The Four Stages Of The Four Theories Of Human Development

The Four Stages Of The Four Theories Of Human Development
There are four major theories of the Human Development. The first one being Psychoanalytic
theory. Freud and Erikson, were the ones that helped create it by using two different theories. Freud
came up with psychosexual theory which is proposing that sexual desire is driving force behind
development. There was total of five stages from infancy, toddlerhood, early childhood, middle
childhood and adolescence. With these stages, it calorized them into what they are growing up.
Erikson had a total of eight stages that dealt with the mind and behavior aspect. With these eight
stages, a developments forms from infancy to all the way to late adulthood. An example would be a
girl at age of 8 saw her parents get divorced having that event in her life made her think
relationships for wont work like her parents did. The second one is Behaviorism, the three main
creators of it was J Watson, I Povlor and B F Skinner. Behaviorism is learning and finding out
methods of patterns of how to act or apply to everyday life by learning a behavior or consequence
from wrong and right of a behavior. An example would be, A parent and a kid going to a store. The
kid is balling out crying screaming not getting a toy or type of food they want. For that to stop you
offer them a candy bar before checking out which makes the crying stop. Doing a behavior like this
will give outcome no crying gets a kid a candy bar. Later, the bad behavior turns good because the
kids are no longer crying due reward at
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The Four Stages Of Piaget's Development Theory
Piaget's Development Theory consists of four stages that that every human goes through from birth
to adulthood. The four stages include: the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete
operational stage, and formal operational stage. The sensorimotor stage begins at birth and usually
lasts up to two years of age. At this stage infants begin to participate and discover different sounds,
see and touch their surroundings and various objects that catch their attention. By one month, an
infant has learned reflexes such as to suck and grasp for nutrition (Santrock 178). By 18 to 24
months of age an infant masters object permanence, where the infant comes to find out that even
though an object may be hidden behind another or disappears, they will continue to search because
of their understanding that the object continues to exist despite not being visible (Santrock 179).
The preoperational stage occurs from ages two to seven years of age where children begin to
demonstrate their emotions and thoughts through words and drawings. "In the elementary school
years, a child's drawings become more realistic, neat, and precise. Suns are yellow, skies are blue,
and cars travel on roads" (Santrock 183). At this stage children, do not possess the ability to
understand conservation. Instead they focus their attention on only one detail of a situation, this
termed centration.
The concrete operational stage involves children from ages seven to eleven years of age. At this
stage children begin to logically think and organize based off detail. Children begin to demonstrate
seriation, which involves being able to organize based off "quantitative dimension" such as length
(Santrock 185). An example being having a teacher instruct his or her students to organize wooden
sticks by length.
Formal operational stage starts from ages eleven to fifteen years of age. The final stage of Piaget's
stages involves teens being able to think and form abstract and critical thinking. "They use
hypothetical–deductive reasoning–that is, they develop hypotheses, or best guesses, and
systematically deduce which is the best path to follow in solving the problem" (Santrock 186). As
adolescence comes around, thoughts of egocentrism begin to

Stages Of Jean Piaget's Theory Of Cognitive Development
Reversibility – Jean Piaget Overview: Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive
development, believed that children between the ages of seven and twelve, i.e. the concrete
operational stage, begin to understand the concepts of reversibility, which is one of the important
processes for logical thinking of conservation, besides classification and seriation. Reversibility is
the ability to think about steps on any certain action and being able to mentally reverse the steps to
return to the starting point (Woolfolk & Margetts, 2016). Children recognise that numbers, objects
or events can be reversed, i.e, changed and returned to original condition. Inductive reasoning is
incorporated by solving problems involving concrete objects and materials in the early stages of
concrete operational level and build on towards deductive reasoning in the later stage. Reversibility
is involved at all developmental stages of Piagetian theory. Reversibility plays an significant role in
developing knowledge connected to the curriculum areas like Mathematics and Science. For
example, investigating the connection between addition and multiplication; subtraction and division;
fractions, decimals and percentages, and demonstrating it using concrete materials provides students
with a significant opportunity to put the concept of reversibility in action. At the concrete
operational stage, the child is able to think through a series of steps and mentally reverse the steps to
return to the

Piaget 's Theory On Stages Of Developmental Psychology
Rebecca Biddle
Mrs. Rufino
English 101
9 December, 2015
Piaget Today
"Child development does not mean developing your child into the person you think they should be,
but helping them develop into the best person they are meant to be."
― Toni Sorenson
Jean Piaget was a leader in the field of developmental psychology, the study of how people grow.
Instead of continuing the Freud 's work with psychoanalysis, as many psychologists and
philosophers did at the time, Piaget stayed "closer to his teacher Pierre Janet 's psychology" (Vidal)
Best known for his theory on stages of cognitive development, Piaget was a great innovator and set
up the foundation for today's psychology and education.
Working with children from the early 1920s to the late 1970s, Piaget discovered that there are four
stages of mental development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal
operations ("Jean Piaget"). Each stage is defined by what a child is or is not able to do, as well as
specific milestone accomplishments. Beginning at the sensorimotor stage, the focus of cognitive
development for children from birth to age 2 is to "distinguish themselves from the objects around
them." The main accomplishment of this stage is for the child to develop object constancy. When
first born, children are unable to recognize or understand that when an object is not in sight, it still
exists (TB.) This is what makes playing peek–a–boo with very young children so effective; once the
person's face

