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The Discovery Of Human Sacrifice Essay
Human sacrifice tends to evoke images of bloody and barbaric ritual that is both fascinating and
repulsive to modern society. Many cultures in the past around the world participated in this practice.
Some of the most famous civilizations that executed these sacrifices were Mesoamerican groups
such as the Aztecs and Mayans. Mesoamerican civilizations have developed an infamous reputation
for committing sacrifices on a massive scale that have likely been exaggerated. Given their
notoriety, it is easy to assume that many burials found are the results of a sacrifice. However, this is
not conducive to understanding Aztec culture and just perpetuates stereotypes. Instead, it is
necessary to be critical and assess the remains and the context of the burial. One site that was
thoroughly investigated was the Moon Pyramid of Teotihuacan in Mexico. The burials discovered at
this site were methodically reviewed to understand who were the individuals buried there and why
they were buried there.
Teotihuacan
Teotihuacan is the ancient city, located in the Basin of Mexico about 45 kilometers away from
Mexico City, which thrived from about 150 B.C. to A.D. 650 (White 2002). The city was named
Teotihuacan, meaning "place where the gods lived," by the Aztecs (Sugiyama 2005). This city was
large, complex, and powerful. Teotihuacan had over 100,000 inhabitants, many immigrants, and
covered over 20 square kilometers. It was unrivaled until the 15th century with the rise of the Aztec
capital
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Teotihuacan Culture
The culture that I will be talking about is the culture of Teotihuacán from Mexico. Between
100B.C.E and 200 C.E the city grew rapidly, becoming one of the largest cities in Mesoamerica.
From my perspective there are different factors that contributed to the growth of Teotihuacán,
resources, neighbors, trade, religious matters, and economy. This paper will basically focus on the
economy and how it was utilized to form this urban state of Teotihuacán, whether it be the effects of
trade and tribute, goods and services, reciprocity, or corruption it all played a role in the uprising of
this city. Teotihuacán was developed by different reason but I think that its economy had more
influence on its growth and this may explain the development of Teotihuacán. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
"Teotihuacan now experienced a kind of renewal, probably to accommodate the populations growth
and to keep people at work." (Kurtz 1997, 337)The raw and finished material entering Teotihuacán
and its growing political and economic influence throughout Mesoamerica helped to expand its
economy, enlarging markets, increasing jobs, and developing technology. "The completion of the
Ciudadela suggests a centralized political structure. The completion of the political, religious and
market complexes effectively symbolized Teotihuacan's hegemony over a resource zone that
extended from coast to coast."(Ronald 1997, 335) The establishments of these areas around public
building suggest a centralized political system. Some craftsmen engaged in employment by the
elites. This might have been dedicated to the production of exported goods controlled by the elites
and would have complemented the work of craftsmen. It could be said that manufacturing expanded
during this time, and that obsidian was manufactured and exported beyond the basin. I think that
obsidian production was complemented by increase in other work, such as pottery making, painting
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Cultural Influences Of Mexico And Aztecs
Throughout the period of the 1st to 16th century, Mexico experienced the emergence and rise of
powerful civilizations such as the Teotihuacan, Toltec and ultimately, the greatest empire, Aztec.
Many cultural and economic practices of these Mexican civilizations were borrowed from the prior
civilization, adapted, and then further developed upon and while many aspects of these practices
stayed the same through this time, significant changes occurred as well. The term culture is defined
as "the distinctive features of a group that are learned rather than biological", according to Essential
Humanities. Religious beliefs, artistic traditions, and language can be placed under this definition.
Mexico, specifically central Mexico, had been home to many civilizations; the three most dominant
being Teotihuacan (4th to 6th century), the Toltecs (10th to 12th century) and the Aztecs (14th to
16h century). The Aztecs were the last of these cultures to settle there and as a result, were
influenced greatly by the previously established groups. The most significant cultural influences of
the Toltecs and Aztecs came primarily from the ancient city of Teotihuacan. Initially, Teotihuacan
emerged as a new religious center and by the 4th century, it was a place of religion, culture and art.
The city flourished for centuries and before its decline in AD 700, was a large, cosmopolitan city
with fairly large complexes made up of temples and monuments devoted to gods. Buildings were
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World, Education, And Characteristics Of The Aztecs
The Aztec Empire
The Aztec, Inca, and Maya were all great and inventive empires with a rich culture. But only one
can be the best. The Aztecs. The Aztecs were the best empire with mandatory schooling, floating
gardens, and smart architecture. Learning is very important in an empire in order to succeed. The
Aztecs had great schooling, where it was mandatory for everyone to go, boys, girls, and slaves. In
the Maya empire commoners were not allowed to go to school. Children of the nobles were who got
educated in math, astronomy, medicine, writing, and science. In the Inca empire it was the same
way, nobles and royals only. If you were being educated in the Aztec empire everyone would learn
songs and dances because they were part of religious ceremonies. Proper behavior was also taught to
everyone and this was very important because you would often get killed for breaking a law. The
girls and boys had separate schools as did the rich and poor, if you were a girl you would learn
things like how to be a good mother, how to cook, and how to sew. If you were a boy you were
taught fishing, hunting, and fighting. Since there are separate schools for the rich and poor, people
had social classes. The Aztecs had three main social classes, first there was the nobility or pilli. Then
there were the commoners or the macehualli. Then like any other empire at this time there were
slaves. The Aztecs got their slaves and treated them different than most empires. The Inca and Maya
empire
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Teotihuacan Artistic Influence
Teotihuacan: Sphere of Artistic Influence
In the Basin of Mexico about 7,000 ft above sea level lies the ruins of the ancient city of
Teotihuacan, "the place of the gods," which flourished from 100–650 A.D. Little is known about this
city's mysterious demise of power, besides evidence of what appears to be ritualized burnings at
major temples and centers. The impact of Teotihuacan throughout Mesoamerica is evident, and the
most obvious indicator of this influence is through artistic style. Just how far was the expansion of
Teotihuacan's artistic influence across Mesoamerica? I will use a variety of sources not only to
define the Teotihuacano art style as a whole, but also to map the path of its successful impact, (and
also resistance,) across subsequent Mesoamerican civilizations, focusing principally on the Maya.
The architectural style known as talud–tablero marks the presence of Teotihuacan abroad more
distinctly than any other aspects of its art. The sloping talud (talus) supports the vertical tablero
(entablature), which is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 450 AD, versatile mold–made ceramics were beginning to be mass–produced, stamped and
distributed out of Teotihuacan workshops, believed to be located north of the Citadel. These "host"
figures have been found as far as Guatemala (900 miles away).
Brightly polychromed urns and incense burners sporting human and animal faces are among the
larger ceramics that survive from this era. The Teotihuacanos may have been able to take these
anthromorphic assemblages apart and reconfigure them into different deities from the constituent
parts. (Miller, Mary Ellen 2012) One large urn from Teotihuacan displays the image of an owl deity
that served the city's war cult. Owl depictions have been tied to war iconography all across
Mesoamerica because of their associations with nighttime and the
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Teotihuacan Ritual Practices
II. Introduction
In this article the author examines the changes in ritual practices as it pertains to human sacrifice
during the Epiclasic period in central Mexico. In discussing this topic, the author presence evidence
from the excavation of a shrine discovered on Lake Xaltocan in the northern Basin of Mexico. Here
they have discovered the human remains of about 30 individuals. Using pottery and accelerator
mass spectrometry they could place the construction and use of the shrine in the Epiclassic period. It
is believed that the site was built during or immediately after the final years of Teotihuacan s
regional influence.
III. Characterization of the Argument (1–3 paragraphs) The author suggests that initially ritual
practices might have been directed towards deities associated with rain, water and agriculture.
Evidence suggests that eventually the shrine became the locus of human sacrifice. The shrine was
located near fresh water springs. The residents of this community, likely began the rituals practices
for much more basic reasons. It is likely they were offering praises, petitioning and celebrating the
gods of the agriculture. This idea is reinforced by the presence effigies of Talaloc, the god of rain.
Excavations at the site reveal that the practitioners burned incenses and ... Show more content on
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The human sacrifice at this shrine postdate Teotihuacan`s decline, which suggests conflict and
struggle for power. Teotihuacan`s decline was quite rapid, and that could have created a power
vacuum in the region. Another factor that could have influenced the area was immigration. Because
of the riches and fertility of the land, may have increased the areas attractiveness for new leaders
and their followers. Human sacrifice was already practiced in central Mexico, and it is possible that
the new arrival to the region brought their culture and practices with
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Seeing Through The Wall Analysis
Xiaoxiao Bao
Prof. Trever
Art History of Latin America
September 18, 2016
Seeing Through the Wall The de Young museum visit was definitely a retreat which allowed me to
escape from daily coursework for several hours; most importantly, it is a decent place to explore
Latin American artworks, especially the Teotihuacan mural fragments, that we discussed in lectures.
Both the elaborate setting and authentic displays in the gallery have contributed to create a
satisfactory space for viewers to think and to observe the Teotihuacan cultural context. Crossing a
mid–sized gallery that exhibits native American artworks, a dark hollow rectangle entrance appears
indistinct by the end of the wall. Wagner's collection of Teotihuacan mural fragments ... Show more
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Larger interactive wall projection will be another good idea to engage the audience. If the super–
nature figures depicted in mural paintings can be interpreted into animation, where they can shake
their hands and move their bodies, cooperating with a sound system may bring them into life.
Converging modern technique into displaying Teotihuacan murals may enhance the efficiency of
visual communication as the time has changed. While establishing some suitable interactive
programs can help people understanding the artworks easier, the gallery has established a pleasant
space to showcase the Teotihuacan mural fragments overall through considerate settings and
authentic
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The Mesoamerican City Of Teotihuacan
The Mesoamerican city of Teotihuacan which is located northeast of present day Mexico City is
known for being one of largest and most advanced urban centres in the ancient world. For centuries,
tourists have been captivated by the ancient site of Teotihuacan that acts as the home to impressive
pyramids, an influential culture and many secrets that even archaeologists today have been unable to
discover.
Archeologists, historians, and scholars have been surveying and excavating the Teotihuacan site
since 1864 in an attempt to uncover the secrets involving the city's founders and inhabitants, the
layout inspiration, and the sudden collapse. Have been unable to completely solve the mysteries of
teotihuacan because the city The search for this information Determining this information The fact
that city possesses no trace of a writing system or written records. Although the exact details of the
archeological site are unknown, archeologists can make educated assumptions about the city based
on the city's architecture and art pieces, and the culture of other mesoamerican civilizations.
The origins of Teotihuacan including the builders, their ethnicity, and their native language are
unknown; however, scholars have developed theories about the city's ancestry and the purpose of
building. These hypotheses were formed by comparing Teotihuacan with other civilizations that
existed and natural events that occurred during the city's estimated year of formation. Research has
concluded
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Analysis: The Ancient Mesoamerican City Of Teotihuacan
Assignment 9 The ancient Mesoamerican city of Teotihuacan is located in the Mexican highlands
about 30 miles to the north east of the modern day Mexico City. At its historical highest point
between 400 and 600 A.D it had up to 200, 000 inhabitants as a religious center in the Mexican
central highlands (Cartwright, 2015). The settlement began about 200 B.C around the same time
when the basic layout of the city was completed. The founding inhabitants are thought to be the
Totonac people. Further available anthropological evidence shows that some of the inhabitants such
as Mixtec, Maya and Zapotec peoples were lured to settle in Teotihuacan following the civilization
(Department of Arts of Africa). Centuries after the fall of the city the Nahua
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Teotihuacan Essay
Teotihuacan is an Aztec term meaning "place where gods were born". The City itself has been
around for centuries and at its peak, in the ancient world held over 150,000 inhabitants. The place
was also mysteriously abandoned in 700 A.D. It is home to some of the largest pyramids in the
world, for example the Pyramid of the Sun. (Ivan, 2012)
Located in Teotihuacan is The Pyramid of the Sun and it is one of the largest structures built in the
ancient world and is currently the third largest pyramid in the world. It stands over
230 ft. (70 m) high with six platforms. The pyramid was amazingly built all by hand without metal
tools or pack animals. The pyramid was also very important culturally to the people of the city
because it almost acted as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The city was already in ruins before the Aztecs came in the 14th century. (Teotihuacan Guide, 2014)
The location of the city was one of the biggest things that helped it flourish into a New
World power. Teotihuacan is located in the state of Mexico and is about 25 miles away from
Mexico city. The geography of the location of the city was very important to the people that lived
there.(Teotihuacan Guide, 2014) A mineral called Mica is in abundance in the location and is found
in almost every building located there.(Ivan, 2012) Teotihuacan also had running water and a
network of sewers because of its canalized river.(Teotihuacan Guide, 2014)
The city of Teotihuacan was and still is today a place of magnificence in Architecture,
Geography, and Culture. The Pyramid of the Sun is a feat in engineering, being only built entirely
without tools, only by hand and the Location of the city is unmatched and helped the city prosper.
