generally anywhere around 512 mb to 8 GB
Motherboard – Motherboard you can describe as a printed circuit board (PCB) which is found in computers and other systems. It holds many of the
important components required in a computer, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory. It is like the road that connects the components.
Size: 10.92 square inches to 134 square inches
Cost: From $50 to $400
Speed: The "bus" speed is measured in Hertz and is usually from 66 MHz to 80 MHz
Hard disk Drive It is a magnetic disk on which you are allowed to store computer data.
Size: 6.75 cube inches to 15 cube inches
Cost: From $50 to $850
Speed: The data transfer rate is measured in bytes per second. The universal average data transfer rate is 3

Electronic Computers And Their Components
Electronic computers and their components are very complicated pieces of hardware and would be impossible to completely explain every single
intricacy in one essay. Although complicated they can be explained but only one piece of hardware at a time so the best option to start would be
explaining the unit that has its hand in everything in a computer and that is known as the "Central Processing Unit" also known as "CPU." In a modern
computer are 6 main components that are required for a computer to work. These components are the Motherboard, Central Processing Unit (CPU),
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), Random Access Memory (RAM), Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD), and the Power Supply Unit
(PSU). The motherboard acts as a highway for every component to interact with each other. The CPU processes data and determines what to do
with it. Everything done on a computer will have to travel through the CPU at some point as the CPU acts as traffic control on the highway. The
GPU is in charge of processing everything visual or different mathematical assets such as Floating Point Operations and many more. Everything
you see on the screen was processed by the GPU. RAM is temporary memory to be used by the CPU when the computer is powered on. Open
programs any other software store its memory in the RAM while they are being used. RAM is used because it is much faster than using an HDD or
SSD. In some cases when the CPU and GPU are combined on the same silicon die they

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Microprocessor
Microprocessor is a semiconductor device which contains most of the central processing unit (CPU) functions and an engine that is fabricated on a
single chip (Brain, n.d.). It is a multipurpose and programmable device that process the input data into output results according to instructions stored in
its memory which is represented in binary numeral system (Microprocessor, n.d.). The first commercially available microprocessor is Intel 404 which
is a 4 bit processor and it was introduced by Intel Corp in 1971 and designed for the usage of calculator (Intel 4004 microprocessor family, n.d.). The
4004 was fully integrated in a small chip and held 2,300 transistors which included the 4001 ROM, 4002 RAM and 4003 Shift Register. It also
executed up to 92,000 single word instructions per second which could access 4 KB of program memory while 640 bytes of RAM. Intel 4004's
minimum feature size is 10 Вµm while the maximum CPU clock rate is 740 Hz (Intel 4004, n.d.). It had a control unit capable of performing control ...
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It consist 3500 number of transistor. The 8008 was available in two speed grades which is 500 KHz and 800 KHz because it took the CPU from 5 to
8 cycles to execute each instruction while the effective rate of instruction execution was around 45,000 to 160,000 instructions per second (Intel 8008
microprocessor family, n.d.). The following year, Intel produce the Intel 8080 which is an 8–bit microprocessor with a 64 KB main memory and 2
microseconds clock cycle time. It also can execute 500,000 instructions per second which is ten times faster that Intel 8008. In the mid 1970's,
microcomputers were designed using 8080 as CPU (Evolution of Microprocessor, 2010). Some other 8–bit microprocessor is Zilog–80 and Toshiba's
T3472 (Intel 8008 microprocessor family,

Essay On Processing Elements
A processing element (PE) is an abstraction that is most useful in the standard to illustrate some concepts and is essentially a virtual scalar processor.
A compute unit (CU) is composed of one or more processing elements and local memory. A device is a collection of compute units. A multi core CPU
or multiple CPUs in a multi socket machine constitute a single device. The separate cores are compute units. A command queue is attached to a single
device and submits work to it. They are created within the scope of a context, while different queues may be attached to the same device. Applications
queue kernel execution instances with queuing happening in order and execution happening in or out of order. A kernel is a function declared in a...
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For a task execution, the work item IDs are organized in up to three dimensions which define the N dimensional computation domain (1, 2 or 3)
which dictates the total number of work items that execute in parallel. A work group is a collection of related work items that is scheduled on a
single compute unit. The work items in the group execute the same kernel, share local memory, work group barriers and memory fences efficiently.
Work group instances are executed in parallel across multiple compute units or concurrently on the same compute unit. The dimensions determine how
kernels operate upon input in parallel. The application usually specifies the dimensions based on the size of the input. OpenCL executes kernel
functions on the device. The host coordinates the execution and provides arguments/execution parameters to launch the kernel. The argument list is
identical for all invocations. When launching a kernel for execution, the host code defines the grid dimensions or the global work size, the number of
iterations to perform. The host code can also define the partitioning to work groups or leave it to the implementation. During the execution, the
implementation runs a single work item for each point on the grid. It also groups the execution on compute units according to the work group size.
The local work group size is how many work items are in a work group, while global work size is the

