Pyschology- Piaget And Vygotsky

Pyschology- Piaget and Vygotsky
Piaget was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Piaget was interested in how intelligence itself changes as
children grow which he called genetic epistemology. Genetic epistemology was based on the 19th century biological concept of recapitulation
(Piaget was a biologist first whom later trained as a psychologist). It was thought before piaget's studies that children were merely less competent
thinkers than adults. However, through his findings, Piaget showed that children think completely different than adults. According to Piaget,
children are born with a very basic mental structure (genetically inherited and evolved) on which all subsequent learning and knowledge is based.
Piaget based his theory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vygotsky's theory outlines that a child's use of internalising language is crucial to their development. Through the use of socialising, children are
encouraged to talk to themselves, write/ draw how they feel as a tool to their inner monologue. The use of language controls our thinking as well as
communicating our thoughts to others; therefore the child is learning to think logically. "Thoughts becomes verbal and speech rational" ( Vygotsky,
1962). Vysgotsky observed that children are able to complete more difficult tasks if they have guidance. He describes this as scaffolding. Supporting
the child is known by Vygotsky theory is ZPD (zone of proximal development). Here is where adult or 'expert' guide the child to their full potential.
The expert will supply their knowledge of the situation slowly taking away their support or help until the child is able perform the task alone. Thus,
with the appropriate semiotic mediation (scaffolding) the child abilities become sophisticated higher cognitive process. Piaget and Vygotsky are
both significant contributors to the understanding of cognitive development. Both theories had the same approach to learning of constructivist;
students learn by fitting new information with what they already know. Another similarity of the two theories is that they both believe boundaries of
cognitive growth are established by social influences. They both have adapted to a child centred approach to
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Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget was a theorist who studied child development; one of the many aspects of early childhood Piaget studied was preoperational thinking.
Preoperational thinking usually occurs from ages 2 through 7 according to Piaget. It's when a child is not able to think logically and perform
activities that require logic. In other words, a child is not yet ready at this stage, to reason many situations. Piaget created many experiments that
could help educators observe and detect the stages and levels of thinking of different children. For this observation, I focused on four aspects of
preoperational thinking; conservation, centration, irreversible thinking, and focus on appearance. Piaget developed a set of tests for children that if
failed, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The next experiment covers the concept of centration. Centration is also referred to as egocentrism. This concept is literally being egocentric. A
child at this stage only understands their own perception and point of view of things. "Centration is the tendency to focus on one aspect of the
situation to the exclusion of others." (Berger, 2009, p. 250) In this experiment I placed a doll facing Breanna and I, and a block behind the doll. I
asked Breanna what it was that she saw placed on the table, and she answered " A doll and a block", then I asked her, "Can the doll see the block?"
Breanna said, "No, she cant see the block because she's facing us. She needs to turn around if she wants to look at the block." Breanna is past the
stage of being egocentric. As she gets older, she is able to understand different point of views. Understanding conservation means understanding
that the amount of a substance is conserved even if its shape changes. Piaget said children began to understand this around age 6 and 7. "According
to Piaget, until children grasp the concept of conservation at about age 6 or 7, they cannot understand that the transformations shown here do not
change the total amount.." (Berger, 2009, p. 251) This next experiment is done to demonstrate understanding or lack of

Piaget vs. Vygotsky
The theory of cognitive development is defined as the development of the ability to think and reason. There are many theorists who have studied
cognitive theories and the most famous is Jean Piaget. Cognitive development covers the physical and emotional stages of a child. The basic
premise for cognitive development is to show the different stages of the development of a child so you can understand where the child might be in
their development. Understanding cognitive development will better prepare the teacher when it comes to dealing with children and how to handle
situations. The way children learn and mentally grow plays a central role in their learning process and abilities. When the teacher knows about the
development of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second aspect of his cognitive development is the Zone of Proximal Development. Vygotsky 's idea of a zone of proximal development is the
second aspect of his cognitive theory. A zone of proximal development describes tasks that children have not learned but are capable of learning.
The zone of proximal development contains things that children may not be able to do alone at the time, but are on the verge of achieving with
some assistance. He believes that learning takes place during the Zone of Proximal Development. Vygotsky felt it was important to work within the
zone proximal development to achieve maximum learning. Another aspect is Scaffolding, which means providing a child with a great deal of
support during the early stages of development. Scaffolding involves the final piece of Vygotsky's cognitive development theory. Teachers will be
applying both Piaget's and Vugptsky's theories on cognitive development. When it comes to Piaget's theory a kindergarten teacher would focus
more on how the children are developing and not how the final outcome will be. If the children are given a finger painting assignment you will want
to see how they handle paints and what they are doing. Teachers will also need to provide learning opportunities that will help them development in
each stage. When you are teaching about shapes

Essay On Piaget And Vygotsky
Piaget vs Vygotsky
Karim Medhat Nassar
H00119961
16th, October, 2014
Dr. C. Agnew
Human Development and Intelligence Piaget and Vygotsky, two psychologists that throughout history have had what the present day engenderment
would call "unsettled beef". According to my research; and prolonged Twitter tweets and Facebook statuses on the topic; both Piaget and Vygotsky's
theories/ approaches to cognitive development are both correct. Both psychology grandmasters approached their topics differently which will be
elaborated upon throughout this composition.
Cognitive development is Piaget's famous theory. Jean Piaget's (1896 – 1980) approach to cognitive development was explained as a progressive
reconstruction of mental processes as a consequence to biological development and environmental experiences. His ... Show more content on
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Both Piaget and Vygotsky agreed that development in children occurs due to children being active learners correlating their learning between both
old and new information in order to reach a stage of equilibrium. Both also agreed that egocentric speech was important in a child's cognitive
development and that cognitive development declines with age. Few but similar, Piaget and Vygotsky, two minds contemplating on the same topic
from other sides of the globe had interacting thoughts. However, there are some differences too. Piaget believed that development was a stage that
had to come first before learning whereas Vygotsky believed that development and learning worked together through socialization and language.
Also, Piaget thought that there was a connection between biological factors and cognitive development whereas Vygotsky appealed that intelligence
from social acquisitions initiated cognitive growth and