Now people come from all over the world to reminisce and see for there own eyes the magnificence
of the city and get a glimpse of what it once was.(Teotihuacan Guide, 2014)
Teotihuacan may have a mystery of its people but it is no mystery that the city is strikingly complex
and
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Teotihuacan Trinity Summary
Annabelle Headrick's The Teotihuacan Trinity: The Sociopolitical Structure of Ancient
Mesoamerican City discusses the mystery behind the development of Teotihuacan, a city–state
located in the Mesoamerica. Historically, not much is known about this great city, in terms rulers,
cultural aspects, and even hieroglyphs. In the text, Headrick uses other Mesoamerican city–states,
critical analysis and other historical documents to uncover the mysteries and to support her
hypothesis of the Teotihuacan trinity, which comprised of rulers, lineages, and the military to shape
the dynamics of the socio–political structure of Teotihuacan.
Headricks analysis of the talud–tablero and the appealing ideology of a guaranteed heroic
immortality, suggests both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although, no credible information regarding burials has been discovered, Headrick claims the
highest–ranking ancestors underwent mortuary bundles, a treatment in which their remains are
wrapped in assemblages (chapter 3). Mortuary bundles have not been found at Teotihuacan, thus,
Headricks supports her claims by presenting information regarding mortuary bundles found in the
Classical Maya and the Mixtec. Assimilating information about the treatment in those cultures and
the discovery of the three stone masks, Headrick proposes that stone masks were likely tied to
mortuary bundles as they are largely depicted in the city's artistic record (chapter 3). Moreover,
Headrick further supports her claim by comparing an archeological find of a ceramic bust with a
mask to a similar one elsewhere in Mesoamerica (chapter 3). Headrick's argument regarding
mortuary bundles is convincing and the evidence to support her claim is
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Culture Determines How People View And Interact With The...
Culture determines how people view and interact with the world. It is what separates groups of
people and in many cases gives them identity. All of recorded human history is full of the rise and
fall of different cultures. Roman, Greece, Mongolian, Native American, Viking, Aztec and Mayan to
name only a few. Each culture and society has its characteristics that make it distinct from the
others. Although, at the same time many cultures share certain traits which highlights the
interconnectedness of culture throughout out the world. Language, writing, art, religion, trade,
politics, social stratification, geography, warfare, sports and philosophy are all different ways in
which cultures can differentiate themselves as well as link each other ... Show more content on
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One of the first early Mexica states linked to Teotihuacan would be the Toltec and their capitol of
Tula. Tula seems to have started as a city of immigrants with people coming to it from many
different places. One very notable people being the Teotihuacano after their city declined (Evans
410–411). They worshipped gods like Tlaloc, the successor of the storm god of Teotihuacan as well
as Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca (Evans 411). Militarism is something that the Toltec might have
picked up from the ancient civilization as well. Many Teotihuacan military style designs can be
found in Tula architecture (Evans 417–418). In their society there were many highly skilled artisans
(Evans 418). The land although high in altitude had the proper water sources to allow for intense
irrigation and cultivation (Evans 410). The Toltec while not an expansive state can easily be linked
through their religion and militarism both to Teotihuacan and later to the Aztecs.
Aztec culture and society is the final step in the journey from the culture of Teotihuacan. It shares
some similarities with its neighbors and predecessors, while also having its differences. It has a
strong connection to Tula as the Mexica tribes stayed there for a time when Tula was at its height
(Evans 429). To really understand their society though its best to begin by explaining how the
Aztecs or the triple alliance as it should be called came to power. The Aztecs are described as a rags
to riches
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Teotihuacan Research Paper
Teotihuacan is an interesting tourist destination, as it also doubles as an archaeological site that
gives the tourist a view into the past of Mexican civilization. Considering Latin America as a whole
is relatively new to the tourism industry, and taking into account that tourism plays such a huge role
in Mexico's annual income, it is imperative that all implications of tourism be considered. That
being said, the implications of Teotihuacan's changing landscape should also be considered through
the archaeological lens. As Margarita Díaz–Andreu puts it, archaeological tourism and ethics are
often two separate fields that are not considered to go hand in hand by many scholars (Díaz–Andreu,
225). Yet, the role of archaeologists in shaping the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Millions of people go up and down its steps, some of them knowing their past, others taking pictures
in it while knowing little of the cultural importance. The landscape itself is a city, and should not be
forgotten. A city welcomes people, and allows for many cultures to be living together in one
location. In the case of Teotihuacan, it is not enough to debate who owns it, the debate should
entertain ways people could work together to conserve the site, and allow everyone to have a similar
knowledge of what each step means. The indigenous should not be pushed away, and the tourists
should still be encouraged to visit. After all, the indigenous economy also depends on tourist
activity, and the sale of their art and work to a curious other. Much like this symbiosis on the
grounds of the site, the cooperation of all parties should be promoted on a facilitative level. The
government knows the ins and outs of efficiently running the tourist site, yet the indigenous have
alternative knowledge to offer the visitors. Whether their participation comes in the form of
workshops, culturally immersive tours or seats at the administrative table, the indigenous should be
welcomed into playing a more active role in the tourism that takes place at Teotihuacan, to ensure
the wellbeing of the site. The tourist still seeks what is authentic, and the actions taken by the
indigenous will allow for Teotihuacan to once again be transformed
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Essay On Teotihuacan
Teotihuacan is an ancient mesoamerican city in Mexico. It is called "The City of Gods" and has very
important civilizations in mesoamerica. The founders of the city is uncertain but archaeologists
believe it was built by the Toltec people. The city was mostly ruins by the time the Aztecs took over.
It is one of the most visited archeological spots in Mexico. The Fall of Teotihuacan was very sudden
and was believed to be invaded by the spanish.
When the Aztecs found Teotihuacan they believed that is where it all started they brought in some of
their own religion. They saw it as the place the Gods sacrificed themselves for the world to be
recreated. There are many ruins located in Teotihuacan. The Pyramid of the moon which had
elevated platforms which most likely were used for human sacrifice and better viewing for the
people on the floor to see. It was built for the Great Goddess of ... Show more content on
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In class we spoke about how the aztecs performed sacrifices with human hearts to the Gods so the
sun would rise another day. Under this pyramid they found underground tunnels and rooms that
were most likely used for rituals. "Gods then were 'fed' and 'nourished' with the sacrificed blood and
flesh which ensured the continued balance and prosperity of Aztec society." (ancient.eu) By feeding
the Sun God he would have enough power to raise the sun the next morning. Ceremonies were held
in specific pyramids usually the largest. They placed whoever they were going to sacrifice on the
stone and open their chest up right there and then and take out their heart. The heart was then placed
on a stone vessel and burned for the God. The Temple of The Feathered Serpent is the Third largest
ruin and hundreds of bodies were discovered under it. Most of the bodies found were male and
buried with weapons. The temple being built in style of a serpent was probably a burial ground for
warriors who fought for Teotihuacan and not against
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Teotihuacan Art
Although the Olmec, Teotihuacan and Post Classic are civilizations that are years apart from each
other, many of their basic ideological concepts are extremely similar. Some scholars claim that the
forms of the objects of visual culture remain constant with the passage of time, while the symbolism
and ideology behind objects of visual culture are altered by the different civilizations that adopt the
form and by the passage of time. Form and style are directly correlated, as the style being used to
produce an object of visual culture will have an impact on its overall form and appearance. It is
evident that each civilization had their own art style, therefore, making the form to vary throughout
the different civilizations and time periods in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While certain symbols and figures maintained the significance and meanings despite the passage of
time, art styles utilized by the different Mesoamerican civilizations evolved with the passage of
time. Having a unified system in which each of the figures possessed the same meanings and
importance for each civilization, allowed for the emergence of an art style that could be easily
understood and utilized by most. Before the Postclassical International system, there was not a
unified art style used through Mesoamerica; this system was an expression of the unification among
the dominant religious and political views at the time after the fall of Teotihuacan and before the rise
of Tula (Kubler "Ecleticism" 172). Developing a unique, yet universal style was enabled by the
similarities in the ideologies of the different Mesoamerican civilizations. Through repeated
interaction, the symbols and styles merged. In order to create a system different cultures could
understand and identify, the meaning attributed to each of the symbols had to be somewhat similar
throughout the different regions. The merger could not have occurred if the symbolized used by the
different population did not resemble each other. Due to their similarity, with repeated interaction
the
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The Transformation Of A Golden Age
When one civilization collapses, the next civilization inherits its accomplishments. In Mesoamerica,
there were many civilizations that preceded the Aztecs. The Teotihuacans, Toltecs, Incas, Olmecs,
and Mayans were various civilizations that occupied the region of Mexico prior to the Aztecs.
Referring to the Teotihuacans, fertile land was most profitable for agricultural purposes. Thus, a
period of economic prosperity resulted. Moreover, the Toltecs harvested obsidian as an export of
trade which benefited the Toltec financial system. Henceforth, pre–Aztec civilizations exhibited
qualities of a golden age. At first glance, a period of economic proliferation in pre–Aztec
civilizations resulted in a golden age; however, due to impending economic turmoil, the Aztec
civilization rose to power due to their authoritarian political regimes.
Primarily, many pre–Aztec civilizations experienced a time of economic augmentation which caused
an era of success; however, economic turmoil resulted in the downfall of these civilizations. For
example, at the beginning of the sixth century, the Teotihuacans grew from a small settlement to a
robust society. Inhabited by 1000 B.C., the Teotihuacan and Cuicuilco civilizations flourished.
However, a disaster struck the civilization of Cuicuilco which resulted in the death of that
civilization. Now, Teotihuacan would be able to grow and flourish into an enormous city.
Furthermore, the Teotihuacan population was comprised of one–hundred fifty
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Teotihuacan City
Teotihuacan was a city that was carefully planned and designed by its founders by the use of a grid
pattern. Each structure conformed to this grid and nearly every building was positioned east or west
of the main street called the Avenue of the Dead which runs from the south end of the city to the
base of the Cerro Gordo mountain in the north. The founders incorporated the Cerro Gordo
mountain into the urban plan by aligning the Avenue with the mountain's peak because it was
thought to provide the city with the waters that would keep them alive. The city was built on a
mountain valley and it contained temples, pyramids, palaces, workshops, and thousands of
residential compounds that each housed multiple families. Around 100 AD, the construction ... Show
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A building within the city that is located south of the Pyramid of the Sun holds an indication of how
the founders of Teotihuacan would have built the city to align with Pleiades. A carving of a double
circle on a cross was found on the stone floor of the building.The same symbol was found by the
Teotihuacan Mapping Project workers on a rock three kilometres directly west of the building. The
baseline from the first petroglyph to the second petroglyph has a bearing of 15 degrees north of
west, making the baseline between the glyphs parallel to the east–west grid lines of the city and
perpendicular to the north–south grid lines. The glyphs might have been used as survey markers to
allow the builders to create an accurate sightline that would have assisted in the creation of the city
and its alignment with the heavens. The Teotihuacan Mapping Project workers determined that the
baseline is also likely to correspond with a specific celestial body that can be viewed along either
direction when standing at either petroglyph. The location, elevation of the horizon, and the visible
constellations were considered when determining which celestial body was Teotihuacan's
inspiration. Few options fit the criteria, but Pleiades seemed the most logical because it passed
directly above the city, it was a
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Teotihuacan Research Paper
JACKSONVILLE UNIVERSITY The Age of the Jaguar The Rise and Fall of Teotihuacan April
Morton 3/5/2013 An essay on the art, architecture, and the rise and fall of the ancient Mesoamerican
city of Teotihuacan Rising in Mexico around the year 150 of the common–era, an era experts call
the 'Classic', Teotihuacan was one of the greatest and most powerful centers to rise in the history of
the New World. At least 125,000 strong, Teotihuacan stood alongside its peers as a center of culture
and industry. Despite its downfall, Teotihuacan stands today as a testament to true ambition and
serves as a warning to those whom ambition corrupts. As many settlements have done before it,
Teotihuacan originally began organically and included a great ... Show more content on
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Upon its face, War Serpent headdresses rest upon the curving parabolas of a great Feathered
Serpent, celebrating and commemorating a great god of war, and seeming to represent the potency
and strength of the Teotihuacanos themselves. The temple rests within the arms of a large compound
called the Ciudadela; a great fortress believed to have once been the dwelling place of a great ruler.