The Development And Development Of The Graphical...
This paper is based on CUDA, a parallel computing platform model, which utilizes the resources of the Graphical Processing Unit (GPU),
increasing the computing performance of our system, hence creating a robust parallel computing unit. In this paper, we will be introducing a brief
history on CUDA, it's execution flow and it's architecture to handle processor intensive tasks. We will also be highlighting some of it's real life
applications and the difference in performance as compared of the only CPU based architectures. Also, since most of the CUDA applications are
written in C/C++, we will also be exploring how CUDA provides the programmable interface in such languages as well. Finally, we will be including
the current research activities... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, in 2007, NVIDIA released CUDA, which provided the parallel architecture, to support the usage of the GPUs. It was designed to work with
programming languages such as C/C++ or Fortran and this really helped specialists in parallel programming to use CUDA, rather than to learn other
advanced skills in GPU programming[10] . The model for GPU computing is to use a CPU and GPU together in a heterogeneous co–processing
computing model[3]. The framework is designed such that the sequential part of the application runs on the CPU and the computationally–intensive
part is accelerated by the GPU. From the user's point of view, the application is faster because it is using the better performance of the GPU to
improve its own performance. пїј Figure1: Core comparison between CPU and GPU пїј3. Architecture Since GPUs have large number of resources
with hundreds of cores and thousands of threads to be utilized and have very high number of arithmetic and logical units. Hence it provides a huge
parallel architectural framework to work with. пїј Here is a block diagram that generally describes CUDAs architecture. Figure 2: Block diagram for
CUDA Architecture[4] Basic Units of CUDA Figure 2 showed the top level block diagram of the overall architecture of CUDA. Now, exploring more
on to the details, we will be discussing about the basic units of CUDA. пїјпїј Figure 3 : CUDA supported GPU structure [11] The architecture

Nt1210 Chapter 4 Summary
Review Questions Chapter 4
1.To build your own computer (which I have done a couple time) at a minimum you need a central processing unit, a motherboard, random access
memory, graphics processing unit (graphics card), hard drive or a solid–state drive (SSD), power supply unit, and a computer case.
2.A core is usually the basic computation unit of the CPU – it can run a single program context (or multiple ones if it supports hardware threads such
as hyperthreading on Intel CPUs), maintaining the correct program state, registers, and correct execution order, and performing the operations through
ALUs.
3.Hyper–threading allows the two logical CPU cores to share physical execution resources.
4.Supercomputers are built especially for assignments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Volatile memory is the RAM memory that is lost when your system is rebooted. Nonvolatile memory is the data that gets saved to your ROM
memory. An example of Volatile is when a mac computers program is not responding and closes automatically its reopens your latest work rather than
losing your work. An example of Nonvolatile is saving your work onto a flash drive or cd.
11.Main qualities to look for in an LCD are the size, brightness, contrast ratio, and pixel pitch.
12.Motherboard store data in a circuit.
13.DVD (digital video disc) come in a variety of recording options and can store 9.4 GB, more advanced DVDs has the capacity of 50GB. CD
(compact disc) come in several types: CD–ROM, CD–R and CD–RW.
14.The footprint is the area that a computer occupies. A smaller footprint leaves more desk space for other devices.
15.Important features to consider before purchasing a PC is the power (speed, RAM capacity), expandability, ports, ergonomics, compatibility (with
hardware and software), footprint, support, warranty, and cost.
16.If he were looking for a small a storage device I would recommend him to carry a tablet computer. It looks like a notebook computer without a
keyboard and mouse. The user can handwrite text, which automatically turns into typed text, it is enthusiastically received among