Piaget Theory
Piaget's Theory Cognitive Development Process
From a baby to an adult, the mental of human are changing continuously due to the demographic (age, gender, and education) and environmental
factor (family influence and society influence). There are many types of cognitive development theory that use to prove the human's mental stages
of changing. In cognitive development theory, the theory that is focused on is Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Piaget's theory, which is the
children cognitive development, is through four single stages for testing all children commonly. This is used to recognize the ways of development
factors that affect children's grief. Before developing the children cognitively, Piaget uses three common ways to ... Show more content on
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This concept grows completely when the child is capable to recognize the object mentally without its present (Wood et al., 2006). This development
brings the Piaget's theory to the second stage.
Next is the preoperational stage which is the most important stage in cognitive development process. In this stage, the children learn everything
from the natural phenomena such as language and behavior. This stage is allowed them to start the symbolic thinking. For example, when a box is
pushed in front the children, they imagine the box as a moving car. Then, they make the car sound when they think that is a car. Besides, children in
this stage start to work with the problem solving tasks just like the ways to get the thing at cupboard and ways to wear shirt. Ojose (2008)
mentioned that "children's perceptions in this stage are generally restricted to one aspect or dimension of an object at the expense of the other
aspects" (p. 27). For instance, when one 500ml bottle is filled with water fully and one 1500ml bottle is filled with ¼ of water, the children think
that the 500ml bottle is more water than the 1500ml bottle. That is because the children can only differentiate the dimension and the height as they
do not know the amount of the water inside the bottle. When teaching the child in this stage, the adults act intelligently. They give an effective
question about the characteristic object for developing their cognitive. For example, mother, who teaches

Psychology: Piaget and Skinner
Assignment 1
The cognitive perspective is a theory that attempts to explain human behaviour by understanding our thought process. Our information process is
compared to that of a computer: Inputting, storing and receiving data. One of the most famous cognitive psychologists was a scientist called Jean
Piaget (1896–1980). According to Piaget, understanding comes in the form of 'schemas' (Fritscher, 2011). Schemas are cognitive structures that
represent certain aspects of the world (pre–conceived ideas for things). Schemas develop through at least two processes: assimilation and
accommodation. Assimilation is simply adding new information into an existing schema but keeping the general idea the same. Accommodation is
the process in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, younger children tend to try out these variations randomly.
Experts have argued "...the clear–cut ages and stages forming the basis of Piaget 's theory are actually quite blurred and blend into each other"
(Donaldson, page 57). In Donaldson's book, 'Children 's Minds', she suggests that Piaget may have underestimated children 's language and thinking
abilities by not giving enough consideration to the contexts he provided for children when conducting his research (Castella, 2011). Although
Piaget's theory gives us a brief understanding of how children's learning develops, not all children are taught the same way nor do they learn at the
same pace. Each of the four stages have been criticised by experts. For instance on evaluation of the sensorimotor stage; Bower (1982) found that
children display object permanence at a much younger age than Piaget suggested. We can agree or disagree with Piaget's theory but one thing is
certain, we will always imagine the stages whilst observing our children grow "... it is certainly true that, whether we agree with the theory or not,
Piaget has changed the way we think about children's thinking" (Sternberg, page 761).
The behavioural perspective is an assumption that our identity is shaped by our surroundings. The people we know, the schools we attend and even
how much money we have in our bank accounts can make us who we are. There are two theories involved:

Piaget Developmental Stages
Cognitive development is how a person views, thinks, and gains understanding of their world through the interaction of learned factors and their
genetics.(Passer & Smith, 2007) Discusses that "Cognitive development results from interaction of brain's biological maturation and personal
experiences which focuses on children development in terms of information processing, intelligence, reasoning, language development, and
memory".
Therefore Jean Piaget proposed a step –wise sequence of mental development during childhood. (Hansen & Zambo, 2005) Discusses that in order
to provide an overview of Piaget's core ideas there are four stages of cognitive development during childhood that will be discussed. The first stage
is the Sensorimotor stage which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first discussion against Piaget's cognitive developmental stage is that it underestimates children's intellectual abilities. This is because he
described tasks which are confusing to the children and also used abstract terms that are overly difficult for the children because he underestimated
the children's capabilities. Piaget's theory predicts that all preschoolers should be able to perform at the preoperational level in all cognitive tasks
because he predicts that thinking within a particular stage should be similar across all tasks. This means that Piaget's efforts to teach children
developmentally advanced concepts will be unsuccessful because in some circumstances children often learn more advanced concepts with brief

Piaget believed that learning was an individual and physical process. He claims that development occurs in stages. Piaget classified a stage as a
period during which children's behaviours and thoughts reflected a certain type of underlying mental structure (Fialho, 2016). He believed that each
stage was interconnected, in that each of the stages derives from its predecessor. The stages must be performed in the order in which Piaget
specified. Piaget also claimed that the stages were universal across all cultures (Tourmen, 2016). The first stage, the Sensorimotor stage occurs from
birth to two years old. During this time, children gain knowledge regarding their sensory and motor abilities. The second stage is called the
preoperational stage, which occurs from the ages of two, to seven. Once children reach this stage, they can use language, symbolic thought and
mental imagery (Wellman, 2011). The Concrete operational stage is the third stage of development and occurs around seven to eleven years old.
Piaget claimed that children are now able to obtain certain logical structures which will allow them to perform mental operations (Brown & Modgil,
2006). The final stage is called the Formal operational stage, which occurs at the age of eleven to fifteen years old. Once ... Show more content on
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Moral development refers to the process by which children learn to distinguish right from wrong (Smetana, 2016). Gender role development refers
to the process by which children learn about the behavioural patterns, personality traits and attitudes which define masculinity and femininity
(Galambos, cited in Lerner & Steinberg, 2004). Memory development focuses on the processes used to maintain information over time (Matlin,
2005). As with all theories, Piaget's have come under fire many times, with many psychologists criticising, building on or providing a conflicting
theory of how children

Piaget and Vygotsky
Introduction
Cognitive development is interpreted as the gradual orderly development of thinking, understanding and reasoning processes from birth to maturity.
The aim of primary school is to build the knowledge and the skills children need to have for further cognitive development. Therefore, the constant
development of coginition is very important to young children, because it gives them the basic understanding towards themselves and the world. As
a result, in order to assist and support children's early cognitive development, teachers apply the ideas of educational theorists such as Jean Piaget
and Lev Vygotsky in teaching.
Review of Literature
Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two of the most influential ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, in mathematical center, it involved large numbers, it equipped children with numeracy, logical thinking and problem solving skills. In
learning center, all children's motor skills have developed, especially for Down's syndrome child Hilly, her fine motor skills has developed through
finger painting. For children who are into game making by using blocks, their thinking process become more organized and strategic.
In conclusion, most of children are in preoperational stage, but heading to concrete operational stage, they gradual gain more logical thinking skills
and reversibility through game making, discovering and problem solving. Nevertheless, Troy and Tim are likely functioning in concrete operational
stage. Troy and Tim both have more logical and organized thinking process than others, since Troy can solve math problems and Tim made a
skateboard from the heater. A singing center would be more helpful towards children's literacy and pragmatics skills through sing nursery rhymes.
Discussion
In order to help children's cognitive development, the application of Piaget and Vygotsky theories are highly positive and critical. As Woolfolk and
Margetts (2010) mentioned, teachers can extend children's knowlegde by using children's disequilibration as the motivation. The use of cultural
tools in classroom can also benefit children, because they