Within the temple, excavators have found the remains of several bodies that appear to have been
bound pre mortem – most likely victims of human sacrifice –– and were found wearing the remains
of necklaces made of human and jade teeth; some of these necklaces even contained partial or whole
human
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Examples Of Social Stratification In Aztec Society
Social Organization was a means by which Aztec society differentiates itself. Men were warriors
and women were wives. This same system appears throughout Mesoamerica but the Aztec's version
stands out. Male social stratification was enhanced through the capture of prisoners. One enemy
warrior captured meant a warrior could paint his face in certain ways and could wear a certain type
of loin cloth. The second capture meant more special clothing and accoutrements. The third meant
that a warrior could now be a master of the youth which meant he could now drink and dance at
certain festivals and oversee training young warriors. The fourth capture give the warrior a
permanent seat at the warrior house as well as a special lip plug and headband with eagle feathers
(Clendinnen. Warriors 114–115). Clearly social stratification and accomplishment as a warrior was
marked to a large degree by vestments. This is only one aspect of social stratification within Aztec
society. Aside from warriors men could also be priests and merchants. However, the entire society
was still focused on competition and the warrior and in many cases the warriors and ... Show more
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In the late classic period at Maya cites like Uxmal, Coba and Chichen Itza it is very well known that
the people worshipped the feathered serpent Quetzalcoatl (Evans 360). At Chichen Itza it would
appear that the god Tlaloc makes an appearance. Tlaloc warfare was abundant in the southern
lowlands and evidence of it can be found at Chichen Itza's temple of the warrior (Schele 365). Not
only does this link the Maya and Chichen Itza to Tula and the Toltec but it also links them again
back to Teotihuacan. Although worship in Maya states would have still revolved around sacrifice
they did not take it to the extreme that the Aztecs eventually would. Even though the Maya were not
as warlike and aggressive as the Aztec they still share a lineage back to the Toltec and Teotihuacano
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Temple Of Quetzalcoatl Analysis
The Temple of Quetzalcoatl is historically popular due to the lavish designs that surround its
facades, especially one distinct figure: the feathered serpents. Feathered serpents are historically
important to the Mayan culture (Taube). The serpent is known as a very important element in the
Mayan war culture. Leaders and warriors have a feathered serpentine figure in their headdresses to
signify the importance of war. According to anthropologists Caso and Bernal, the Teotihuacan
feathered serpent is identified with a horizontally projecting nose with a slight upcurve at the end
with slightly curving teeth resembling the teeth of Teotihuacan jaguars (Taube). The Old Temple, as
it is also popularly referred to, is surrounded by tiers of feathered
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Similarities Between Teotihuacan And Mayans
The Maya empire was not ruled by a single king but was divided into several regions and controlled
by many kings that fought and traded with each other. The Maya frequently cooperated with other
societies in Central America such as the Teotihuacan. The Teotihuacan established themselves as a
cultural center before expanding Mayan communities entered its region. The Teotihuacan were
advancing the arts in architecture, ceramics, hieroglyphics and art long before developing Mayan
relations but finding Teotihuacan art in Mayan excavation sites clearly establishes a connection
between these two cultures. Many archeologists debate about how the Maya and Teotihuacan
cultures artistic expressions became blended. There are two central hypotheses; was
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Essay on Teotihuacan
Teotihuacan
The ancient world of Mesoamerica entered a long period of change that soon led to the development
a mammoth city that would serve as a regional center for more than 600 years. Beginning in about
1000 B.C. the majority of the people in the Valley of Mexico relocated to one of two primary sites,
that of Cuicuilco in the southwest corner and Teotihuacan in the northeast. By about 300 B.C.,
Cuicuilco dominated the region, but its heyday would soon diminish. (Sabloff 2000, p 60)
For the next two hundred years the dominion would begin to shift towards the side of Teotihuacan, a
city that would undergo rapid growth never seen before on such a large scale. This was in part due to
final demise of Cuicuilco influence from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Sabloff 1981, p222)
Even though Teotihuacan has made such a lasting impact on all those who marvel at its grandeur
and scale over the past two thousand years, this site in still far from understood. There are many
mysteries surrounding this area even after decades of excavations and research. Archaeologists and
anthropologists alike struggle to gain a clearer picture of this great Mesoamerican city, although
continuing work at the site has provided a wealth of information about the region, occupants, and
lifestyles of those who were touched by it.
The location of this great metropolis is a subvalley of the Valley of Mexico. In its northwestern
region, the area it occupies is considered to be a highly strategic because it controls access to the
valley. This proved to be quite beneficial for aiding and accelerating the development of the
Teotihuacan culture. The valley of Mexico is home to obsidian sources, permanent springs, lake
systems, irrigable agricultural lands, deposits of salt and limestone, the later was extremely
important for construction of the majority of the structures found at this site.
Beginning in the early 1960's, the Mexican government's National Institute of Anthropology and
History (INAH) launched an excavation project along the "Street of the Dead". Their labors were
fruitful and provided a sturdy foundation on which future anthropologists could base
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Teotihuacan Textual Analysis
Often when studying history we encounter a paradigm of thinking that explicitly emphasizes the
importance of written history above all else. In art history however, we are struck with the issue of
navigating this paradigm in a field of study that sometimes only has visual culture for us to
reference. Because of this, it often becomes a challenge to incorporate this visual evidence with a
written record, whether it be another culture's record or a written record that isn't inherently
"written". And when it comes to examining the visual culture of Post–Classic Mexico, both of these
are the case. With Mixtec and Aztec codices made entirely of pictographs and glyphs, we are forced
to consider colonial hybrid documents in addition to these glyphs ... Show more content on
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One of the most prominent examples of this is the debate surrounding the Great Goddess of
Teotihuacan which can be seen in Figure 2. With a lack of textual evidence to help understand this
deity's gender or potential role in Teotihuacan culture, we as historians are forced to make
assumptions often relying "on modern, Western stereotypes of femininity and masculinity"
(Mandell, 29). As seen in Elisa C. Mandell's article "A New Analysis of the Gender Attribution of
the "Great Goddess" of Teotihuacan" from Ancient Mesoamerica, the depiction of the Great
Goddess is complicated due to a lack of obvious primary or secondary sexual organs (Mandell, 30).
Because of this, analysis of the deity's gender must be based upon more subjective elements such as
clothing and ceremonial dress. However, unlike the Aztec, we have no textual evidence like codices
or colonial hybrid documents to designate gendered clothing or depictions in Teotihuacan culture.
We cannot even assume the deity's gender from Post–classic text as it can easily be misinterpreted
like the initial theory that the Great Goddess represents the rain god Tlaloc. Whereas in the post–
classic period we can look at at statue of Coatlicue and connect her skirt of snakes to the textual
depiction of her image, we have no basis of comparison to identify or gender the Great Goddess.
And while Mendell's argument for the female gender of the Great Goddess remains sound, she is
forced to draw from a variety of complex representations of Teotihuacan art and iconography such
as sculpture, bowls, and murals that lack a direct translation and association which inherently leaves
room
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Incas Versus The Aztecs And Mayans Essay
Incas versus the Aztecs and Mayans
The incas rose in 1438, they fell in 1533. They suffered the attacks of Spanish conquerors such as
Spaniard Francisco Pizarro (1475–1541) and the spread of small box. At the peak of power the
civilization extended 4,000 km (2,500 miles) and included 16 million people. They were extremely
advanced, had an army, laws, roads, bridges, and tunnels. Inca's were the most advanced civilization
because of their government, agriculture, architecture and technology compared to the Aztecs and
Mayans.
There are many aspects to the government hierarchy. The Inca government at Cuzco maintained a
strong military and passed laws to create official customs, an official language, and calendar. They
had a government that established law. "The Inca government was called the Tawantinsuyu. It was a
monarchy ruled by a single leader called the Sapa Inca." His principal wife (queen) was called the
coya. "The Sapa Inca were several officers who helped to rule the empire. High ranking officials
were often relatives of the emperor and were always part of the Inca class." They had seven different
levels of officers helping rule. Viceroy also known as the Inkap Rantin who worked as the advisor
and was a close relative. High priest also known as the Willaq Umu he was the second in power.
Governs of a Quarter also known as an Apu and they govern their quarter of the Empire. There are
others like the council of realm, the inspectors, the military generals and the
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City Of The Sun And Moon
HI–107
11/4/16
Teotihuacan
City of the gods, temple of the sun and moon, these names sound like places out of an Indiana Jones
movie, however the idea had to come from some place. That place is the ancient city of Teotihuacan,
Mexico. Teotihuacan is found north–east of Mexico City in the flat plain lands of the Mexican
valley . Named by the Aztecs who found the abandoned city, they marveled at the massive scale of
the buildings and the city itself. The only reasonable explanation the Aztecs could provide was that
gods had made the city. Little did they know that Teotihuacan was a bustling city that was around
from about 150b.c.–750a.d., and a population as high as 200,000 .Teotihuacan is massive in scale
for the ancient world, dispersed over an area of approximately 20 square kilometers. This ancient
place is a perfect example of a city, it has a high population, a well thought out street system, early
factories, and massive temples which towered over the land scape. The architecture and general
environment set Teotihuacan apart as at least the crown jewel of Mesoamerica.
The general lay out of the city was a grid with a massive central avenue know as the "street of the
dead". Located on this avenue were 3 other massive structures the temple of the moon, temple of the
sun, and the Ciudadela. Surrounding these major structures was "As many as 2,000 compounds...
with each compound consisting of multiple courtyards surrounded by single–story, interconnected
rooms that housed
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Similarities Between Mayans And Mayan Civilizations
The Maya city state of Tikal and Teotihuacan were two of indigenous civilizations during the early
Classic period (A.D. 250–450) and late classic period (A.D. 450–900) history of these tribes dating
back to the 3rd century. As a result, of both tribes established a civilization around the same century.
They both happen to share a verity of similar societal characteristics those being: economic trade,
design pyramids for the gods, a fascination with astrology, ritual calendar system, religious
ceremonies, temple and home architecture, agriculture, similar art material used to make sculptures,
pottery, and complex social hierarchy system. In fact, economic trade was an important part of daily
life for the Maya and city of Teotihuacan. A clear similarity was the products both cultures traded
amongst each other. The popular items both civilizations would trade would be cacao seeds, corn,
clothing, pottery, salt, and obsidian tools. Strangely enough even though gold was a resource in
those times both empires did not use it as a form of currency when trade occurred preferably they
used cacao seeds (chocolate) a drink that meant nobility. In the same way, trade built networking
connections so did religion. Religion is seen as the foundation revolving around both civilizations
daily lives both the Mayan people and Teotihuacan believed in a higher power the sun god Kinich
Ahau (Maya) and Quetzalcóatl (Teotihuacan). Furthermore, both gods had been publicly praised all
over
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The Aztec Empire Arose In The Valley Of Mexico
1. The Aztec empire arose in the Valley of Mexico, a fertile area nearly 8,00 feet above sea level.
The Aztec Empire was located in present day central Mexico. This area was a fertile valley
surrounding a lake.
2. The Teotihuacans built an enormous city and great buildings. The toltecs are known for large
pyramids topped with temples.
3. The Aztecs arrived in the valley of Mexico as a nomadic band of hunters and gatherers and began
working as mercenaries. As they settled into the valley, they began to be influenced by the
Teotihuacans and Toltecs. They made pilgrimages to the ruins of Teotihuacan, adopted Teotihuacan
gods, and married into the Toltec royal family. The Aztecs built the city of Tenochititlan and formed
alliances. They began
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Bribri And Kokogi Summary
The Bribri civilization of Costa Rica/Panama and the Kogi civilization of Colombia were believed
to be a secondary area to the Mesoamerican and South American civilizations. However, differences
began to surface that distinguished the Bribri and the Kogi from civilizations of Mesoamerica. They
formed part of the Isthmo Colombian Area, therefore similarities were expected to exist between the
Bribri and the Kogi. These similarities were understood through the rituals that the Bribri and Kogi
practiced. Nevertheless, there are a few links that tie the Bribri and the Kogi civilization back to the
Mesoamerican civilization. The Bribri and the Kogi share similar rituals despite belonging to
different descendent cultures. First, the Bribri and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A sacred crop that created and nourished human life. Another similarity between the civilizations of
the Isthmo Colombian Area and the Mesoamerican civilization is the concept of primordial time. In
the case Bribri when the shaman was conducting the healing ceremony he had to wait until night in
order strengthen memories of generations of shaman masters. The day was dedicated to daily
activities. We see primordial time through the change of day and night. The night takes the shaman
back into the memories of previous generations. Similarly, we see this in the Maya a Mesoamerican
civilization. In the case of the Maya we see how time never occurs in a linear matter in the origin
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The Seated Deity With Glyph C Headdress
Throughout Mesoamerica, we've noticed a common thread throughout the various civilizations;
which include; divine kingship, common deities, and similar rituals. But two of these civilizations
stand apart from the others because of their divergent way of living. The Zapotec civilization was
located in Monte Alban celebrated death by generating elaborate burial sites; by creating immense
wall motifs and placing countless amounts of detailed censers in the likeness of the departed, for
example the Seated Deity with Glyph C Headdress. For the inhabitants of Teotihuacan, unity was a
major part of living, which is clearly depicted in their living compounds. In every living compound
there was an open courtyard where the multiple families living there would practice rituals and
socialize with one another. Every courtyard held a ceramic depiction of a deity who they would
worship, for instance, the Censer would be an illustration of this. Both the Seated Deity with Glyph
C Headdress and the Censer may appear similar in medium, but are of great contrast in technique
and subject matter. Both of these pieces are created from the same medium, which in this case they
are both made out of clay, yet they differ in color the Seated Deity has more are muggish gray tone.