Advantages Of Gaming Laptops
A gaming laptop is a bit different compared to a normal laptop in that these laptops deliver a higher performance in order to play games that have
high specifications such as 3D Graphics. A gaming laptop usually will have better CPU (Central Processing Unit), Memory and GPU (Graphics
Processing Unit). These laptops are likely to cost more than your standard laptop. There are many people who are PC gamers that are looking for
that ideal gaming laptop to play their high end games. Some people who are PC gamers just want to find a laptop that is within the budget and can
play specific games. Power and Performance in Laptops under 500 Dollars Buying laptops under 500 dollars used to pose quite a great dilemma
sometimes ago. Nowadays, some machines are around the same price right out of the box. With such fantastic savings on... Show more content on
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Some of these models also use the AMD processors to allow for great performance with a less expensive price tag. Toshiba and Compaq computers
have also thrown their hat into the ring of inexpensive, yet powerful machines. One of the best laptops under 500 dollars comes from Lenovo, and
utilizes the HD4200 graphics card by ATI with a dual–core AMD processor. Foregoing the Intel brand processor and utilizing alternatives, such as the
AMD dual–core, presents the best laptops under 500 dollars that still perform at peak levels. By saving money on the processing unit, manufacturers
are able to ramp up RAM availability as well as use exceptional graphic card technology. For the best deal on laptops under 500 dollars, be sure to
check hardware specifications. Any notebook with a dual–core processor, a high–definition graphics card, and a minimum of 2 GB of RAM should
provide all the power needed for optimum performance without draining the bank account in the process. Some of the Best Gaming Laptop under 500
with Good

Cloud Computing Architecture : Technology Architecture
Cloud computing architecture is the design of cloud computing. It consists of components needed for cloud computing to function properly. Front end
contain applications/platforms that users can use to access back end components. Back end contains the "cloud" part of the architecture such as the
cloud storage and networking. The reason why it's significant in the technological world is because it allows users to store data into an online platform.
In doing so, this eliminates the need to continously backup and re–download data from one computer to another computer. As technology continue to
rapidly evolve, the need for cloud computing becomes evident. It allows users to stay connected with their data from any computer that they use. In the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The back end platforms and infrastructures are the most important components in the cloud computing architecture due to the fact that it stores the
data obtained by the front end applications into the storage servers. An example of a back end platform is the database. A database consists of data
that is organized in a certain way depending on how it is organized. SQL is a programming language for storing data inside a table. The type of
database also determines how that data will be accessed. To access the database in SQL, the developer has to create a code to display only the data
that belongs to the user and the data that the user is calling for.
The back end infrastructure contains both hardware and software that is necessary for cloud computing to function properly and effectively. One
component of infrastructure is the storage servers. The storage servers are owned by the cloud service providers and those servers process their
customer's data.
Figure 2: A picture of multiple servers[6] As shown in figure 2, since big companies like google have a lot of users who uses Google Drives, they
need tons of servers to keep up with demand. Cloud computing architecture can be very complex. Many companies are trying their best to improve
their architecture by adding different kinds of hardware and software in order to improve their cloud performance and security. The next section will
have more information about the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multi Core Processor
Generally the CPU has fetch, decode, and execute operation. Most of today's multi–core processors feature shared caches. In shared caches the caches
are splitted into blocks and are used randomly by each core in a multi–core processor. Because of this there is severe delay experienced by each core
and the processing speed is also reduced. This happens due to more time taken for read operation of memory and CPU. The problem faced by such
architectures is cache contention. So far the time required for fetching is more when compared to the execution process. The fetching time must be
reduced. Hence to address this problem, we have implemented a program that allows the usage of cache memory for each core of a processor at same
time. In our concept, we execute all jobs of each... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ADVANTAGES OF MULTI
–CORE PROCESSOR The maximum energy in the processing will be visualized in developing the time while simulating
the CPU processes like scanning of anti–virus, writing, reading, and burning the data. Thinking that the die is set into the package in a physical
manner, then the multiple core processor implementations will need very little space for PCB than the multiple chip SMP implementation. Also,
a two core processor utilizes very little amount of power than the two strongly bonded single core processor, due to the reduced power needed to
transmit the signals outer material to the chip. XIII. EQUATIONS If we consider that the fetching and execution process are on various blocks of
cache then the quantity of the process being simulated is 1/n. also if it is said that they are developed on the similar block of cache memory being
executed is k/n, where k is the quantity of fetch and execute process being performed. P is said to be the full quantity of cores. N is the full quantity
of blocks of cache. The CPU writing time is shown below. CPU write time estimation CPU write time= [CPU pulse period + Memory cycles with L1]
* pulse period