Piaget Cognitive Theory
Piaget's Theory used in Mathematics Today Piaget took an interest in children's cognitive development and came up with his theory of Cognitive
Development; the Cognitive Development theory consists of the four stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal
Operational (Ghazi & Ullah, 2016, pg. 1). Jean Piaget's cognitive theory has a wide array of effects on children's learning in mathematics that are
applicable to teaching today. Teachers today use different strategies and teaching methods based on what stage children are in. I will discuss each of
the stages and how teachers use them in math today. The first stage is the sensorimotor stage, which takes place between the age of zero to two, and
is where children understand perception and awareness of the environment through physical actions and the manipulation of objects (Ghazi &
Ullah, 2016, pg. 1). In the sensorimotor stage, the most important thing to understand is the idea of object permanence and understanding that even
when the child cannot see the object they are still able to find it. Also, in this stage they begin to associate numbers with objects and they understand
counting. In order to enhance a child's math basis teachers are giving activities that include counting. Asking question like "Who has more?" and
"Are there enough?", start the foundation for young children to not only understand these things in the classroom but even more so in the real–
world. Another way teachers enhance

Piaget Observation
Cognitive Development: Transition between Preoperational & Concrete Stages
Piaget believed that human development involves a series of stages and during each stage new abilities are gained which prepare the individual for
the succeeding stages. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences between two stages in Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory—the
preoperational stage and concrete operational stage. Cognitive development refers to how a person constructs thought processes to gain
understanding of his or her world through the interaction of genetic and learned factors. The development of new cognitive structures (mental maps
or schemas) will be a result of the individual's ability to adapt through mental processes such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The power of suggestion, which is how a person says something, demonstrated that Adriana was easily persuaded to change her mind. When the
experimenter performed task two and three, he asked her why she thought the amounts were the same and she simply explained what she saw
visually, but she always looked for confirmation in her answer from the experimenter. Adriana was then asked about where she thinks dreams come
from and she said they "were scary". She couldn't mentally come up with any other reasons of where she thought they came from, which
demonstrated her inability to think abstractly or logically.
Isaac was able to agree on each task that initially all the quantities were the same, but was easily influenced once the pennies were moved, the water
was placed into a different size glass and the clay was rolled into a different size shape. He thought the row of pennies that was spread out had more
pennies, the glass that was taller had more water and the clay that was rolled out had more clay. When asked why he thought there was more, he
used concrete physical descriptions about what he saw such as the glass was "taller" or of a different "size" and that the clay was "longer". This
demonstrated Isaac's inability to conserve and that he is indeed in the preoperational stage, as Piaget suggests. When presented with the last task,
Isaac first said he "didn't know" and then once the experimenter encouraged him

Piaget And Piaget Similarities
The human brain has always been a subject of great interest to psychologists and researches. Over the years, many theorists have developed
different models and approaches on how the mind works and what happens behind the scene when learning occurs. Scientifically speaking, learning
theorists have been concerned about areas of 'psychology of learning which emphasizes human cognition or intelligence as a special endowment
enabling man to form hypotheses and develop intellectually" in other words cognitivism which is also known as cognitive development
(Teachinglearningresources.pbworks.com, 2011). Therefore, cognitive development is concerned about how learning, problem solving and memory
works along with 'how cultural differences affect the way we view our own academic achievements, language development, and much more'
(Feldman, 2010). Two famous influential theorists of cognitivism are Jean Piaget (1896–1980) and Jerome Bruner (1915–2016). They both consider
how cognitive development takes place at different stages but their theories are also fundamentally different.
It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, they both considers that cognitive development takes place though stages with Piaget through 4 distinct stages and Bruner through 3
different modes. In their representations, they both acknowledge cognitive development from the children state with in mind their predisposition
capacity to learn. Similarly, they both agreed that the child is a key contributor in the learning process with a great sense of curiosity and have an
active participation in the cognitive growth. The use of visual images and symbols are equally important to both theories in the process of
knowledge acquisition. In teaching, both theorist will agree that the teacher act as a facilitator and guide and should adapt to the need of the learner
at different development

Jean Piagets Theory
Throughout history, many people have made many contributions to the school of psychology. One individual is that of Jean Piaget and his theories
on the cognitive development stages. Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland, where he studied at the university and received a doctorate in
biology at the age of 22. Following college he became very interested in psychology and began to research and studies of the subject. With his
research Piaget created a broad theoretical system for the development of cognitive abilities. His work, in this way, was much like that of Sigmund
Freud, but Piaget emphasized the ways that children think and acquire knowledge. Piaget referred to his theory as genetic epistemology. This is
defined as the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition , children use animistic thinking which is the tendency to endow events and objects with lifelike attributes. The stage of concrete
operations is so named because in this period children operate and act on the concrete, real, and perceivable world of objects and events. Egocentric
thought is replaced by operational thought, which involves dealing with a wide array of information outside the child. Therefore, children can now
see things from someone else 's perspective. Children in this stage begin to use limited logical thought and processes and are able to order and group
things in classes on the basis of common characteristics. The child is able to reason and to follow rules and regulations. They are able to regulate
themselves , and they begin to develop a moral sense and a code of values. Conservation is the ability to recognize that, although the shape of
objects may change, the mass and amount stay the same. For example, if you put the same amount of liquid in two containers the child may think
there is more in the taller cylinder. Children also begin to understand reversibility, which is the capacity to understand the relationship between
things. They begin to realize that one thing can turn into another and back again. The most important sign that children are still in the preoperational
stage is that they have not achieved conservation or reversibility. Dealing with