As for the Censer, even though it is made out of clay, it is not hard to take note of the color residue
that was once a vibrant green and yellow. In fact the shade of yellow still remains vibrant, which
overshadows the
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Teotihuacan Case Study
Most people refer to the buildings in the city of Teotihuacan as apartment compounds. This is
because there are close to 2,000 compounds in the city that vary in social status and size. Among all
the structures in the city, the three pyramids on the Avenue of the Dead, the Pyramid of the Moon,
the pyramid of the Sun and the Temple of the Feathered Serpent stands out. Typical features of the
side include single –storey structures and elevated base with steps, plus talud–tablero sloping
support walls that appears in every religious building in Mesoamerica. For example: Chichen Itza,
Yucatan; Palenque, Chiapas; and etc. The Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon were
built for Tlaloc (god of rain and fertility), Chalchiuhtlicue (goddess
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Comparing the Teotihucans and the Sumerians Essay
Comparing the Teotihucans and the Sumerians
Written language was an important milestone in human history. It enabled the recording of history,
dreams and tragedy. It allowed for commercial and historical record keeping. It allowed human
beings to imprint thoughts on paper, for sharing, later review or just for fun. What about societies
that never developed a written language? Could such a society rival one with that has? When
advances of Sumerian city–states are compared to that of Teotihuacan there are a few instances
where the Mesoamerican city appears to be more advanced. However, if ranked these appearances
do not place Teotihuacan ahead of any one of Sumer's Mesopotamian city–states.
The formations of Sumerian city–states ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within these huge stepped "cities within cities (49). an entire workforce was busy with the affairs of
civilization (49). Field workers would farm temple lands to provide for the massive amounts of food
that was distributed. In Lagash for example, food was prepared for 1200 people on a daily basis
(49). Though the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon in Teotihuacan were not as elaborate as Sumerian
Ziggurats, each civilization shared a "Cosmo– magical" characteristic.
In Sumer, royal burial sites were so elaborate, that only specialized artisans could possibly have
constructed them. According to the text, arches, vaults and domes were new levels of architecture
found in burial tombs of the elite. In addition, elaborate funeral objects of gold and silver were also
found with the dead. Sumerian arts and inventions flourished. The wheel itself, which led to the
potters wheel and wagon wheels, were apparently invented in Sumer. (49). This lent sophistication
to pottery and increased efficiency to farming. The Bronze Age found its origins in Sumerian
civilization, which put metal tips on hoes, axes, arrowheads, daggers and many other tools. In
Teotihuacan however, the economy " thrived on agriculture, craftwork, and trade in ceramics and
quarried obsidian. " (98) There was no evidence in the text or lecture notes that they had achieved
the amenities of the Bronze age.
However,
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Olmec Vs Teotihuacan Culture Analysis
A common element found within the cultures of Mesoamerica was the way they expressed
themselves, "primarily in oral modes of expression... and mute texts" (Carrasco, 47). This was
observed in the Olmec and Teotihuacan culture. Although, the Olmec culture was from formative
Mesoamerica and the Teotihuacan culture was from contemporary Mesoamerica there were
noticeable similarities and differences between the two cultures. Evidence of influence and
continuity was found linking the Olmec and Teotihuacan culture. The Olmec and the Teotihuacan
are from different time periods but they share similarities. One similarity is their views of
cosmogonies. Richard Diehli author of The Olmecs: America's first civilization, explains the
significance of caves in the Olmec cosmogony. Diehli ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This explains why there are sculptured scenes of people emerging from caves. This cosmogony does
not pertain only to the Olmec but also to Teotihuacan and "later pan–Mesoamerican" (Diehli, 134).
But it is not limited to just caves scholars have suggested that pyramids and mountains are symbols
associated with birth, origins, and celestial realms. In Teotihuacan we see caves, pyramids, and
mountains all of which have a kind of god or goddess illustrating birth and origins. Another
similarity found between the Olmec and Teotihuacan were the rituals although each had a distinct
form of religion there were noticeable rituals that were common between the two. Two common
rituals found between the two were sacrifices and bloodletting. Reilly explains that blood "was a
magical substance opening the portal between the natural and supernatural cosmic
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Teotihuacan Civilization
Cities, central government, writing and record keeping, highly organized religion, specialized
workers, social classes, and complex technologies are all words to describe a civilization.
Mesopotamia, Teotihuacán, and Olmec have the properties needed to be considered a civilization.
Mesopotamia is divided into city–states (Conlin et al., 2017). Eridu, Uruk, and Babylon were a few
cities located in Mesopotamia (ibid). Ziggurats and temples were important buildings in
Mesopotamia; as they were used for religious purposes (ibid). The olmecs had two main cities: La
Venta and San Lorenzo (Azad et al., 2017). San Lorenzo was the oldest of the two cities (ibid). La
Venta was smaller than San Lorenzo and was known for their basalt statues (ibid). Each city was ran
by their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How high up you were on the social class pyramid determined your wealth (Conlin et al., 2017).
The higher up you were, the wealthier you were (ibid). The social class pyramids for Mesopotamia
and Teotihuacán were the same. Farmers, slaves, and servants were on the bottom, scribes,
merchants, and artisans were next, government officials and priests were after that, and Kings were
at the top (Conlin et al., 2017). Women and men both played a part in society, though men were
respected more (ibid). Mesopotamia had several complex technologies including the wheel, chariot,
and sailboat (Conlin et al., 2017). Mesopotamia was known for using bronze to make tools and
weapons (ibid). Mesopotamia had several different buildings including ziggurats, temples, and
pyramids (ibid). Teotihuacán was not as technologically advanced as Mesopotamia, but still had
some complex technologies. They had murals that represented different aspects of religion (Jarus,
Owen). They had ziggurats, temples, and pyramids just like Mesopotamia (ibid). Research shows
that Teotihuacán didn't make wheels, nor did they use metal
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Why Is Teotihuacan Alive?
Located in a valley in central Mexico, lies one of the world's most spectacular archaeological sites
named Teotihuacan. Teotihuacan is the largest ancient city in the new world. This ancient city is said
to have begun around 200 B.C. It is enormous covering about eight square miles. The city is
organized in a grid style focused around three main monuments. Around these structures were
homes for the mass population that lived there. These homes were laid out in a grid like fashion that
could be compared to an apartment complex. The grid system for its time was a complex organized
system, this showed the social control Teotihuacan had. In the middle of Teotihuacan is the avenue
of the dead which divides the city. The avenue of the dead runs
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Teotihuacan Pyramids
Teotihuacan emerged immediately after the fall of Olmec back in the 150 BCE and existed until 750
CE. Teotihuacan, "the place where the gods were created," is located in the central section of the
Valley of Teotihuacan. The Valley is located in the Northeast of the Basin of Mexico. During 150
BCE, and 450 CE it was regarded as the greatest and largest pre–Columbian city. The city had three
main pyramids called "Pyramid of the Sun," "Pyramid of the Moon," and the "Feathered Serpent
Pyramid." The central axis that connected three of them is the Avenue of the Dead. Pyramid of the
Sun is the largest structure in Teotihuacan, Mexico. The monument is 206 feet tall and 705 feet
square. The Sun Pyramid is located at its middle. It is built in a city where over 100,000 people lived
before 700 CE. Over half of the total population indulged in farming, the people worked on the
agricultural lands surrounding the city. The Teotihuacan was a civilized city that was erected by
stones and was facing apparently all the four compass directions; East, West, North, and South. ...
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The primary structures were located on the central road referred to us dead. The structures and
streets were designed in a way that vividly resembled the natural landscape with beautiful mountains
and valley. The art masterpiece was calculated, designed and put into the land that long–lasting mark
is phenomenal. The Pyramid was built to have its grand stairway faced westward. This was planned
for the usage of the Pyramid. It faces to the Sun when it sets. People resided in traditional wooden
houses, other high–status people, both religious and political leaders lived in well–built stone houses
that were smartly decorated, and even with better drainage
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Teotihuacan Research Paper
The Teotihuacan According to Feder, K (2013) the name Teotihuacan (Place where men become
Gods) was derived from the Aztecs. The Teotihuacan was the largest pre–Columbian city in the
Americas in the first half of the first millennium C.E. Till this day no one knows for sure who the
Teotihuacan really were. The city was also the center of a major civilization which bears its name,
and its influence throughout Mesoamerica. The city flourished between 2,100 years ago, when
construction began, and about 1,400 years ago. According to Vance, E. (2014) in his article Gods of
Blood & Stone, "The Teotihuacan was an extensive empire that predates all the highland
civilizations in the
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The Most Powerful And Largest Cities Of Mesoamerica
During its reign, Teotihuacan was considered amongst the most powerful and largest cities in
Mesoamerica. Teotihuacan, referred to as the same name as the valley it was located within, would
go on to extend its rich culture and history from between 150 B.C.E. throughout Mesoamerica 's
Golden Age. Some of the most influential aspects of this great city would extend from other well
known civilizations, the Maya and Aztec people for example, during their respective governing
periods. As of the most current standing, the original name remains undecipherable in the surviving
glyphs recovered at sites. Much in the same way, the initial cause of collapse for this once awesome
metropolis is merely speculative through what clues have been saved from a socialistic destruction.
Commonly thought to have been formed at about 150 B.C.E. and 200 C.E., the city maintained a
steady provision of nearby resources, such as spring water channeled through irrigation techniques
and valuable obsidian deposits. The obsidian made use in manufacturing weapon heads, which in
turn provided as an excellent trade. Of course, other goods circulated throughout, including cotton,
salt, cacao, feathers and numerous cultivated foods that the people cultivated by means of the raised
flooded fields (Cartwright, Mark, 2015). Aside from growing sources of sustenance, remains tested
for other dietary intake of dogs and poultry as well as wild insects, frogs and fish. Although an a key
note on recreating an
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Teotihuacan Thesis
In this article, Sarah C. Clayton examines the gender roles and ideologies in ancient Teotihuacan.
Stated in her thesis, this work will provide for a better understanding of social organization and
diversity. Anthropologists separate gender (cultural) with sex (biological). For example, there were
differences in different places in Teotihuacan, were the "mainstream" society had males with a
higher power than females, and in Tlailotlacan, there were equal social status. People were buried
underneath the apartment compounds, where archeologists examine the gender and the age and if
social status may intersect with gender. Burial brings are essential information to gender roles, as
Clayton views different numerical data. The author went more in
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Analysis: What Happened To The Mayans
I want to Find out what happened to the Mayans. The mystery of where the Mayans disappeared to
still remains unsolved to this day. Many researchers have tried for several years to figure out where
they went since they all disappeared. The Mayans disappeared hundreds of years ago with barely
any clue as to where they went. To find the Mayans i would have to become an expert on their
culture and history. I would have to travel to Central America to the place where their civilization
began and follow the signs as to how the became the way they did when they disappeared and figure
out what made them disappear. I would also have to find out where they most likely would have
gone based on their previous civilizations.If I were to find out what happened ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
I would like to do this because people in Mexico have a different perception of death than the rest of
the world does. In Mexico they celebrate death and welcome it, they are not afraid of death. Dia de
los Muertos celebrations are usually the night or day before halloween. They spend 2 days
celebrating the lives of loved ones they lost.This is important to me because I have always found it
interesting to experience different cultures. To accomplish this all i would have to do it go to mexico
city the week before the celebration and observe the celebration and maybe join in a celebration. To
accomplish this would be great because before I die I want to experience as much of the world as I
can.