Nt1310 Unit 3 Computer Components
Computer Components: Internal and External Computer Components: Processor: A computer processer, otherwise known as the CPU (Central
Processing Unit) is a part of the computer that receives input and decides that the output will be. Many modern CPUs are capable of processing
trillions of calculations per second. The speed of a processor measured by how many operations a CPU can do in one second; this is done in MHz
or GHz (Megahertz or Gigahertz). A processer with the speed of 1 MHz does 1,000,000 operations per second, and a 1GHz processer does
1,000,000,000 operations per second. This is known as the clock speed. Input: An input is when a computer receives data from external hardware such
as a mouse, keyboard Output: An output is when computer... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Case: A case is where all the computer components are mounted; the case protects the components from physical damage and also protects it from
static electricity. Optical Drive: uses lasers to read or write data to/from optical discs like CDs or

The Need for an Embedded Processor
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. CURRENT SCENARIO
In current scenario, various sensors of plant is connected to the PLC for the data communication and PLC is program such that it give controlling
output according to the threshold value of sensors. In this if the value of sensor is below or above the sensor value then it gives the respective output.
This output is nothing but the controlling output from the PLC which gives signal to controlling device like value or alarm etc. Also SCADA provide the
Graphical user interface to the PLC unit so that any programmer can see the process graphically with the help of SCADA. In Plant SCADA and PLC
are connected to each other which make a whole system for Data communication and its controlling. There are various types of PLC are available in
the market. The selection of the PLC can be done as per the requirement of number of input and output associated with the plant.
Figure 1.1 Present Scenario of industries
1.2. OBJECTIVE
The industrial plant have many type of analog data like temperature sensor, level sensor, flow meter, pressure sensors etc. So in plant this type of
data should be analysed and then processed to achieve some specific action regarding it. The data can be processed with the embedded processor. The
embedded processor must be programmed such that the data can process and give the require output. This system is a data logger for the plant

Fermi Architecture Essay
NVIDIA's Fermi Architecture
Andreea Meirosu, 341C5
Keywords: Fermi, NVIDIA, performance
Summary:
1.Who is NVIDA?
2.What is NVIDIA Fermi Architecture?
3.What innovation brings Fermi?
4.Short description of features
5.Overview of Fermi Architecture
6.Benchmarks regarding performance and comparison with other ar–chitectures
1Who is NVIDA?
No matter if we are talking about games, image processing, fast computations or virtual reality, we all know something about NVIDIA. In a few
words, Nvidia de–signs graphics processing units (GPUs), as well as system on a chip units (SOCs) for the mobile computing market. In addition to
GPU manufacturing, Nvidia pro–vides parallel processing capabilities to researchers and scientists that allow ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
According to the expert's opinion, The architecture NVIDIA designed seems to be the first architecture of any kind to deliver all of the features
required in order to satis–fy all demanding HPC applications: unmatched double–precision floating point per–formance, IEEE 754–2008 compliance
including fused multiply–add operations, ECC protection from the registers to DRAM, a straightforward linear addressing model with caching at all
levels, and support for languages including C, C++, FORTRAN, Java, Matlab, and Python.
The most important features of Fermi architecture are listed in the table below, as the next 3 goals established by NVIDIA for the future:
Table 1. Top 10 Innovations in FermiTop 3 Next Challenges
1Real Floating Point in Quality and PerformanceThe Relatively Small Size of GPU Memory

2Error Correcting Codes on Main Memory and CachesInability to do I/O directly to GPU Memory
364вЂђbit Virtual Address SpaceNo Glueless Multisocket Hardware and Software
4Caches
5Fast Context Switching
6Unified Address