Piaget Theory
If I were to develop a program for preschoolers, using the work of Jean Piaget, there is much I would have to do. This theory is incredibly popular,
and was the basis for many other theories to follow. Children in this program would have to follow through with different tasks in order to
strengthen and develop new skills, and follow through with schematic play, which is potentially critical for overall development.
Jean Piaget was a clinical psychologist, famous for his work in child development. His theory of cognitive development is still popular to this day,
despite the fact that new theories are tested every day. Piaget states that cognitive development is discontinuous; it is broken down into different
stages. (cite) Each stage establishes major characteristics and changes that develop in children from birth until age 12. In order, these stages are: The
sensorimotor stage from ages 0–2; the preoperational stage from ages 2–7; the concrete operational stage from ages 7–11; and the formal
operational state from age 12 and onwards. (cite) Due to the fact that the children in the program are around 4 years old, the main focus will be
around the second stage.
Based on Piaget's theory, these preschoolers would be in the preoperational stage. This stage is marked by the emergence of language. Children in
this stage will be able to form sentences and will be able to establish some concrete ideas. The pursuit of lines of logic will become a main focus,
and children begin to use the sentence "Why?" They will be able to communicate more clearly what they want and need. Children at this age will
also become more skilled at pretend play. They will also start understand spatial reasoning and to use symbols and "learn to use words and pictures
to represent objects" (citation). They will start to understand classification and learn about groups of objects; however this skill will still need to be
developed.
Some shortcomings will be that these children may think in only concrete terminology and will not be able to understand abstract ideas. They may
also struggle to pay attention to more than one thing at the same time. Another issue is that these kids are egocentric, as in they will struggle to see
things from any

Piaget Essay
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget was born on August9, 1896, in the French speaking part of Switzerland. At an early age he developed an interest in biology, and by the
time he had graduated from high school he had already published a number of papers. After marrying in 1923, he had three children, whom he
studied from infancy. Piaget is best known for organizing cognitive development into a series of stages– the levels of development corresponding
too infancy, childhood, and adolescence. These four stages are labeled the Sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to age two, (children
experience through their senses), the Preoporational stage, which occurs from ages two to six, (motor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I remember as a child thinking that the sun and moon followed me as I took a walk. In addition, the child's use of language is not as sophisticated as
it might seem. Children have a tendency to confuse words with the objects they represent. If a child calls a toy block a "car" and I use it to make a
"house", the child may become upset. To children, the name of an object is as much a part of the object as it's size, shape, and color. To the
Preoperational child, insulting words may really hurt. (Coon 107). Consider my preschooler calling each other "baby". To the adult it is an innocent
word, but to the preschooler it is the worst thing they can think of.
Piaget's description of the Preoperational stage also focused on all the other things the preschool–aged child still cannot do. According to Piaget,
egocentrism is a cognitive state in which the child sees the world only from his own perspective, without awareness that there are other
perspectives. (Bee and Boyd 155). The child is not being selfish; rather, she simply assumes that everyone sees the world as she does. I see many
examples of ego egocentrism on a daily basis in the preschool environment and at home. For example, my daughter, Meryl, who is almost five years
old, gets a phone call from her aunt. She begins asking Meryl questions.
Instead of saying "yes" or "no", Meryl simply nods her head.

Vygotsky And Piaget Similarities
Vygotsky and Piaget have similarities between their two theories of cognitive development. The first similarity that I know about their theories is
children learn increasingly complex information and skills as they get older. The second similarity is Emphasis on both nature and nurture – Both
recognise the role of heredity and maturation of the brain and body=nature. Piaget recognises how children meet the demands of their environment.
The final similarity is Children's cognitive abilities develop in a sequence and particular abilities develop at certain stages. Vygotsky and Piaget
have many differences. Vygotsky believed that the child is a social being, and cognitive development is led by social interactions. Piaget, on the
other hand,

Jean Piaget is famous for his principles of cognitive development from birth throughout childhood. He outlined the different stages that "cognitive
capacities" appear (Feist et al., 2015). He made his theories based on his observation of his children. He divided the cognitive development from
birth through adolescence into four stages: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational stages. Sensorimotor stage
covers ages 0–2 when infants use their senses to learn about their surroundings. Based on Piaget's observations, young children sense the world
through manipulation, and "object performance" is the main illustration of sensorimotor stage of cognitive development in young children (Feist et
al., 2015). Ages 2–5 correspond to the preoperational stage which thinking process is developed in children. ... Show more content on
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During ages 6–11, children develop the abilities of performing "mental operations" although they may lack reasoning (Feist et al., 2015). This stage
corresponds to the third stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory, called concrete operational stage. In this stage, children understand different
processes or operations through observations. After this stage, children develop reasoning and problem solving abilities. This phase corresponds to
the formal operational stage of Piaget theory. In this stage, children learn to utilize their reasoning and problem solving capabilities to solve word–
problems. Formal operational stage of cognitive development starts from ages 11 or 12 and continues through adulthood (Feist et al., 2015).
Humans gain the scientific reasoning abilities in this stage of cognitive

The Piaget stages of development is a design that describes the stages of normal intellectual development, from infancy through adulthood. This
includes thought, judgment, and knowledge. The stages were named after psychologist and developmental biologist Jean Piaget, who recorded the
intellectual development and abilities of infants, children, and teens. Jean Piaget was a Swiss clinical psychologist known for his pioneering work in
child development. Piaget's four stages of cognitive development are: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
The sensorimotor stage takes place from birth through ages 18–24 months. During this stage, infants are aware of what is immediately in front of
them. Since infants don't

jean piaget
Jean Piaget Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) was employed at the Binet Institute in the 1920s, where his job was to develop French versions of questions
on English intelligence tests. He became intrigued with the reasons children gave for their wrong answers on the questions that required logical
thinking. He believed that these incorrect answers revealed important differences between the thinking of adults and children. Piaget (1936) was the
first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. His contributions include a theory of cognitive child development, detailed
observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities. Before Piaget's work,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He used the following research methods: Naturalistic observation: Piaget made careful, detailed observations of children. These were mainly his
own children and the children of friends. From these he wrote diary descriptions charting their development. Clinical interviews and observations of
older children who were able to understand questions and hold conversations. Piaget believed that children think differently than adults and stated
they go through 4 universal stages of cognitive development. Development is therefore biologically based and changes as the child matures.
Cognition therefore develops in all children in the same sequence of stages. Each child goes through the stages in the same order, and no stage can
be missed out – although some individuals may never attain the later stages. There are individual differences in the rate at which children progress
through stages. Piaget (1952) believed that these stages are universal – i.e. that the same sequence of development occurs in children all over the
world, whatever their culture. Stage of Development Key Feature Research Study Sensorimotor 0 – 2 yrs. Object Permanence Blanket & Ball Study
Preoperational 2 – 7 yrs. Egocentrism Three Mountains Concrete Operational 7 – 11 yrs. Conservation Conservation of Number Formal Operational
11yrs + Manipulate ideas in head, e.g. Abstract Reasoning Pendulum Task Educational Implications Piaget