I want to have a conversation in France with someone in French. Doing this is going to help me with
my language skills and to give me a different cultural experience from one of the most visited places
in the world. To be able to do this would mean a lot to me. I really want to expand my travel of the
world and be able to experience the most I can. In the future I hope i will be able to do this. One of
my dreams is to become fluent in several languages so doing this would make me very happy. From
this experience I would gain the experience I need to be able to become fluent in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

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The Discovery Of Human Sacrifice Essay

  • 1. The Discovery Of Human Sacrifice Essay Human sacrifice tends to evoke images of bloody and barbaric ritual that is both fascinating and repulsive to modern society. Many cultures in the past around the world participated in this practice. Some of the most famous civilizations that executed these sacrifices were Mesoamerican groups such as the Aztecs and Mayans. Mesoamerican civilizations have developed an infamous reputation for committing sacrifices on a massive scale that have likely been exaggerated. Given their notoriety, it is easy to assume that many burials found are the results of a sacrifice. However, this is not conducive to understanding Aztec culture and just perpetuates stereotypes. Instead, it is necessary to be critical and assess the remains and the context of the burial. One site that was thoroughly investigated was the Moon Pyramid of Teotihuacan in Mexico. The burials discovered at this site were methodically reviewed to understand who were the individuals buried there and why they were buried there. Teotihuacan Teotihuacan is the ancient city, located in the Basin of Mexico about 45 kilometers away from Mexico City, which thrived from about 150 B.C. to A.D. 650 (White 2002). The city was named Teotihuacan, meaning "place where the gods lived," by the Aztecs (Sugiyama 2005). This city was large, complex, and powerful. Teotihuacan had over 100,000 inhabitants, many immigrants, and covered over 20 square kilometers. It was unrivaled until the 15th century with the rise of the Aztec capital ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 2.
  • 3. Teotihuacan Culture The culture that I will be talking about is the culture of Teotihuacán from Mexico. Between 100B.C.E and 200 C.E the city grew rapidly, becoming one of the largest cities in Mesoamerica. From my perspective there are different factors that contributed to the growth of Teotihuacán, resources, neighbors, trade, religious matters, and economy. This paper will basically focus on the economy and how it was utilized to form this urban state of Teotihuacán, whether it be the effects of trade and tribute, goods and services, reciprocity, or corruption it all played a role in the uprising of this city. Teotihuacán was developed by different reason but I think that its economy had more influence on its growth and this may explain the development of Teotihuacán. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... "Teotihuacan now experienced a kind of renewal, probably to accommodate the populations growth and to keep people at work." (Kurtz 1997, 337)The raw and finished material entering Teotihuacán and its growing political and economic influence throughout Mesoamerica helped to expand its economy, enlarging markets, increasing jobs, and developing technology. "The completion of the Ciudadela suggests a centralized political structure. The completion of the political, religious and market complexes effectively symbolized Teotihuacan's hegemony over a resource zone that extended from coast to coast."(Ronald 1997, 335) The establishments of these areas around public building suggest a centralized political system. Some craftsmen engaged in employment by the elites. This might have been dedicated to the production of exported goods controlled by the elites and would have complemented the work of craftsmen. It could be said that manufacturing expanded during this time, and that obsidian was manufactured and exported beyond the basin. I think that obsidian production was complemented by increase in other work, such as pottery making, painting ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 4.
  • 5. Cultural Influences Of Mexico And Aztecs Throughout the period of the 1st to 16th century, Mexico experienced the emergence and rise of powerful civilizations such as the Teotihuacan, Toltec and ultimately, the greatest empire, Aztec. Many cultural and economic practices of these Mexican civilizations were borrowed from the prior civilization, adapted, and then further developed upon and while many aspects of these practices stayed the same through this time, significant changes occurred as well. The term culture is defined as "the distinctive features of a group that are learned rather than biological", according to Essential Humanities. Religious beliefs, artistic traditions, and language can be placed under this definition. Mexico, specifically central Mexico, had been home to many civilizations; the three most dominant being Teotihuacan (4th to 6th century), the Toltecs (10th to 12th century) and the Aztecs (14th to 16h century). The Aztecs were the last of these cultures to settle there and as a result, were influenced greatly by the previously established groups. The most significant cultural influences of the Toltecs and Aztecs came primarily from the ancient city of Teotihuacan. Initially, Teotihuacan emerged as a new religious center and by the 4th century, it was a place of religion, culture and art. The city flourished for centuries and before its decline in AD 700, was a large, cosmopolitan city with fairly large complexes made up of temples and monuments devoted to gods. Buildings were ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 6.
  • 7. World, Education, And Characteristics Of The Aztecs The Aztec Empire The Aztec, Inca, and Maya were all great and inventive empires with a rich culture. But only one can be the best. The Aztecs. The Aztecs were the best empire with mandatory schooling, floating gardens, and smart architecture. Learning is very important in an empire in order to succeed. The Aztecs had great schooling, where it was mandatory for everyone to go, boys, girls, and slaves. In the Maya empire commoners were not allowed to go to school. Children of the nobles were who got educated in math, astronomy, medicine, writing, and science. In the Inca empire it was the same way, nobles and royals only. If you were being educated in the Aztec empire everyone would learn songs and dances because they were part of religious ceremonies. Proper behavior was also taught to everyone and this was very important because you would often get killed for breaking a law. The girls and boys had separate schools as did the rich and poor, if you were a girl you would learn things like how to be a good mother, how to cook, and how to sew. If you were a boy you were taught fishing, hunting, and fighting. Since there are separate schools for the rich and poor, people had social classes. The Aztecs had three main social classes, first there was the nobility or pilli. Then there were the commoners or the macehualli. Then like any other empire at this time there were slaves. The Aztecs got their slaves and treated them different than most empires. The Inca and Maya empire ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 8.
  • 9. Teotihuacan Artistic Influence Teotihuacan: Sphere of Artistic Influence In the Basin of Mexico about 7,000 ft above sea level lies the ruins of the ancient city of Teotihuacan, "the place of the gods," which flourished from 100–650 A.D. Little is known about this city's mysterious demise of power, besides evidence of what appears to be ritualized burnings at major temples and centers. The impact of Teotihuacan throughout Mesoamerica is evident, and the most obvious indicator of this influence is through artistic style. Just how far was the expansion of Teotihuacan's artistic influence across Mesoamerica? I will use a variety of sources not only to define the Teotihuacano art style as a whole, but also to map the path of its successful impact, (and also resistance,) across subsequent Mesoamerican civilizations, focusing principally on the Maya. The architectural style known as talud–tablero marks the presence of Teotihuacan abroad more distinctly than any other aspects of its art. The sloping talud (talus) supports the vertical tablero (entablature), which is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... By 450 AD, versatile mold–made ceramics were beginning to be mass–produced, stamped and distributed out of Teotihuacan workshops, believed to be located north of the Citadel. These "host" figures have been found as far as Guatemala (900 miles away). Brightly polychromed urns and incense burners sporting human and animal faces are among the larger ceramics that survive from this era. The Teotihuacanos may have been able to take these anthromorphic assemblages apart and reconfigure them into different deities from the constituent parts. (Miller, Mary Ellen 2012) One large urn from Teotihuacan displays the image of an owl deity that served the city's war cult. Owl depictions have been tied to war iconography all across Mesoamerica because of their associations with nighttime and the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 10.
  • 11. Teotihuacan Ritual Practices II. Introduction In this article the author examines the changes in ritual practices as it pertains to human sacrifice during the Epiclasic period in central Mexico. In discussing this topic, the author presence evidence from the excavation of a shrine discovered on Lake Xaltocan in the northern Basin of Mexico. Here they have discovered the human remains of about 30 individuals. Using pottery and accelerator mass spectrometry they could place the construction and use of the shrine in the Epiclassic period. It is believed that the site was built during or immediately after the final years of Teotihuacan s regional influence. III. Characterization of the Argument (1–3 paragraphs) The author suggests that initially ritual practices might have been directed towards deities associated with rain, water and agriculture. Evidence suggests that eventually the shrine became the locus of human sacrifice. The shrine was located near fresh water springs. The residents of this community, likely began the rituals practices for much more basic reasons. It is likely they were offering praises, petitioning and celebrating the gods of the agriculture. This idea is reinforced by the presence effigies of Talaloc, the god of rain. Excavations at the site reveal that the practitioners burned incenses and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The human sacrifice at this shrine postdate Teotihuacan`s decline, which suggests conflict and struggle for power. Teotihuacan`s decline was quite rapid, and that could have created a power vacuum in the region. Another factor that could have influenced the area was immigration. Because of the riches and fertility of the land, may have increased the areas attractiveness for new leaders and their followers. Human sacrifice was already practiced in central Mexico, and it is possible that the new arrival to the region brought their culture and practices with ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 12.
  • 13. Seeing Through The Wall Analysis Xiaoxiao Bao Prof. Trever Art History of Latin America September 18, 2016 Seeing Through the Wall The de Young museum visit was definitely a retreat which allowed me to escape from daily coursework for several hours; most importantly, it is a decent place to explore Latin American artworks, especially the Teotihuacan mural fragments, that we discussed in lectures. Both the elaborate setting and authentic displays in the gallery have contributed to create a satisfactory space for viewers to think and to observe the Teotihuacan cultural context. Crossing a mid–sized gallery that exhibits native American artworks, a dark hollow rectangle entrance appears indistinct by the end of the wall. Wagner's collection of Teotihuacan mural fragments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Larger interactive wall projection will be another good idea to engage the audience. If the super– nature figures depicted in mural paintings can be interpreted into animation, where they can shake their hands and move their bodies, cooperating with a sound system may bring them into life. Converging modern technique into displaying Teotihuacan murals may enhance the efficiency of visual communication as the time has changed. While establishing some suitable interactive programs can help people understanding the artworks easier, the gallery has established a pleasant space to showcase the Teotihuacan mural fragments overall through considerate settings and authentic ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 14.
  • 15. The Mesoamerican City Of Teotihuacan The Mesoamerican city of Teotihuacan which is located northeast of present day Mexico City is known for being one of largest and most advanced urban centres in the ancient world. For centuries, tourists have been captivated by the ancient site of Teotihuacan that acts as the home to impressive pyramids, an influential culture and many secrets that even archaeologists today have been unable to discover. Archeologists, historians, and scholars have been surveying and excavating the Teotihuacan site since 1864 in an attempt to uncover the secrets involving the city's founders and inhabitants, the layout inspiration, and the sudden collapse. Have been unable to completely solve the mysteries of teotihuacan because the city The search for this information Determining this information The fact that city possesses no trace of a writing system or written records. Although the exact details of the archeological site are unknown, archeologists can make educated assumptions about the city based on the city's architecture and art pieces, and the culture of other mesoamerican civilizations. The origins of Teotihuacan including the builders, their ethnicity, and their native language are unknown; however, scholars have developed theories about the city's ancestry and the purpose of building. These hypotheses were formed by comparing Teotihuacan with other civilizations that existed and natural events that occurred during the city's estimated year of formation. Research has concluded ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 16.
  • 17. Analysis: The Ancient Mesoamerican City Of Teotihuacan Assignment 9 The ancient Mesoamerican city of Teotihuacan is located in the Mexican highlands about 30 miles to the north east of the modern day Mexico City. At its historical highest point between 400 and 600 A.D it had up to 200, 000 inhabitants as a religious center in the Mexican central highlands (Cartwright, 2015). The settlement began about 200 B.C around the same time when the basic layout of the city was completed. The founding inhabitants are thought to be the Totonac people. Further available anthropological evidence shows that some of the inhabitants such as Mixtec, Maya and Zapotec peoples were lured to settle in Teotihuacan following the civilization (Department of Arts of Africa). Centuries after the fall of the city the Nahua ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 18.