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multiprocessor Operating...
Multiprocessor Operating Systems
Multiprocessing is a mode of operation in which two or more processors in a computer simultaneously process two or more different portions of the
same program or set of instructions. Multiprocessing refers to a computer system's ability to support more than one process or program at the same time.
Multiprocessing operating systems enable several programs to run parallel (Hosch). It is typically carried out by two or more microprocessors, each of
which is in a central processing unit (CPU) on a single tiny chip. Supercomputers typically combine thousands of such microprocessors to interpret and
execute instructions. UNIX is one of the most broadly used multiprocessing systems used today; others include OS/2 ... Show more content on
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If one processor fails, the failure may slow down the entire system. Another disadvantage would be the initial cost. Although money is being saved
in the long run, the initial price is an investment in the beginning. Multiprocessors need to be specifically designed to work with operating systems
and programs, which could leave to chance that the software being used may only use a single processor, regardless of how ever many there are in
the system itself. Another common occurs with multiprocessor server boards when processors are installed that are designed to use different clocking
speeds. "To expect multiprocessors to work properly together, they should have identical speed ratings. Although it's possible that in some cases a
faster processor can be clocked down to work in the system, problems normally occurring between mismatched processors will cause operational
glitches beyond the tolerance of server networks. The safest approach with multiprocessor server boards is to install processors that are guaranteed by
their manufacturer to work together. These will generally be matched according to their family, model, and stepping version" (Marcraft International).
Latency and overhead are also some drawbacks to having a multiprocessing unit because of the time wasted and the time delay in achieving or initiating
the client's processing

Nt1310 Unit 10 Communication Systems
phones, tablets, etc.). The communication technologies used in the systems are mostly determined by the house topology. Pre–existing houses use
PLC or wireless networks (radio or IR), while new homes can be out п¬Ѓtted for dedicated wiring through the walls, avoiding some interference issues
and lowering the п¬Ѓnal The NXP (founded by Philips) LPC2148 is an ARM7TDMI–S based high– performance 32–bit RISC Microcontroller with
Thumb extensions 512KB on–chip Flash ROM with In–System Programming (ISP) and In–Application Programming (IAP), 32KB RAM, Vectored
Interrupt Controller, Two 10bit ADCs with 14 channels, USB 2.0 Full Speed Device Controller, Two UARTs, Two I2C serial interfaces, Two SPI
serial interfaces Two

Information Systems Designed For Business
When we look at information systems designed for business, we tend to recognize that it involves integrated and co–ordinate network of components,
which combine together to convert data into information. In a recent book entitled a brief look into history–author sage, explains that Information
system is essentially made up of five components hardware, software, database, network and people. These five components integrate to perform input,
process, output, feedback and control. (Sage, 1968). The structure of information is composed of input, output, constraints, purpose, Boundaries. To
explain these functions we will look at a business. A call center will be an example so we will be able to understand and recognize functions
The first function is Input, According to author Bagad, input purpose is to allow the user to enter data, and other features include mouse and keyboard
are used to insert direct information to open up certain files or information. The choice of the input depends on the amount of data entry. The software
programs that is available to the agents so they could navigate information for user's customers who have accounts or future customers. If there is an
input system it is often follow by output .The purpose of the output is to display the results of computer processing. A computer–based information
system often requires a number of output devices as a monitor, printer and sound card.
When a call center representative enters suggested data or certain

Desktop Hardware And The Computer
Desktop Hardware Would you know how to fix your computer if it crashed and started to malfunction? What if some parts were not working?
Knowing desktop hardware if you own a computer is important. Say if one part of your computer is malfunctioning and you knew which part, you
could easily replace that part if it is able to be replaced. The parts of the computer could save you money and time for yourself instead of purchasing a
brand new computer.
Floppy disks store a small amount of information, less than a CD or DVD. One important detail about them is that they are portable, meaning they
are able to remove. Floppy disks are easily damaged while they are also inexpensive and tend to have a more tendency to lag. Some computers still
include a floppy disk but they are not as popular as they once were around the mid– 1970's. (IBM) The sizes are varied from as small as two inches to
around 8 inches in size. Floppy disks were first developed in the early 1960's but were not available to the public until the 1970's. Early computers did
not have a CD–ROM drives and floppy disks were the only current way to install a new problem. They have lost their popularity today because of the
new technology that is improving in our world. Floppies are usually used today to give an emergency boosts in old computers that may tend to lag.
Apple has created their own floppy disk with their personal computer, Apple Lisa naming the floppy drive "Twiggy."Central processing unit (CPU) or