Piaget v. Vygotsky
Piaget vs. Vygotsky Both Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky have had a huge impact on learning and teaching methods. Although they have different
views on how children learn, they both suggest helpful methods of teaching. Piaget and Vygotsky both focus on the idea of constructivism.
Constructivist theories believe learning includes real–world situations, language, interaction, and collaboration with others. Piaget believed in
cognitive constructivism and Vygotsky believed in social constructivism. They both had logical ideas with some similarities, but their theories also
differed. First off, Piaget was a strong believer in cognitive constructivism and offered that children learn with schemes, accommodation, and
assimilation. He also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He believed that a child must interact with the social environment on an interpersonal level. Once this has occurred, the child can internalize their
experience and construct new ideas. For Vygotsky, culture and social context are critical in learning and he believed that's when children learn the
best. He came up with the ZPD, which stands for zone of proximal development. The ZPD is the distance between what a learner can do with help
and what they can do without help. He thought that children learn best within this zone because it advances their learning and challenges them.
Vygotsky believed that with the help of a teacher or mentor, students could understand concepts that they wouldn't be able to know on their own. A
classroom including Vygotsky's social constructivism theory would include meaningful content and content that relates to the real–world. Teacher–
student and student–student interaction are key in the classroom according to Vygotsky and will produce strategies such as questioning,
summarizing, predicting, and clarifying. A similarity between Piaget and Vygotsky is that they both provided views on cognitive development using
constructivism. They were both interested in furthering the learning of children using cognitive processes. Also, another similarity that they share is
that they both believed that societal influences established cognitive growth in children. They agreed that

Jean Piaget Essay
Jean Piaget was a major contributor to the world of psychology and sociology that we know today. His works and discoveries still help sociologist
determine and figure out ways people in society interact and develop throughout time. Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 and was raised in
Neuchâtel, Switzerland (Boeree n.d.). His family was very influential to his success. His father was a historian that authored many writings on the
medieval times, and his mother was very intellectual and kind, however, she had a mental health problem that pushed Piaget to become interested in
psychology (Presnell 1999). He became an enthused and determined scholar at a young age. Piaget's early interests were of zoology (Jean Piaget
n.d.). At age eleven, he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Piaget worked in a psychiatric lab in Zurich for a year where he studied the thoughts of Jung and Freud. Piaget also started teaching psychology in
1919 in Paris. This is where he started doing studies of intelligence testing with Simon–Benet Fame. Piaget felt that the "right–wrong" ways of
intelligence testing was an unreliable source; instead he started interviewing school boys. He used psychiatric techniques to learn about adolescence
reasoning (Boeree n.d.). Piaget researched in many places, such as, the Jean–Jacques Rousseau Institute of Geneva in 1921 where he studied the
mental capabilities of an infant in the first two years of life. This is where he would write and publish his first works on children phycology. During
this time he met his soon to be wife, Valentine Chatenay. After his success of his first five books, in 1925 Piaget started teaching psychology at
Neuchatel University (Presnell 1999). During this time he would become a father of two daughters and a son. He would use them as observational
studies as they grew up (Boeree n.d.). Piaget continued to study and teach at numerous places, such as, Lausanne and Paris (Jean Piaget Biography
n.d.). He ended up writing over sixty books and articles during his long career. Piaget past away in Geneva, Switzerland on the 16th of September
1980, over fifty years of excellent research that will shape the world of psychology and sociology for years to come (Boeree n.d.).
Through Jean Piaget's long

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Piaget
Theorist John Piaget is a cognitive psychologist who was born in Switzerland on the 9th of August 1896 and died on the 16th of September 1980.
He work at the Binet Institution in the 1920's and his job was to create questions on French on the English intelligence test. He was the first
psychologist to do a systematic study on cognitive development. John Piaget's Theory Schema Piaget's definition of schema was "a cohesive,
repeatable action sequence possessing component actions that are tightly interconnected and governed by a core meaning." In plain terms, Piaget
called schema the basic building block of intelligent behavior– the way of arranging knowledge. The advancement of a person's mental process was
referred to as the increment in the number of complexity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The role of the teacher is to facilitate learning, rather than direct tuition Advantages of Cognitive Development Piaget changed how people saw a
child's world and their technique of studying children. Many who took up his ideas were inspired by him. Piaget's ideas were of efficient use in
comprehending and corresponding with children, mainly in the educational field. Disadvantages of cognitive development Piaget focused on the
universal stages of concentrated on cognitive development and biological process. He did not consider the effect that the social setting and cultures
may have on cognitive development. Piaget's methods are more biased because he only did observation on his own and not with another researcher
to compare and check for correlation. Piaget's test were challenging to comprehend hence the reason why the abilities of children were underrated.
Piaget used small sample size of participant for his studies. He used only children from Switzerland which is where he is from. Therefore this
Sample is biased because it cannot be generalized with children from other

Kindergarten and Piaget
Kindergarten and Piaget Child Development Instructor: Jaclyn Scott December 17, 2013 As a preschool teacher, I am responsible for ensuring that I
provide my students with engaging experiences through discovery learning as well as making sure that I am supporting the interests of the children
in the classroom. Using Piaget 's Stage theories, children cannot do certain tasks until they are psychologically mature enough to do so and was
believed that children go through four stages which narrowed down certain points in a child 's cognitive growth where their capabilities and
understanding were critical. The four stages that he outlined are the Sensori–motor stage (0–2), Pre–operational stage ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Using the Brown Bear, which can be used for any story, children can make their own books, use their knowledge of colors and animals. Through the
repetition of this week long activity, children will have learned the whole story, remember which animal was what color. Having repeated the story
all week, the children should be able to recognize the words that are related to the animal, as well as knowing the sequence that the story has gone
through. By introducing the animal noises during the story, the children should be aware of what noises animals make and are able to put in order
which animal see 's which animal. Throughout the year this same idea can be the format with different subjects, including pictures of the students
themselves and what they see. (Day 1) Will consist of asking students what the brown bear saw. During the book reading, I will ask the students if
they have ever seen the color of animal in the book. Children will be making their own books and coloring the animals according to the story. (Day
2) Will be focusing on the rhythm of the story and learning which animals begin with the same letter: bear/bird...dog/duck...fish/frog....horse/sheep.
The books they made will be used to help guide them, and as we read the story add in the animal noises that they

Piaget Stages
Piaget had proposed stages and capacity levels, specifically showing methodologies have been offered for educating in the Piagetian school of
thought. In the preoperational stage, the instructor would need to utilize activities and verbal guideline. Since the child has not yet aced mental
operations, the instructor must show his or her directions. The utilization of visual guides, while keeping directions short would most profit the child
in this stage. Hands–on exercises additionally help with learning future complex abilities, as the content notices, perusing cognizance. The
instructor must be touchy to the way that these youngsters, as indicated by Piaget. Showing kids in the solid operations stage includes hands–on
learning, too. Understudies