  • 19. Teotihuacan Essay Teotihuacan is an Aztec term meaning "place where gods were born". The City itself has been around for centuries and at its peak, in the ancient world held over 150,000 inhabitants. The place was also mysteriously abandoned in 700 A.D. It is home to some of the largest pyramids in the world, for example the Pyramid of the Sun. (Ivan, 2012) Located in Teotihuacan is The Pyramid of the Sun and it is one of the largest structures built in the ancient world and is currently the third largest pyramid in the world. It stands over 230 ft. (70 m) high with six platforms. The pyramid was amazingly built all by hand without metal tools or pack animals. The pyramid was also very important culturally to the people of the city because it almost acted as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The city was already in ruins before the Aztecs came in the 14th century. (Teotihuacan Guide, 2014) The location of the city was one of the biggest things that helped it flourish into a New World power. Teotihuacan is located in the state of Mexico and is about 25 miles away from Mexico city. The geography of the location of the city was very important to the people that lived there.(Teotihuacan Guide, 2014) A mineral called Mica is in abundance in the location and is found in almost every building located there.(Ivan, 2012) Teotihuacan also had running water and a network of sewers because of its canalized river.(Teotihuacan Guide, 2014) The city of Teotihuacan was and still is today a place of magnificence in Architecture, Geography, and Culture. The Pyramid of the Sun is a feat in engineering, being only built entirely without tools, only by hand and the Location of the city is unmatched and helped the city prosper. Now people come from all over the world to reminisce and see for there own eyes the magnificence of the city and get a glimpse of what it once was.(Teotihuacan Guide, 2014) Teotihuacan may have a mystery of its people but it is no mystery that the city is strikingly complex and ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 20.
  • 21. Teotihuacan Trinity Summary Annabelle Headrick's The Teotihuacan Trinity: The Sociopolitical Structure of Ancient Mesoamerican City discusses the mystery behind the development of Teotihuacan, a city–state located in the Mesoamerica. Historically, not much is known about this great city, in terms rulers, cultural aspects, and even hieroglyphs. In the text, Headrick uses other Mesoamerican city–states, critical analysis and other historical documents to uncover the mysteries and to support her hypothesis of the Teotihuacan trinity, which comprised of rulers, lineages, and the military to shape the dynamics of the socio–political structure of Teotihuacan. Headricks analysis of the talud–tablero and the appealing ideology of a guaranteed heroic immortality, suggests both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Although, no credible information regarding burials has been discovered, Headrick claims the highest–ranking ancestors underwent mortuary bundles, a treatment in which their remains are wrapped in assemblages (chapter 3). Mortuary bundles have not been found at Teotihuacan, thus, Headricks supports her claims by presenting information regarding mortuary bundles found in the Classical Maya and the Mixtec. Assimilating information about the treatment in those cultures and the discovery of the three stone masks, Headrick proposes that stone masks were likely tied to mortuary bundles as they are largely depicted in the city's artistic record (chapter 3). Moreover, Headrick further supports her claim by comparing an archeological find of a ceramic bust with a mask to a similar one elsewhere in Mesoamerica (chapter 3). Headrick's argument regarding mortuary bundles is convincing and the evidence to support her claim is ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 22.
  • 23. Culture Determines How People View And Interact With The... Culture determines how people view and interact with the world. It is what separates groups of people and in many cases gives them identity. All of recorded human history is full of the rise and fall of different cultures. Roman, Greece, Mongolian, Native American, Viking, Aztec and Mayan to name only a few. Each culture and society has its characteristics that make it distinct from the others. Although, at the same time many cultures share certain traits which highlights the interconnectedness of culture throughout out the world. Language, writing, art, religion, trade, politics, social stratification, geography, warfare, sports and philosophy are all different ways in which cultures can differentiate themselves as well as link each other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... One of the first early Mexica states linked to Teotihuacan would be the Toltec and their capitol of Tula. Tula seems to have started as a city of immigrants with people coming to it from many different places. One very notable people being the Teotihuacano after their city declined (Evans 410–411). They worshipped gods like Tlaloc, the successor of the storm god of Teotihuacan as well as Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca (Evans 411). Militarism is something that the Toltec might have picked up from the ancient civilization as well. Many Teotihuacan military style designs can be found in Tula architecture (Evans 417–418). In their society there were many highly skilled artisans (Evans 418). The land although high in altitude had the proper water sources to allow for intense irrigation and cultivation (Evans 410). The Toltec while not an expansive state can easily be linked through their religion and militarism both to Teotihuacan and later to the Aztecs. Aztec culture and society is the final step in the journey from the culture of Teotihuacan. It shares some similarities with its neighbors and predecessors, while also having its differences. It has a strong connection to Tula as the Mexica tribes stayed there for a time when Tula was at its height (Evans 429). To really understand their society though its best to begin by explaining how the Aztecs or the triple alliance as it should be called came to power. The Aztecs are described as a rags to riches ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 24.
  • 25. Teotihuacan Research Paper Teotihuacan is an interesting tourist destination, as it also doubles as an archaeological site that gives the tourist a view into the past of Mexican civilization. Considering Latin America as a whole is relatively new to the tourism industry, and taking into account that tourism plays such a huge role in Mexico's annual income, it is imperative that all implications of tourism be considered. That being said, the implications of Teotihuacan's changing landscape should also be considered through the archaeological lens. As Margarita Díaz–Andreu puts it, archaeological tourism and ethics are often two separate fields that are not considered to go hand in hand by many scholars (Díaz–Andreu, 225). Yet, the role of archaeologists in shaping the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Millions of people go up and down its steps, some of them knowing their past, others taking pictures in it while knowing little of the cultural importance. The landscape itself is a city, and should not be forgotten. A city welcomes people, and allows for many cultures to be living together in one location. In the case of Teotihuacan, it is not enough to debate who owns it, the debate should entertain ways people could work together to conserve the site, and allow everyone to have a similar knowledge of what each step means. The indigenous should not be pushed away, and the tourists should still be encouraged to visit. After all, the indigenous economy also depends on tourist activity, and the sale of their art and work to a curious other. Much like this symbiosis on the grounds of the site, the cooperation of all parties should be promoted on a facilitative level. The government knows the ins and outs of efficiently running the tourist site, yet the indigenous have alternative knowledge to offer the visitors. Whether their participation comes in the form of workshops, culturally immersive tours or seats at the administrative table, the indigenous should be welcomed into playing a more active role in the tourism that takes place at Teotihuacan, to ensure the wellbeing of the site. The tourist still seeks what is authentic, and the actions taken by the indigenous will allow for Teotihuacan to once again be transformed ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 26.
  • 27. Essay On Teotihuacan Teotihuacan is an ancient mesoamerican city in Mexico. It is called "The City of Gods" and has very important civilizations in mesoamerica. The founders of the city is uncertain but archaeologists believe it was built by the Toltec people. The city was mostly ruins by the time the Aztecs took over. It is one of the most visited archeological spots in Mexico. The Fall of Teotihuacan was very sudden and was believed to be invaded by the spanish. When the Aztecs found Teotihuacan they believed that is where it all started they brought in some of their own religion. They saw it as the place the Gods sacrificed themselves for the world to be recreated. There are many ruins located in Teotihuacan. The Pyramid of the moon which had elevated platforms which most likely were used for human sacrifice and better viewing for the people on the floor to see. It was built for the Great Goddess of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In class we spoke about how the aztecs performed sacrifices with human hearts to the Gods so the sun would rise another day. Under this pyramid they found underground tunnels and rooms that were most likely used for rituals. "Gods then were 'fed' and 'nourished' with the sacrificed blood and flesh which ensured the continued balance and prosperity of Aztec society." (ancient.eu) By feeding the Sun God he would have enough power to raise the sun the next morning. Ceremonies were held in specific pyramids usually the largest. They placed whoever they were going to sacrifice on the stone and open their chest up right there and then and take out their heart. The heart was then placed on a stone vessel and burned for the God. The Temple of The Feathered Serpent is the Third largest ruin and hundreds of bodies were discovered under it. Most of the bodies found were male and buried with weapons. The temple being built in style of a serpent was probably a burial ground for warriors who fought for Teotihuacan and not against ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 28.
  • 29. Teotihuacan Art Although the Olmec, Teotihuacan and Post Classic are civilizations that are years apart from each other, many of their basic ideological concepts are extremely similar. Some scholars claim that the forms of the objects of visual culture remain constant with the passage of time, while the symbolism and ideology behind objects of visual culture are altered by the different civilizations that adopt the form and by the passage of time. Form and style are directly correlated, as the style being used to produce an object of visual culture will have an impact on its overall form and appearance. It is evident that each civilization had their own art style, therefore, making the form to vary throughout the different civilizations and time periods in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... While certain symbols and figures maintained the significance and meanings despite the passage of time, art styles utilized by the different Mesoamerican civilizations evolved with the passage of time. Having a unified system in which each of the figures possessed the same meanings and importance for each civilization, allowed for the emergence of an art style that could be easily understood and utilized by most. Before the Postclassical International system, there was not a unified art style used through Mesoamerica; this system was an expression of the unification among the dominant religious and political views at the time after the fall of Teotihuacan and before the rise of Tula (Kubler "Ecleticism" 172). Developing a unique, yet universal style was enabled by the similarities in the ideologies of the different Mesoamerican civilizations. Through repeated interaction, the symbols and styles merged. In order to create a system different cultures could understand and identify, the meaning attributed to each of the symbols had to be somewhat similar throughout the different regions. The merger could not have occurred if the symbolized used by the different population did not resemble each other. Due to their similarity, with repeated interaction the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 30.
  • 31. The Transformation Of A Golden Age When one civilization collapses, the next civilization inherits its accomplishments. In Mesoamerica, there were many civilizations that preceded the Aztecs. The Teotihuacans, Toltecs, Incas, Olmecs, and Mayans were various civilizations that occupied the region of Mexico prior to the Aztecs. Referring to the Teotihuacans, fertile land was most profitable for agricultural purposes. Thus, a period of economic prosperity resulted. Moreover, the Toltecs harvested obsidian as an export of trade which benefited the Toltec financial system. Henceforth, pre–Aztec civilizations exhibited qualities of a golden age. At first glance, a period of economic proliferation in pre–Aztec civilizations resulted in a golden age; however, due to impending economic turmoil, the Aztec civilization rose to power due to their authoritarian political regimes. Primarily, many pre–Aztec civilizations experienced a time of economic augmentation which caused an era of success; however, economic turmoil resulted in the downfall of these civilizations. For example, at the beginning of the sixth century, the Teotihuacans grew from a small settlement to a robust society. Inhabited by 1000 B.C., the Teotihuacan and Cuicuilco civilizations flourished. However, a disaster struck the civilization of Cuicuilco which resulted in the death of that civilization. Now, Teotihuacan would be able to grow and flourish into an enormous city. Furthermore, the Teotihuacan population was comprised of one–hundred fifty ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 32.
  • 33. Teotihuacan City Teotihuacan was a city that was carefully planned and designed by its founders by the use of a grid pattern. Each structure conformed to this grid and nearly every building was positioned east or west of the main street called the Avenue of the Dead which runs from the south end of the city to the base of the Cerro Gordo mountain in the north. The founders incorporated the Cerro Gordo mountain into the urban plan by aligning the Avenue with the mountain's peak because it was thought to provide the city with the waters that would keep them alive. The city was built on a mountain valley and it contained temples, pyramids, palaces, workshops, and thousands of residential compounds that each housed multiple families. Around 100 AD, the construction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... A building within the city that is located south of the Pyramid of the Sun holds an indication of how the founders of Teotihuacan would have built the city to align with Pleiades. A carving of a double circle on a cross was found on the stone floor of the building.The same symbol was found by the Teotihuacan Mapping Project workers on a rock three kilometres directly west of the building. The baseline from the first petroglyph to the second petroglyph has a bearing of 15 degrees north of west, making the baseline between the glyphs parallel to the east–west grid lines of the city and perpendicular to the north–south grid lines. The glyphs might have been used as survey markers to allow the builders to create an accurate sightline that would have assisted in the creation of the city and its alignment with the heavens. The Teotihuacan Mapping Project workers determined that the baseline is also likely to correspond with a specific celestial body that can be viewed along either direction when standing at either petroglyph. The location, elevation of the horizon, and the visible constellations were considered when determining which celestial body was Teotihuacan's inspiration. Few options fit the criteria, but Pleiades seemed the most logical because it passed directly above the city, it was a ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 34.
  • 35. Teotihuacan Research Paper JACKSONVILLE UNIVERSITY The Age of the Jaguar The Rise and Fall of Teotihuacan April Morton 3/5/2013 An essay on the art, architecture, and the rise and fall of the ancient Mesoamerican city of Teotihuacan Rising in Mexico around the year 150 of the common–era, an era experts call the 'Classic', Teotihuacan was one of the greatest and most powerful centers to rise in the history of the New World. At least 125,000 strong, Teotihuacan stood alongside its peers as a center of culture and industry. Despite its downfall, Teotihuacan stands today as a testament to true ambition and serves as a warning to those whom ambition corrupts. As many settlements have done before it, Teotihuacan originally began organically and included a great ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Upon its face, War Serpent headdresses rest upon the curving parabolas of a great Feathered Serpent, celebrating and commemorating a great god of war, and seeming to represent the potency and strength of the Teotihuacanos themselves. The temple rests within the arms of a large compound called the Ciudadela; a great fortress believed to have once been the dwelling place of a great ruler. Within the temple, excavators have found the remains of several bodies that appear to have been bound pre mortem – most likely victims of human sacrifice –– and were found wearing the remains of necklaces made of human and jade teeth; some of these necklaces even contained partial or whole human ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 36.