Nt1310 Central Processing Unit Analysis
1.CPU – A central processing unit that can provide a high quality gaming system is called the Intel Core i7–6700K 8M Skylake. This processing unit
has a clock speed of approximately 4.0 GHz while the maximum turbo speed comes out to be 4.2 GHz. The model number of this central processing
unit is BX80662I76700K. The Intel Core i7–6700K 8M Skylake is a quad–core processor composed by about 8 threads when also containing a
memory size of about 64 Gigabytes. This type of central processing unit contains a cache memory of about 8 MB while the pricing for this type of
processors are approximately $339.99. The memory varieties that are sustained by this type of central processing unit are identified as DDR4–1866
/2133, DDR3L–1333/1600 @ 1.35 V. The Intel Core i7–6700K 8M Skylake are produced in Santa Clara, California. Some features provided by this
processor are Intel Clear Video Technology, Intel Clear Video HD Technology, InTRU 3D Technology, Intel Quick Sync Video, Intel Wireless
... Show
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Hard Drive–A good hard drive that I'll use for my high–end gaming system would probably be known as the HGST Travelstar. The model number of
this hard drive is H2IK10003272SN (0S03563). The maximum capacity of the HGST Travelstar is 1 Terabyte while the maximum cache capacity
is 32 MB. This hard drive can store HD quality videos, music, movies, in addition to documents. The HGST Travelstar supports SATA III Interface
that can run at speeds of approximately 6 GB/s. The price range for this hard drive is about $64.99. This type of hard drive is made in San Jose,
California and it's one of the best types of hard drives that can be used for a high amount of storage. Some of the systems that support this type of
hard drive are known as Apple MacOS X 10.3 or later, Microsoft Windows Vista, Microsoft Windows XP, in addition to Microsoft Windows 7. The
spindle speed for this type of hard drive is 7200RPM making it more efficient in addition to making it quicker for accessing

Elements Of Field Programmable Gate Arrays
CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION For the past decades, scientific computation has been a popular research tool among scientists and engineers from
numerous areas, including climate modelling, computational chemistry, and bioinformatics .With the maturing of application algorithms, developing
high performance computing platforms that satisfy the increasing computational demands, search spaces, and data volume have become a huge
challenge. As predicted by Moore's law .faster and faster computers are built to provide more processing power every year. Apparently, speeding
–up
the computation serially alone is no longer enough. In 1967 Amdahl presented a model to estimate the theoretical maximum improvement when
multiple processing units were... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Various representation systems were introduced to represent signed integer numbers, including signed magnitude, biased, and complement systems
.Both the signed and unsigned integer representations can be extended to encode fractional data by employing an implicit or explicit radix point that
denotes the scaling factor. These integer–based real number representations are generally called fixed–point systems, where the term "fixed–point"
implies that the scaling factor is constant during the computation without externally reconfigured. As a result, the precision (least represent able value
of the unit in the last place, for a fixed–point number system cannot be improved without sacrificing its represent able value range. Floating–point
representation on the other hand provides not only the ability for wide dynamic range support, but also high precision for small values. A typical
floating–point number is represented in four components, and its value can be calculated with the equation. x = В± s Г— be, where s is the significant
and e is the biased exponent (with implicit bias). The standard precision of