Piaget
Jean Piaget Intelligence Piaget was opposed to defining intelligence in terms of the number of items answered correctly on a so– called intelligence
test. (Olson & Hergenhahn, 20090 To him intelligence is what allows an organism to deal effectively with its environment. Intelligence
changes constantly because both the environment and the organism change constantly. Intelligence is a dynamic trait because what is available as an
intelligent act will change as the organism matures biologically and it gains experience. (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) It is an important part of
all living organisms because they seek those conditions for survival. How intelligence manifests will vary as conditions vary. This theory is often
referred to as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The restoration of balance in the cognitive structure also creates the ability to attain new and different interactions with the environment. This
accommodation causes a change in the cognitive structure and if these situations are encountered again it does not cause an imbalance because the
cognitive structure has changed and that assimilation is no longer and issue. The dual mechanisms of assimilation and accommodation, along with
the driving force of equilibration, provide for a slow but steady intellectual growth. Interiorization Children's early interactions with the
environment are strictly sensorimotor. With increasing experience, children expand their cognitive structure, enabling them to better adapt to the
increasing number of situations they encounter. The gradual decreasing dependence on the physical environment and the increased utilization of
cognitive structures is called interiorization. (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) As the cognitive structure grows and develops it makes more
complex problem solving possible. As the process of interiorization continues, the child's adaptive response becomes more covert; Piaget called
these actions operations (thinking). The most important characteristic of operations is it is reversible. Once something has been thought it can be
undone or "unthought". As a child's cognitive structure develops, thinking becomes more important. In early childhood, the use of operations
depends on

Jean Piaget Biography
On August 9 1869, Jean Piaget was born in Neûchate, Switzerland to Rebecca Jackson and Arthur Piaget who was a professor of Medieval
Literature at the University of Neûchate.Piaget was the oldest son. Piaget develops an interest in biology and the natural world. He then received a
Doctorate in1918 from the University of Neûchate. Jean Piaget also undertook Post–doctoral training in Zurich in 1918 to 1919 and Paris 1919–
1921. Piaget married is beautiful wife Valentine Chanatey in 1923, they have 3 children who Piaget from infancy. He was also professor of
sociology, Philosophy and psychology of science at the University of Neuchate from 1925 to 1929. Piaget also accepted the post of Director of the
international Bureau of Education in 1929. Piaget was awarded the Baizan for Social and Political Science in 1979, he then died in 1980 an was
buried in an unmarked grave with his family in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jean Piaget was interested in how an organism adapt to its environment. And Individual behavior is controlled through mental organization called
Schema or Schemata. As indicated by Jean Piaget, the thought of a child are build through a various number of channels, which are listening,
experiencing, reading and exploring the environment and the place they grow up in. His work as been classified has constrictive and interacting.
The cognitive theory by Jean Piaget is one of the most admirable additions to the Child Psychology. As Jean Piaget stated children think and reason
distinctively throughout various stage in their lives. Piaget understand that everyone boy or a girl, go through invariant arrangement. This
arrangement is include for stages which are isolated in the life of the person. Piaget stated that all children will go through these stages, yet the age
at which they pass or enter these stages is as yet a variable. They are four cognitive stages of development and they

Constructivism: Piaget And Vygotsky
Constructivism
Constructivist argue that learning is an active process, and that new information can be linked to prior knowledge. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are
two highly profiled and researched constructivist learning theorists. Their work entails how learning is an active process of constructing knowledge
rather than obtaining it. This knowledge is built through experiences and their environment.
Piaget's beliefs were that the most effective way of allowing learning to take place was to provide an environment which challenged children and
allowed then to control their own learning (Aubrey, 2015). Piaget constructed that children could build mental structures called schemas in their
minds to store new information. There were then three stages to his theory. Assimilation – where they could adapt an existing schema to make sense
of a new experience. Accommodation – where a new experience cannot be related to an existing schema resulting in a new schema being needed.
Finally, Adaptation – when assimilation and accommodation have both been achieved. Within teaching this theory can be recognised, while
teaching a new skill, a child can use their previous knowledge from a schema to help them either through assimilation or accommodation to reach
the understanding. Piaget was also the first psychologist to make a methodical study of cognitive development. He proposed that four stages of
cognitive development. These stages explained how a child's thought process expanded as

Piaget Vs Vygotsky
From the beginning of time and still to present day, people have always been curious as to how we develop from little tiny helpless humans into the
fully functioning members of society. Two psychologists, Piaget and Vygotsky, developed different theories about cognitive and language
development. Piaget's theory says that children try to understand the world around them in different phases as they grow. As children, they want to
make sense of everything that is going on around them. Piaget says that there are four stages of cognitive development that we go through as we
age; sensory motor period, pre–operational period, concrete operational period, and finally the formal operational theory. According to Piaget, we
should be through all of these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first one being that his research was biased. He only used a very small sample of children to complete the study, and he also used his own kids
in his experiments (Cherry, 2017). Piaget also did not take into account what children are capable of. He often asked the children too difficult of
questions and/or made them very confusing for children to understand. Piaget also did not realize that many people never reach the final stage
(formal operational period), he stated that we should all reach that stage between age 11 and adulthood (Kail, 2016). He also thought that the social
environment and culture that someone is raised in did not affect the cognitive and language development of a child, this is a big weakness since he
did not explore all options for why we develop the way we do. Piaget was also flawed in thinking that language comes after thought, when most
other psychologists think development is a combination of both. Piaget said that developing thought was more important than developing language,
which caused his findings to be skewed and biased (McLeod,

Who Is Jean Piaget
In 1896, Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland and would grow up to be one of the most influential researchers in developmental
psychology. While Piaget was surrounded by rather scholarly family members throughout his childhood, he was also effected by his mother heavily.
His mother had a strong neurotic temperament which made home life challenging at times, and consequently created a young Piaget's wanting to
understand his mother's erratic behavior– the spark of his intense interest in psychology. As time passed, Piaget received his PhD at twenty two
years old and continued to work in the field of psychology, particularly in regards to children. It was in the 1920s when working at the Binet
Institute though when Piaget found something that truly fascinated him, enough so that he would dedicate years of research and theorizing towards
it.
Piaget was interested in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Piaget introduced the concept of schemas into his research, he was able to pair certain schemas with stages of development, such as object
permanence in the sensorimotor stage or conservation of mass in the operational stage. Piaget even thought that infants were born with innate
schemas, which would remain dormant until being awakened by certain experiences the child would have as it grew. Schemas also would
experience an equilibrium in which they would react steadily to new stimuli and situations, known as assimilation. Though in retrospect, when
preexisting schemas could not be applied to new situations, the process of accommodation would occur and allow for new schemas. Regardless of
accommodation throwing off one's equilibrium of schema, it allows for more concepts and reactions to stimuli to develop and be used for future