  • 37. Examples Of Social Stratification In Aztec Society Social Organization was a means by which Aztec society differentiates itself. Men were warriors and women were wives. This same system appears throughout Mesoamerica but the Aztec's version stands out. Male social stratification was enhanced through the capture of prisoners. One enemy warrior captured meant a warrior could paint his face in certain ways and could wear a certain type of loin cloth. The second capture meant more special clothing and accoutrements. The third meant that a warrior could now be a master of the youth which meant he could now drink and dance at certain festivals and oversee training young warriors. The fourth capture give the warrior a permanent seat at the warrior house as well as a special lip plug and headband with eagle feathers (Clendinnen. Warriors 114–115). Clearly social stratification and accomplishment as a warrior was marked to a large degree by vestments. This is only one aspect of social stratification within Aztec society. Aside from warriors men could also be priests and merchants. However, the entire society was still focused on competition and the warrior and in many cases the warriors and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In the late classic period at Maya cites like Uxmal, Coba and Chichen Itza it is very well known that the people worshipped the feathered serpent Quetzalcoatl (Evans 360). At Chichen Itza it would appear that the god Tlaloc makes an appearance. Tlaloc warfare was abundant in the southern lowlands and evidence of it can be found at Chichen Itza's temple of the warrior (Schele 365). Not only does this link the Maya and Chichen Itza to Tula and the Toltec but it also links them again back to Teotihuacan. Although worship in Maya states would have still revolved around sacrifice they did not take it to the extreme that the Aztecs eventually would. Even though the Maya were not as warlike and aggressive as the Aztec they still share a lineage back to the Toltec and Teotihuacano ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 38.
  • 39. Temple Of Quetzalcoatl Analysis The Temple of Quetzalcoatl is historically popular due to the lavish designs that surround its facades, especially one distinct figure: the feathered serpents. Feathered serpents are historically important to the Mayan culture (Taube). The serpent is known as a very important element in the Mayan war culture. Leaders and warriors have a feathered serpentine figure in their headdresses to signify the importance of war. According to anthropologists Caso and Bernal, the Teotihuacan feathered serpent is identified with a horizontally projecting nose with a slight upcurve at the end with slightly curving teeth resembling the teeth of Teotihuacan jaguars (Taube). The Old Temple, as it is also popularly referred to, is surrounded by tiers of feathered ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 40.
  • 41. Similarities Between Teotihuacan And Mayans The Maya empire was not ruled by a single king but was divided into several regions and controlled by many kings that fought and traded with each other. The Maya frequently cooperated with other societies in Central America such as the Teotihuacan. The Teotihuacan established themselves as a cultural center before expanding Mayan communities entered its region. The Teotihuacan were advancing the arts in architecture, ceramics, hieroglyphics and art long before developing Mayan relations but finding Teotihuacan art in Mayan excavation sites clearly establishes a connection between these two cultures. Many archeologists debate about how the Maya and Teotihuacan cultures artistic expressions became blended. There are two central hypotheses; was ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 42.
  • 43. Essay on Teotihuacan Teotihuacan The ancient world of Mesoamerica entered a long period of change that soon led to the development a mammoth city that would serve as a regional center for more than 600 years. Beginning in about 1000 B.C. the majority of the people in the Valley of Mexico relocated to one of two primary sites, that of Cuicuilco in the southwest corner and Teotihuacan in the northeast. By about 300 B.C., Cuicuilco dominated the region, but its heyday would soon diminish. (Sabloff 2000, p 60) For the next two hundred years the dominion would begin to shift towards the side of Teotihuacan, a city that would undergo rapid growth never seen before on such a large scale. This was in part due to final demise of Cuicuilco influence from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... (Sabloff 1981, p222) Even though Teotihuacan has made such a lasting impact on all those who marvel at its grandeur and scale over the past two thousand years, this site in still far from understood. There are many mysteries surrounding this area even after decades of excavations and research. Archaeologists and anthropologists alike struggle to gain a clearer picture of this great Mesoamerican city, although continuing work at the site has provided a wealth of information about the region, occupants, and lifestyles of those who were touched by it. The location of this great metropolis is a subvalley of the Valley of Mexico. In its northwestern region, the area it occupies is considered to be a highly strategic because it controls access to the valley. This proved to be quite beneficial for aiding and accelerating the development of the Teotihuacan culture. The valley of Mexico is home to obsidian sources, permanent springs, lake systems, irrigable agricultural lands, deposits of salt and limestone, the later was extremely important for construction of the majority of the structures found at this site. Beginning in the early 1960's, the Mexican government's National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) launched an excavation project along the "Street of the Dead". Their labors were fruitful and provided a sturdy foundation on which future anthropologists could base ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 44.
  • 45. Teotihuacan Textual Analysis Often when studying history we encounter a paradigm of thinking that explicitly emphasizes the importance of written history above all else. In art history however, we are struck with the issue of navigating this paradigm in a field of study that sometimes only has visual culture for us to reference. Because of this, it often becomes a challenge to incorporate this visual evidence with a written record, whether it be another culture's record or a written record that isn't inherently "written". And when it comes to examining the visual culture of Post–Classic Mexico, both of these are the case. With Mixtec and Aztec codices made entirely of pictographs and glyphs, we are forced to consider colonial hybrid documents in addition to these glyphs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... One of the most prominent examples of this is the debate surrounding the Great Goddess of Teotihuacan which can be seen in Figure 2. With a lack of textual evidence to help understand this deity's gender or potential role in Teotihuacan culture, we as historians are forced to make assumptions often relying "on modern, Western stereotypes of femininity and masculinity" (Mandell, 29). As seen in Elisa C. Mandell's article "A New Analysis of the Gender Attribution of the "Great Goddess" of Teotihuacan" from Ancient Mesoamerica, the depiction of the Great Goddess is complicated due to a lack of obvious primary or secondary sexual organs (Mandell, 30). Because of this, analysis of the deity's gender must be based upon more subjective elements such as clothing and ceremonial dress. However, unlike the Aztec, we have no textual evidence like codices or colonial hybrid documents to designate gendered clothing or depictions in Teotihuacan culture. We cannot even assume the deity's gender from Post–classic text as it can easily be misinterpreted like the initial theory that the Great Goddess represents the rain god Tlaloc. Whereas in the post– classic period we can look at at statue of Coatlicue and connect her skirt of snakes to the textual depiction of her image, we have no basis of comparison to identify or gender the Great Goddess. And while Mendell's argument for the female gender of the Great Goddess remains sound, she is forced to draw from a variety of complex representations of Teotihuacan art and iconography such as sculpture, bowls, and murals that lack a direct translation and association which inherently leaves room ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 46.
  • 47. Incas Versus The Aztecs And Mayans Essay Incas versus the Aztecs and Mayans The incas rose in 1438, they fell in 1533. They suffered the attacks of Spanish conquerors such as Spaniard Francisco Pizarro (1475–1541) and the spread of small box. At the peak of power the civilization extended 4,000 km (2,500 miles) and included 16 million people. They were extremely advanced, had an army, laws, roads, bridges, and tunnels. Inca's were the most advanced civilization because of their government, agriculture, architecture and technology compared to the Aztecs and Mayans. There are many aspects to the government hierarchy. The Inca government at Cuzco maintained a strong military and passed laws to create official customs, an official language, and calendar. They had a government that established law. "The Inca government was called the Tawantinsuyu. It was a monarchy ruled by a single leader called the Sapa Inca." His principal wife (queen) was called the coya. "The Sapa Inca were several officers who helped to rule the empire. High ranking officials were often relatives of the emperor and were always part of the Inca class." They had seven different levels of officers helping rule. Viceroy also known as the Inkap Rantin who worked as the advisor and was a close relative. High priest also known as the Willaq Umu he was the second in power. Governs of a Quarter also known as an Apu and they govern their quarter of the Empire. There are others like the council of realm, the inspectors, the military generals and the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 48.
  • 49. City Of The Sun And Moon HI–107 11/4/16 Teotihuacan City of the gods, temple of the sun and moon, these names sound like places out of an Indiana Jones movie, however the idea had to come from some place. That place is the ancient city of Teotihuacan, Mexico. Teotihuacan is found north–east of Mexico City in the flat plain lands of the Mexican valley . Named by the Aztecs who found the abandoned city, they marveled at the massive scale of the buildings and the city itself. The only reasonable explanation the Aztecs could provide was that gods had made the city. Little did they know that Teotihuacan was a bustling city that was around from about 150b.c.–750a.d., and a population as high as 200,000 .Teotihuacan is massive in scale for the ancient world, dispersed over an area of approximately 20 square kilometers. This ancient place is a perfect example of a city, it has a high population, a well thought out street system, early factories, and massive temples which towered over the land scape. The architecture and general environment set Teotihuacan apart as at least the crown jewel of Mesoamerica. The general lay out of the city was a grid with a massive central avenue know as the "street of the dead". Located on this avenue were 3 other massive structures the temple of the moon, temple of the sun, and the Ciudadela. Surrounding these major structures was "As many as 2,000 compounds... with each compound consisting of multiple courtyards surrounded by single–story, interconnected rooms that housed ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 50.
  • 51. Similarities Between Mayans And Mayan Civilizations The Maya city state of Tikal and Teotihuacan were two of indigenous civilizations during the early Classic period (A.D. 250–450) and late classic period (A.D. 450–900) history of these tribes dating back to the 3rd century. As a result, of both tribes established a civilization around the same century. They both happen to share a verity of similar societal characteristics those being: economic trade, design pyramids for the gods, a fascination with astrology, ritual calendar system, religious ceremonies, temple and home architecture, agriculture, similar art material used to make sculptures, pottery, and complex social hierarchy system. In fact, economic trade was an important part of daily life for the Maya and city of Teotihuacan. A clear similarity was the products both cultures traded amongst each other. The popular items both civilizations would trade would be cacao seeds, corn, clothing, pottery, salt, and obsidian tools. Strangely enough even though gold was a resource in those times both empires did not use it as a form of currency when trade occurred preferably they used cacao seeds (chocolate) a drink that meant nobility. In the same way, trade built networking connections so did religion. Religion is seen as the foundation revolving around both civilizations daily lives both the Mayan people and Teotihuacan believed in a higher power the sun god Kinich Ahau (Maya) and Quetzalcóatl (Teotihuacan). Furthermore, both gods had been publicly praised all over ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 52.
  • 53. The Aztec Empire Arose In The Valley Of Mexico 1. The Aztec empire arose in the Valley of Mexico, a fertile area nearly 8,00 feet above sea level. The Aztec Empire was located in present day central Mexico. This area was a fertile valley surrounding a lake. 2. The Teotihuacans built an enormous city and great buildings. The toltecs are known for large pyramids topped with temples. 3. The Aztecs arrived in the valley of Mexico as a nomadic band of hunters and gatherers and began working as mercenaries. As they settled into the valley, they began to be influenced by the Teotihuacans and Toltecs. They made pilgrimages to the ruins of Teotihuacan, adopted Teotihuacan gods, and married into the Toltec royal family. The Aztecs built the city of Tenochititlan and formed alliances. They began ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 54.
  • 55. Bribri And Kokogi Summary The Bribri civilization of Costa Rica/Panama and the Kogi civilization of Colombia were believed to be a secondary area to the Mesoamerican and South American civilizations. However, differences began to surface that distinguished the Bribri and the Kogi from civilizations of Mesoamerica. They formed part of the Isthmo Colombian Area, therefore similarities were expected to exist between the Bribri and the Kogi. These similarities were understood through the rituals that the Bribri and Kogi practiced. Nevertheless, there are a few links that tie the Bribri and the Kogi civilization back to the Mesoamerican civilization. The Bribri and the Kogi share similar rituals despite belonging to different descendent cultures. First, the Bribri and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... A sacred crop that created and nourished human life. Another similarity between the civilizations of the Isthmo Colombian Area and the Mesoamerican civilization is the concept of primordial time. In the case Bribri when the shaman was conducting the healing ceremony he had to wait until night in order strengthen memories of generations of shaman masters. The day was dedicated to daily activities. We see primordial time through the change of day and night. The night takes the shaman back into the memories of previous generations. Similarly, we see this in the Maya a Mesoamerican civilization. In the case of the Maya we see how time never occurs in a linear matter in the origin ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 56.