Chapter 4 : Processor Technology And Architecture
Chapter 4: Processor Technology and Architecture 1)The central processing unit (CPU) performs fetch operations i.e. it fetches the instructions and
inputs from the registers or primary storage in order to execute the instructions. 2)During the fetch cycle control unit fetches the instructions from and
separate the op code from the operands, stores the operands in registers, and increments a pointer to the next instruction. 3)During the execution cycle,
the control unit or the ALU executes the instruction. The ALU executes the instruction for an arithmetic or a logical operation. The control unit
executes all other instruction types. 4)Word size is the number of bits a CPU can process simultaneously. Within limits, CPU
... Show more content on
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Multiprocessing provides multiple CPUs for simultaneous execution of different processes or programs. Chapter 5: Data Storage Technology
1)There are various varieties of storage devices that has different functionality in the context of computational needs. These are mainly divided in
to primary and secondary storages. 2)The primary storage devices are generally volatile devices such as Random Access memory (RAM), cache
memory etc. which cannot hold data for long periods. 3)The secondary storage devices are nonvolatile devices such as hard disks, floppy disks,
magnetic tapes etc. which can hold data for long periods. 4)The characteristics that define the storage devices are speed, volatility, access method,
portability, cost, and capacity. These characteristics vary between different storage devices. 5)These characteristics leads to a memory hierarchy in
which primary storage stands in the position in the hierarchy with faster access speeds and higher costs per bit of storage, and secondary storage
tends to be in the lower portion of the hierarchy, with slower access speeds and lower costs. 6)Magnetic storage devices store data by using magnetic
charges. A read/write head with magnetic field is used to read/write the magnetic storage medium. 7)The major disadvantage with this magnetic storage
is magnetic decay and magnetic leakage whereas the magnetic charge may lose its charge over time and leakage tends to cancel the charge by different
data

1.50 Hardware Infrastructure Paper
1.50 Hardware Infrastructure Report
CPU
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a computer component that converts data input into information output. It is a complicated and broad set of
electronic circuits that performs compiled instructions. All computers and laptops must have a central processing unit to operate as it acts as the 'brain'
of the device. There are numerous ways of referring to a CPU, such as processor, microprocessor or central processor. Compared to some older
models, the more recent models are small, square and have connectors underneath it. The CPU is attached to the slot or socket of the motherboard. It
is usually secured and held down by a small lever.
Main Functions of a CPU
The main purpose of a CPU is to decode any ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within a program exists millions of instructions, which are each stored at a specific address. These instruction addresses are recorded by the program
counter. The program counter is a system within the CPU that takes note of the position of the CPU when a program is running, which are the
instruction addresses. Addresses are transferred through the address bus to be used from the memory while instructions go through the data bus to
reach the instruction register.
Decode The CPU has an "assembler" that is able to translate Assembly Language into binary code. From this, instructions can be read and executed.
Assembly Language is a language that only the CPU can understand but different CPUs may have different versions of Assembly Languages. Despite
what code a program is written in, the code will be broken down to the CPUs Assembly Language to carry out this process.
Execute
The CPU is able to carry out three different steps corresponding to the instructions. The first possible step is to use its Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
which is able to process and calculate mathematical operations. The second possible step is to transport data from a location to another. The last
possible step is to jump to the addresses of other instructions depending on the CPU's

Nt1310 Central Processing Unit
Central Processing Unit
The CPU or Central Processing Unit, is essentially the brain of any computer since the CPU was refined to the microprocessor we see today. It works
together with every other part of a computer, who themselves cannot work individually. Although The CPU may look much like an expensivecomputer
chip at first glance, it is an intricately designed piece of hardware with cache memory of varying sizes, and cores of varying speeds. This is where
calculations from simple arithmetic to global simulations take place. In conclusion, with how far CPUs have come from their humble origins, to the
never ending stream of tasks of today, this is a vital component that shouldn't be overlooked or underestimated.
Moore's law states that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The evolution of the processor has come all the way from the Intel 4004 to the processors of today and one would expect Moore's law to continue
to allow exponentially more powerful processors from here on out. Moore's law will continue, but in a way of overall speed instead of transistors.
Modern processors being so fast they produce too much heat to effectively cool, leading to CPU developers needing to design new cooling systems or
a new way of making transistors entirely. Another hurdle for CPU developers is that as the transistors become smaller and smaller, quantum tunneling
takes place, and a semiconductor becomes just a conductor, allowing power all of the time. A possible solution being quantum computing.Quantum
computing involves the bits used in storing data being individual atoms. It's theorized that such computing techniques could be used to simulate
complex chemical processes and increase the accuracy of atomic clocks. We've seen where CPUs have come from, we've seen where they are, now
we have the chance to see where they will go, and the extraordinary heights they will