Vygotsky Vs Piaget
In the world of cognitive development , two of the most influential psychologists are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Piaget's theory of cognitive
development and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory had a profound impact on the field of cognitive development, and their contributions continue to
influence psychologist, educators and researchers today. Both Vygotsky and Piaget's theories provide a different perspective on how children learn,
and by looking at both theories, we can better understand a child's cognitive development. At the beginning of his career, Jean Piaget considered
himself to be a genetic epistemologist (McLeod,2015). Because of his desire to understand how knowledge emerges, Piaget decided to study human
development, specifically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the first stage, Piaget looked at understanding object permanence which is recognizing if an object still exist even when it is out of sight
(Cardwell & Flanagan,2004). Children below the age of two failed to grasp the concept. Next, Piaget examined if children, in pre– operational
stage, could understand the logic. He did this by seeing if children could understand that despite the change of the appearance of an object, it would
remain the same (Cardwell & Flanagan, 2004). In his conservation experiment, Piaget showed children identical glass full of equal amount of
liquid. He then pours the liquid of one the glasses in a taller narrow glass. After which, he would ask the child, "what glass has more?". Inevitably,
the child would say the tall the narrow glass, believing it contained more liquid because of the height of the glass (Cardwell & Flanagan, 2004).
Piaget believed that this was caused by centration , and was based on perception instead of logic (Cardwell & Flanagan, 2004).
The importance of Piaget's work cannot be understated. His theory of cognitive development continues to influence research today. In a recent
study, researchers decided to take a closer look at early brain development as it pertains to Piaget's sensorimotor stage. They discovered that the
nerve pathway that carries information such as eye, head, neck and trunk coordination is one of the"earliest central nervous systems to myelinate,
allowing the infant's early sucking, grasping, and the following objects" just as Piaget describes in his early stage of development (Lefman &

Contributions Of Jean Piaget
Throughout history many psychologists have made major impacts in psychology one of these was Jean Piaget he also made an impact in sociology.
Jean Piaget was a Swiss clinical psychologist who discoveries still help people to this day. Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, in the Francophone
region of Switzerland on August 9, 1986 and died in Geneva, Switzerland on September 16, 1980 at age 84. Piaget was buried with his family in an
unmarked grave in the Cimetiere des Rois cemetery of kings in Geneva, Switzerland this was at Piaget request. Piaget family was very influential in
his success throughout his life he was the oldest son of Arthur Piaget and Rebecca Jackson who was French. His father was a swiss professor of
medieval literature at the University of Neuchatel Piaget look up to his father he saw how dedicated his father was to his work because of this at a
young age he took his studies very seriously he became interested in zoology he started collecting many things including sea shells. When Jean
Piaget was ten years old he showed an interesting interest in mollusks which are invertible animals whose membranes are known as mollusks.
Piaget started going to the local museum of natural history in Neuchatel and would be there for hours learning. Just at the age of eleven years old
Piaget attended Neuchatel Latin High School he published his first scientific paper on a rare albino sparrow it was the beginning of many articles he
would write and over fifty books. The article

The Differences Of Piaget And Vygotsky
The Piaget and Vygotsky theories have been used to explain the relation between peer interaction and cognitive development. Piaget's theory
follows a 4 stages of cognitive development and see children as active learners that construct knowledge from their environment. Vygotsky states
children construct knowledge through social interaction. The zone of proximal development (ZPD) and scaffolding are important in Vygotsky.
Individualism and peer collaboration each has it impacts on peer social interactions.
Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget see children as active and constructivist thinker. He suggests that the theory of child's cognitive development involve the following
processes which are namely schemas, assimilation and accommodation, organization, and equilibrium.( John W.Santrock, 2012) The Piaget's stages
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2016, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/differences–between–piaget–vygotskys–cognitive–development–
theories.html
McLeod, S. A. (2012). Zone of Proximal Development. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/Zone–of–Proximal–Development.html
R. (n.d.). WHAT IS PEER LEARNING AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? Retrieved May 25, 2016, from
https://web.stanford.edu/dept/CTL/Tomprof/postings/418.html
What Is Collaborative Learning? – Benefits, Theory & Definition. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2016, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/what–is–
collaborative–learning–benefits–theory–definition.html
M., N., A., K., A., & A. (2015). COOPERATIVE, COMPETITIVE, AND INDIVIDUALISTIC LEARNING 1 Running head: COOPERATIVE,
COMPETITIVE, AND INDIVIDUALISTIC LEARNING Te. Retrieved May 25, 2016, from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?
q=cache:7zsuo1pN4osJ:www.uva.nl/binaries/content/documents/personalpages/g/o/m.a.goclowska/en/downloads/downloads/assets%5B3%5D/asset?
1441009033232
J. W. (2012). Educational Psychology (Fifth ed.). New York: America.
McGraw–Hill Companies,

Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget created a framework of cognitive development in a series of four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal
operational. According to Piaget, the outcome of learning depends on what cognitive developmental stage the learner is in. For example, you would
not give a calculus problem to a two to seven year old child because they have not yet entered the stage of formal operation, or abstract, logical
thinking. A child must be presented with an environment that suits their thought. Piaget's first stage, sensorimotor, is from birth to the age of two. In
this stage, the child comprehends the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical movements. The focus is put on reflexes instead of
cognition due to the fact that in this stage children have not yet began to enter symbolic thought. This is a stage of experimentation and exploration.
The parents should allow their child to play with toys that make sounds in order to get them to understand cause–and–effect relationships. One
example is playing Peek–a–Boo, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The child begins to represent the world with words and images, this reflects an increase in symbolic thinking. There are two reasonings in this
stage: syncretic and intuitive. The former being a break in logic and the latter being guessing. This stage is characterized with increased creativity
and role play. Parents should encourage playing make–believe characters to express symbolic cognition. Additionally, the child is egocentric in their
world view. To discourage this, the parent should get the child to mentally place themselves in someone else's position. Children in this stage also
have a lack of knowledge in conservation. They think that if you pour the same amount of liquid from a small cup to a big cup, the big cup has
more. In order to help with this the parent should introduce objects that change shape such as playdoh and