  • 57. The Seated Deity With Glyph C Headdress Throughout Mesoamerica, we've noticed a common thread throughout the various civilizations; which include; divine kingship, common deities, and similar rituals. But two of these civilizations stand apart from the others because of their divergent way of living. The Zapotec civilization was located in Monte Alban celebrated death by generating elaborate burial sites; by creating immense wall motifs and placing countless amounts of detailed censers in the likeness of the departed, for example the Seated Deity with Glyph C Headdress. For the inhabitants of Teotihuacan, unity was a major part of living, which is clearly depicted in their living compounds. In every living compound there was an open courtyard where the multiple families living there would practice rituals and socialize with one another. Every courtyard held a ceramic depiction of a deity who they would worship, for instance, the Censer would be an illustration of this. Both the Seated Deity with Glyph C Headdress and the Censer may appear similar in medium, but are of great contrast in technique and subject matter. Both of these pieces are created from the same medium, which in this case they are both made out of clay, yet they differ in color the Seated Deity has more are muggish gray tone. As for the Censer, even though it is made out of clay, it is not hard to take note of the color residue that was once a vibrant green and yellow. In fact the shade of yellow still remains vibrant, which overshadows the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 58.
  • 59. Teotihuacan Case Study Most people refer to the buildings in the city of Teotihuacan as apartment compounds. This is because there are close to 2,000 compounds in the city that vary in social status and size. Among all the structures in the city, the three pyramids on the Avenue of the Dead, the Pyramid of the Moon, the pyramid of the Sun and the Temple of the Feathered Serpent stands out. Typical features of the side include single –storey structures and elevated base with steps, plus talud–tablero sloping support walls that appears in every religious building in Mesoamerica. For example: Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Palenque, Chiapas; and etc. The Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon were built for Tlaloc (god of rain and fertility), Chalchiuhtlicue (goddess ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 60.
  • 61. Comparing the Teotihucans and the Sumerians Essay Comparing the Teotihucans and the Sumerians Written language was an important milestone in human history. It enabled the recording of history, dreams and tragedy. It allowed for commercial and historical record keeping. It allowed human beings to imprint thoughts on paper, for sharing, later review or just for fun. What about societies that never developed a written language? Could such a society rival one with that has? When advances of Sumerian city–states are compared to that of Teotihuacan there are a few instances where the Mesoamerican city appears to be more advanced. However, if ranked these appearances do not place Teotihuacan ahead of any one of Sumer's Mesopotamian city–states. The formations of Sumerian city–states ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Within these huge stepped "cities within cities (49). an entire workforce was busy with the affairs of civilization (49). Field workers would farm temple lands to provide for the massive amounts of food that was distributed. In Lagash for example, food was prepared for 1200 people on a daily basis (49). Though the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon in Teotihuacan were not as elaborate as Sumerian Ziggurats, each civilization shared a "Cosmo– magical" characteristic. In Sumer, royal burial sites were so elaborate, that only specialized artisans could possibly have constructed them. According to the text, arches, vaults and domes were new levels of architecture found in burial tombs of the elite. In addition, elaborate funeral objects of gold and silver were also found with the dead. Sumerian arts and inventions flourished. The wheel itself, which led to the potters wheel and wagon wheels, were apparently invented in Sumer. (49). This lent sophistication to pottery and increased efficiency to farming. The Bronze Age found its origins in Sumerian civilization, which put metal tips on hoes, axes, arrowheads, daggers and many other tools. In Teotihuacan however, the economy " thrived on agriculture, craftwork, and trade in ceramics and quarried obsidian. " (98) There was no evidence in the text or lecture notes that they had achieved the amenities of the Bronze age. However, ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 62.
  • 63. Olmec Vs Teotihuacan Culture Analysis A common element found within the cultures of Mesoamerica was the way they expressed themselves, "primarily in oral modes of expression... and mute texts" (Carrasco, 47). This was observed in the Olmec and Teotihuacan culture. Although, the Olmec culture was from formative Mesoamerica and the Teotihuacan culture was from contemporary Mesoamerica there were noticeable similarities and differences between the two cultures. Evidence of influence and continuity was found linking the Olmec and Teotihuacan culture. The Olmec and the Teotihuacan are from different time periods but they share similarities. One similarity is their views of cosmogonies. Richard Diehli author of The Olmecs: America's first civilization, explains the significance of caves in the Olmec cosmogony. Diehli ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... This explains why there are sculptured scenes of people emerging from caves. This cosmogony does not pertain only to the Olmec but also to Teotihuacan and "later pan–Mesoamerican" (Diehli, 134). But it is not limited to just caves scholars have suggested that pyramids and mountains are symbols associated with birth, origins, and celestial realms. In Teotihuacan we see caves, pyramids, and mountains all of which have a kind of god or goddess illustrating birth and origins. Another similarity found between the Olmec and Teotihuacan were the rituals although each had a distinct form of religion there were noticeable rituals that were common between the two. Two common rituals found between the two were sacrifices and bloodletting. Reilly explains that blood "was a magical substance opening the portal between the natural and supernatural cosmic ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 64.
  • 65. Teotihuacan Civilization Cities, central government, writing and record keeping, highly organized religion, specialized workers, social classes, and complex technologies are all words to describe a civilization. Mesopotamia, Teotihuacán, and Olmec have the properties needed to be considered a civilization. Mesopotamia is divided into city–states (Conlin et al., 2017). Eridu, Uruk, and Babylon were a few cities located in Mesopotamia (ibid). Ziggurats and temples were important buildings in Mesopotamia; as they were used for religious purposes (ibid). The olmecs had two main cities: La Venta and San Lorenzo (Azad et al., 2017). San Lorenzo was the oldest of the two cities (ibid). La Venta was smaller than San Lorenzo and was known for their basalt statues (ibid). Each city was ran by their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... How high up you were on the social class pyramid determined your wealth (Conlin et al., 2017). The higher up you were, the wealthier you were (ibid). The social class pyramids for Mesopotamia and Teotihuacán were the same. Farmers, slaves, and servants were on the bottom, scribes, merchants, and artisans were next, government officials and priests were after that, and Kings were at the top (Conlin et al., 2017). Women and men both played a part in society, though men were respected more (ibid). Mesopotamia had several complex technologies including the wheel, chariot, and sailboat (Conlin et al., 2017). Mesopotamia was known for using bronze to make tools and weapons (ibid). Mesopotamia had several different buildings including ziggurats, temples, and pyramids (ibid). Teotihuacán was not as technologically advanced as Mesopotamia, but still had some complex technologies. They had murals that represented different aspects of religion (Jarus, Owen). They had ziggurats, temples, and pyramids just like Mesopotamia (ibid). Research shows that Teotihuacán didn't make wheels, nor did they use metal ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 66.
  • 67. Why Is Teotihuacan Alive? Located in a valley in central Mexico, lies one of the world's most spectacular archaeological sites named Teotihuacan. Teotihuacan is the largest ancient city in the new world. This ancient city is said to have begun around 200 B.C. It is enormous covering about eight square miles. The city is organized in a grid style focused around three main monuments. Around these structures were homes for the mass population that lived there. These homes were laid out in a grid like fashion that could be compared to an apartment complex. The grid system for its time was a complex organized system, this showed the social control Teotihuacan had. In the middle of Teotihuacan is the avenue of the dead which divides the city. The avenue of the dead runs ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 68.
  • 69. Teotihuacan Pyramids Teotihuacan emerged immediately after the fall of Olmec back in the 150 BCE and existed until 750 CE. Teotihuacan, "the place where the gods were created," is located in the central section of the Valley of Teotihuacan. The Valley is located in the Northeast of the Basin of Mexico. During 150 BCE, and 450 CE it was regarded as the greatest and largest pre–Columbian city. The city had three main pyramids called "Pyramid of the Sun," "Pyramid of the Moon," and the "Feathered Serpent Pyramid." The central axis that connected three of them is the Avenue of the Dead. Pyramid of the Sun is the largest structure in Teotihuacan, Mexico. The monument is 206 feet tall and 705 feet square. The Sun Pyramid is located at its middle. It is built in a city where over 100,000 people lived before 700 CE. Over half of the total population indulged in farming, the people worked on the agricultural lands surrounding the city. The Teotihuacan was a civilized city that was erected by stones and was facing apparently all the four compass directions; East, West, North, and South. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The primary structures were located on the central road referred to us dead. The structures and streets were designed in a way that vividly resembled the natural landscape with beautiful mountains and valley. The art masterpiece was calculated, designed and put into the land that long–lasting mark is phenomenal. The Pyramid was built to have its grand stairway faced westward. This was planned for the usage of the Pyramid. It faces to the Sun when it sets. People resided in traditional wooden houses, other high–status people, both religious and political leaders lived in well–built stone houses that were smartly decorated, and even with better drainage ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 70.
  • 71. Teotihuacan Research Paper The Teotihuacan According to Feder, K (2013) the name Teotihuacan (Place where men become Gods) was derived from the Aztecs. The Teotihuacan was the largest pre–Columbian city in the Americas in the first half of the first millennium C.E. Till this day no one knows for sure who the Teotihuacan really were. The city was also the center of a major civilization which bears its name, and its influence throughout Mesoamerica. The city flourished between 2,100 years ago, when construction began, and about 1,400 years ago. According to Vance, E. (2014) in his article Gods of Blood & Stone, "The Teotihuacan was an extensive empire that predates all the highland civilizations in the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 73. The Most Powerful And Largest Cities Of Mesoamerica During its reign, Teotihuacan was considered amongst the most powerful and largest cities in Mesoamerica. Teotihuacan, referred to as the same name as the valley it was located within, would go on to extend its rich culture and history from between 150 B.C.E. throughout Mesoamerica 's Golden Age. Some of the most influential aspects of this great city would extend from other well known civilizations, the Maya and Aztec people for example, during their respective governing periods. As of the most current standing, the original name remains undecipherable in the surviving glyphs recovered at sites. Much in the same way, the initial cause of collapse for this once awesome metropolis is merely speculative through what clues have been saved from a socialistic destruction. Commonly thought to have been formed at about 150 B.C.E. and 200 C.E., the city maintained a steady provision of nearby resources, such as spring water channeled through irrigation techniques and valuable obsidian deposits. The obsidian made use in manufacturing weapon heads, which in turn provided as an excellent trade. Of course, other goods circulated throughout, including cotton, salt, cacao, feathers and numerous cultivated foods that the people cultivated by means of the raised flooded fields (Cartwright, Mark, 2015). Aside from growing sources of sustenance, remains tested for other dietary intake of dogs and poultry as well as wild insects, frogs and fish. Although an a key note on recreating an ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 74.
  • 75. Teotihuacan Thesis In this article, Sarah C. Clayton examines the gender roles and ideologies in ancient Teotihuacan. Stated in her thesis, this work will provide for a better understanding of social organization and diversity. Anthropologists separate gender (cultural) with sex (biological). For example, there were differences in different places in Teotihuacan, were the "mainstream" society had males with a higher power than females, and in Tlailotlacan, there were equal social status. People were buried underneath the apartment compounds, where archeologists examine the gender and the age and if social status may intersect with gender. Burial brings are essential information to gender roles, as Clayton views different numerical data. The author went more in ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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  • 77. Analysis: What Happened To The Mayans I want to Find out what happened to the Mayans. The mystery of where the Mayans disappeared to still remains unsolved to this day. Many researchers have tried for several years to figure out where they went since they all disappeared. The Mayans disappeared hundreds of years ago with barely any clue as to where they went. To find the Mayans i would have to become an expert on their culture and history. I would have to travel to Central America to the place where their civilization began and follow the signs as to how the became the way they did when they disappeared and figure out what made them disappear. I would also have to find out where they most likely would have gone based on their previous civilizations.If I were to find out what happened ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... I would like to do this because people in Mexico have a different perception of death than the rest of the world does. In Mexico they celebrate death and welcome it, they are not afraid of death. Dia de los Muertos celebrations are usually the night or day before halloween. They spend 2 days celebrating the lives of loved ones they lost.This is important to me because I have always found it interesting to experience different cultures. To accomplish this all i would have to do it go to mexico city the week before the celebration and observe the celebration and maybe join in a celebration. To accomplish this would be great because before I die I want to experience as much of the world as I can. I want to have a conversation in France with someone in French. Doing this is going to help me with my language skills and to give me a different cultural experience from one of the most visited places in the world. To be able to do this would mean a lot to me. I really want to expand my travel of the world and be able to experience the most I can. In the future I hope i will be able to do this. One of my dreams is to become fluent in several languages so doing this would make me very happy. From this experience I would gain the experience I need to be able to become fluent in ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...