How I Build A Personal Computer
How to Build a Personal Computer
Building your own PC (personal computer) is a both informative and cost effective method when you are in need of a computer. The process of
selecting compatible parts is the most difficult part of building your own computer, but luckily assembling everything is a very easy process that will
be outlined in the following pages.
Step 1: Preparing your workspace
The first step in the process of assembling your brand new PC is to select the best workplace available to protect your shiny new parts. Static
electricity is the biggest worry to have while constructing a brand new computer and there are precautions to take whether you are on a solid smooth
surface, or more importantly, on carpet. First and foremost, the most important item to have on hand is an anti–static wrist strap. The use of a wrist
strap will help prevent ESD (electrostatic discharge) that could possibly damage the components during assembly. Another important aspect is to keep
the area free of clutter and have a flat open space that will allow for easy movement around the computer case. Take care when moving and unwrapping
the parts to avoid possibly damaging any pins or chipping the fragile edges of things such as the motherboard, memory, and video card. Once everything
has been removed from its protective wrapping, you can begin piecing everything together.
Step 2: Installing the motherboard
The second step in building your computer will be to install the motherboard with

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Computer
ASSIGNMENTS
2) What are the advantages of computer system?
make better buying decisions
fix ordinary computer problems
upgrade equipment
guard again online dangers
for internal effectively
computer knowledge can advance your career
3) discuss the different categories of computer?
There are 5 types of computer
Supercomputer
Mainframes
Workstations
Microcomputers
Microcontroller
Supercomputer
Supercomputer is very expensive its price is one million over to 1 billion its has high capacity and thousands of processors it is used weather
forecasting designing aircrafts and scientific projects etc Japan has supercomputers
Mainframes
Mainframes price is 5000 to 5 million it is air–cooled and water cooled it is mostly used in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There three types of buses
Data bus
Control bus
Address bus Data bus data move between interconnect part. Data bus name tell that it is used to move data within CPU components. The data bus
carries data from computer store memory. it use for read and write data. When write process then processor put data in the data bus. If need read data
then memory control put data in the data bus from store memory.

Control bus transfer control signal between interconnect part
Address bus send address memory to another through address bus.
9) What do you understand by serial and parallel ports? Explain with the help of example.
Serial ports are connecting motherboard to the external devices. Like mouse, keyboard, game joystick, usb and modems. Computer has 2 or 4 serial
ports. Serial ports use for transfer information in or out. Serial port use one bit transmits at a time. Serial ports use wire to sent data outside or one by
one. Serial connector has 9 to 25 pins.
Parallel ports parallel ports use sending data several bit at a time. And several wires use. Parallel ports in personal pc use 8 bit from 8 wires. Printers are
type of parallel. Easy to program and faster than serial ports. Parallel ports also built in motherboard like serial

Micro Controller At Mega
Micro Controller AT Mega– 328 In the area of control and automation, the need for some processing unit became indispensable in a wide variety of
applications. Among these, microcontrollers stand as a lower cost alternative, satisfactory reliability, simplicity, reduced consumption energy, however,
with limited memory capacity and processing.
A microcontroller contains a processor, memory access and peripheral input / output. It is a microprocessor that can be programmed for specific
functions, in contrast to other general purpose microprocessors (such as those used in PCs). Basically, the use of a microcontroller is in the
processing of data from one of your peripherals, with the set of output data. For example, send data via serial port or generate a reaction in system as
an LED light.
The architecture of a microcontroller generally consists of a core processing, bus and Peripherals:
Processing core consists of the data processor (calculations, flow control program, etc.) and administration of peripherals.
Bus is divided into data and address, is on the lines of communication between the processor and peripherals.
Peripherals characterize the set of features available by the microcontroller and are controlled by the processor. For example, memory, serial port,
parallel port and AD converter.
Microcontrollers are typically used in automation and control products and peripherals, such as control systems of automotive engines, remote controls,
machines, etc.

Nt1310 Unit 3 Cpus
5.CPU Central Processing Unit socket
a)What do CPU's do? The CPU is the Central Processing Unit; its aim is to be there the act as the brain of the computer. Other common name for the
CPU is the processor. It is in control of the power the computer is receiving and using and the calculations that enable to the computer to be used. CPUs
come in differing form factors and each has a particular way in which it will fit on to the motherboard. The most common manufactures of this part
that people will know are Intel and AMD. The CPU is in charge of allowing programmes to be used. The CPU sorts the commands of a program into
an order which enables it to be used.
b)How they are powered and connected. The connector between the CPU and the motherboard

Taking A Closer Look At A CPU

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