Piaget in the Classroom
Educational Psychology Piaget in the classroom Describe 4 educational beliefs/practices that are grounded by the development ideas presented by
Piaget. The educational implications of Piaget's theory are closely tied to the concept of intelligence as the dynamic and emerging ability to adapt to
the environment with ever increasing competence (Piaget, 1963). According to the development ideas presented by Piaget's theory, cognitive
structures are patterns of physical and mental action that underlie specific acts of intelligence and correspond to changes in child development. A
review of the assumptions and ideas grounded in his theory and investigation into research conducted since will illustrate applications of his
developmental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast to this view Les Vygotsky, whose theories have also been implicated in modern educational teaching methods, explained that children
can learn skills that are just beyond their ability if they are helped by someone who possesses that skill, this was known as proximal development
and although it contradicts the fundamental argument behind Piagets support for cooperative learning, it provides an other theorists outlook on the
benefits of cooperative learning in educational settings and thus increases support on its use. "Different learning theory approaches favour
cooperative learning for different reasons" (O'Donnell, 2002) The second educational belief grounded in Piaget's theory is individual differences.
Piaget's theory asserts that children go through all the same developmental stages; however they do so at different rates* because of this teachers
should put more effort to arrange classroom activities for groups of children and individuals rather than for the whole class group. Also because
individual differences are

Comparing Piaget And Vygotsky
There are many international theories with different perspectives based around early learning. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are both theorists who
based their theories on cognitive development. Both were constructivists and believed that children have the ability to construct their own
knowledge. They believed that every child is an individual active learner however the way they believed children construct their own knowledge
differs. Vygotsky talked about different zones of development. The zones were actual, proximal and future. The zone of actual development is what
the child is able to do independently, the zone of proximal is what the child is able to do with help and the future is what the child will learn and
carry on to do independently once they have received the support they need. According to Meggitt, C, ' The zone of proximal development (ZPD),
sometimes called the zone of potential development– this means that then child can do with help now what it will be possible for him or her to do
alone with no help later on' (2015:57). Vygotsky viewed development as a continuous process.
Jean Piaget on the other hand viewed development ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the study.com website, 'Vygotsky believed that adults in a society foster children's cognitive development in an intentional and
systematic manner by engaging them in challenging and meaningful activities.' (18/03/17). In my setting, practitioners scaffold children's learning
by supporting them to understand concepts. One way this is done is through modelling concepts. Piaget and Vygotsky's theory is similar as both
believed that there are some problems that a child is not able to understand however the difference is, Vygotsky believed that with support, children
are able to achieve more complex tasks and eventually be able to do it independently which Piaget considered out of a child's mental

The Theories Of Piaget And Vygotsky
Critically evaluate the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky in explaining children's learning and development
Learning and development is a major aspect of everyone and their day to day lives. Some people consider the term learning to have two definitions,
these are informative learning which allows people to learn what fits their mental models and transformative learning which is the process of
changing these mental models (Heorhiadi et al, 2014). There are two main theorists Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, whose theories will be used to
explain the way children learn and develop.
Piaget (1954) proposed one of the most influential theories of cognitive development also known as a stage theory as it consists of a set of separate
stages through which every child progresses during child hood and adolescence. His theory is regarded as universal, therefore the background and
culture of the child is not taken into account. Piaget considered a child to be a 'small scientist' actively seeking and exploring the world around
them, this way of thinking has contributed to our understanding of the world around us and how children think. Piaget also stated that the children
must pass through each stage in order, even though some children may pass at a different rate than others. The main aspect of the theory centres on
cognitive schemas which children develop. Schemas are cognitive structures which are used as a representation of the world around the child. The
schemas will adjust and take

Piaget Of Piaget 's Sensorimotor Stage Essay
Vignette I This behavior can be explained by Piaget's sensorimotor stage. Piaget discovered that from the time they are born until they reach about
the age of two, children experience the world through their senses (Myers, 2010, p. 181). Infants, up until about 8 months, also are also extremely
focused on the present and have not yet developed a sense of object permanence, which can lead to the "out of sight, out of mind" mindset (Myers,
2010, p. 181). This is evident in the situation at hand, in which a young child does not recognize a relative seen only months earlier. The child most
likely had not yet developed a sense of object permanence the last time the relative visited, and was quickly forgotten. Therefore, when the relative
was seen by the child after it had begun to remember that things out of sight did not cease to exist, the child must have developed stranger anxiety
from not seeing the relative. A constructive solution to this situation would be for the relative to simply visit more often. This would allow the child
to get familiar towards the relative, and also help to become increasingly attached to the relative (Myers, 2010, p. 190). The child would then no
longer fear its well–meaning relative. Not to mention, the relative would cease to worry that the young child is being spoiled. Vignette II Vignette
two can be explained by Piaget's preoperational stage. This accounts for children 2 to about 6, and is characterized by using intuitive logic. (Myers,

Piaget Cognitive Development
From the five theoretical approaches we had, I decided to choose Piaget's cognitive development. In Piaget's theory, cognitive development is
discontinuous and takes place in several different stages, which are all universal. According to Piaget, in his cognitive development theory, children
establish knowledge as they explore their world. To Piaget, cognitive development was a continuous reestablishment of mental processes as a result
of biological advancement and environmental experience. Children establish their own understanding of the world around them, then experience
discrepancies between what they already know and what they discover in their environment, causing this theory to be both nature and nurture, from
genetic inheritance through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When playing with my 7 year sister, according to Piaget she is on the stage of concrete operational, she didn't react absolutely when playing
peekaboo with her. If someone was to do that to me, and I'm 18, I would just reply, "I'm past that stage." And that's how we see life, in stages. When
observing my seven year old sister, I noticed she learns other things that are way ahead of how one year old plays. She will sometimes sit and
rearrange her coloring pencils into the same color or colors that are similar. According to Piaget, I decided to pour the same amount of water into
two different shaped glasses, and ask her which has more water. Of course she saw me starting with the same amount in the beginning, and told me
that is should be the same because it was the same in the first beaker. I was surprised that she actually saw and figured that out. But when I hid it
from her the next time, she chose the very wide and short beaker as the one that has less water, and the very skinny, tall beaker as the one with more

The Theories Of Piaget And Vygotsky
In this paper I will be comparing the theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, who were both very significant in the study of the cognitive
development process of a child's active construction of knowledge within an educational context.
Piaget and Vygotsky were split by their differing styles of thinking as to how and why children learnt in different stages. Piaget was first to discover
that children think in separate ways through the different periods of time in their childhood and he thought that children go through four different
stages of cognitive development (as well as the various sub–stages within them) which are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and
formal operational.
In the first stage, sensorimotor, which occurs from birth to the age of two is the time in a child's life that their knowledge is limited to only what
they can experience first–hand through their senses (sensory) and their efforts to coordinate this newly acquired information with what they can
physically do (motor) (Cardwell et al, 2004). During this stage children will learn the concept of 'object permanence', where an object will continue
to be acknowledged by the child even if it cannot be seen whereas before, if an object was not visible to the infant then it would 'cease' to exist to
the child.
The preoperational stage last from two to seven years old. In this stage the child can now use symbols (as in language) but their concepts are still
very general (preconceptual) for

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