Critically Evaluate Piaget 's Stage Theory Of Cognitive...
Critically evaluate Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development
Jean Piaget's (1896–1980) theory of cognitive development is considered of significant importance
and use, so much so, there has been considerable research to test his theories, but also, to refute his
claims. Despite numerous objections to Piaget's findings, I will maintain that Piaget's stage theory of
cognitive development is continuously influential in contemporary psychology. I will briefly outline
and explain Piaget's four stages and due to the number of evaluations, I will provide some of the
substantial critics of Piaget's and consider whether they were successful in their disputes.
Stage 1 Sensorimotor (Birth– 2 years old) During this stage the baby is ... Show more content on
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These children now claim there are more counters in the expanded row. This suggested for Piaget
the child's thinking is dominated by surface appearances.
Concrete Operations (7 to 12 years) Children in this stage can follow principles if it is not imagined
or hypothetical problems– the term "concrete" is used to mean "real or tangible", so the child can
produce logical thoughts, so long as the problem is concrete, Mitchell, P, & Ziegler (2012). Thus,
the child can now determine the correct conserving judgements, while also providing reasoning,
suggesting they are using logical principles. This child has a different and better understanding of
things, but cannot deal with problems not in reality.
Formal Operations (12 and onwards) Piaget uses "formal" to mean systematic reasoning about
things that can take a hypothetical form. For instance, they can now mentally manipulate the
symbols in a way that is formal and logical. For instance, if x is bigger than y and x is smaller than
z, than the smallest must be y. This type of systematic reasoning is best exemplified in science,
which Piaget thought as preeminent.
If Piaget was correct and infants are ignorant of stable permanence, then they would have no
concept of size constancy, Bower (1965). Bower proposed a task where he trained 1 and 2–month–
old babies to move their head when he showed them a box of a specific size– achieved through
positive

The Eight Crisis Stages Of Erik Erikson Development Theory
A "theory" is defined by "an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that help to explain phenomena and
facilitate predictions." With development "the series of age–related changes that happen over the
course of a life span which theorist observe these developments as a series of stages during which
individuals displays qualities of behavior patterns." There are five theoretical orientation to
development such as "psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral and social cognitive, ethological, and
ecological." It is a fact that these developmental theories don't typically agree with one another so
for the purpose of this research I will focus on four of the eight crisis stages of Erik Erikson
development theory and a psychosocial theorists and Lev Vygotsky development theory as a
sociocultural theorist focusing on the concept of "zone of proximal development and scaffolding."
Both although from different times in history shared similar ideas in terms of child development.
Psychologist Erik Erikson was born in Frankfurt Germany on June 15th of 1902 and died in
Harwich Massachusetts on May 12th 1994 as one of the more influential figures in child
developmental theories. Mister Erikson was heavily influenced by the work of the "famous
psychoanalytic theorist Sigmund Freud" however influence did not stop him from the belief that
Freud 's theory misjudged important dimensions of the human development (Santrock, 2012).
Erikson 's theory on psychosocial development, explains "how we

Four Stages Of Piaget : Theory Of Cognitive Development
Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development
What I got from reading his theory/approach was that Piaget wanted to see what children progress
was through his four stages. The four stages are Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 years old),
Preoperational stage (ages 2 to 4), Concrete operations (ages 7 to 11), and Formal operations
(beginning at ages 11 to 15). The whole propose was to see how children thought and ways they
learned. What he wanted to see or observe was the stage a child go through the ins and outs of an
infant to a child. He wanted to know how each child learned individual and the way there minds
solved problems. He was learn how a child can grow based on biological and environmental factors.
See a child learn through many factors and through many experiences as well. He also figured out
that children learn by seeing the physical knowledge by what they interact with such as people,
situations and objects.
Lev Vygotsky: Sociocultural Theory of Development After I read Lev Vygotsky: Sociocultural
Theory of Development what I got from reading it is that he believed that teachers and parents was
the ones responsible for teaching children and developing them to a higher functions. I also got from
reading his theory was that he wanted children to be engaged in their own learning and education as
well. I also read that Vygotsky though that learning had a way of interacting with other people as
well. He had a technique called Scaffolding and which was children been guided through there
learning. I think he felt that children can use their language skills to help them solve problems as
well as communicate and understand new things in a way. I totally agree with him that children
learn well in an environment where it is other kids are at.
High Scope
I know somewhat a lot on what high scope is because they use it at the program I work at. High
scope is an educational approach or active participatory learning. Which mean that children have
different hand on activities or experiences with objects, events, or ideas. They use this for our
infant–toddler care program as well with the preschoolers. With high scope the teacher and student
works together to give the child the best learning experience.
Creative Curriculum

Reflection Of The Five Psychoosexual Stages Of Personality...
Attending the psychology lecture has been an interesting experience for me, which I learn about
different psychological theories explaining how our behaviors and thoughts are changing by the
surrounding stimuli and factors. While I attain the theoretical knowledge, I also understand the
important to convert this knowledge into daily applications. Among the theories I have learnt in the
lesson, I found the psychoanalytic framework of Sigmund Freud is more appealing to me as I can
somehow relate it to myself and the psychological development of my little brother. Moreover, it
seems a more controversial theory when compare to other psychology perspective.
As Sigmund Freud suggested, every mature individual has a personality structure with three ... Show
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It included oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital in which I want to focus on the latency stage
which suggest to be develop between six to twelve years old of a child and it matches the age period
of my little brother. My brother is an eleven years old student who is now studying primary six. As
he is about to become a secondary school student, I observe that his behaviors are changing
gradually. When he was about to have an exam at school, he used to choose play over study and
watch TV until our mother stared scolding him. Surprisingly, during the exam period last month, he
started to revise earlier than usually without mother telling him to do so. Besides, he started to show
empathy to others, and more often to lend a hand to people who are in need, for example giving seat
to the needy in public transport and participating in different volunteering work. It is kind of a
familiar screen to my childhood as our mother taught us both to be a helpful person. The first
example about revision shows that my brother starts to have a stronger self–control over his own
desire which is playing computer games and watching TV. This indicate the development of

Stages Of Psychosocial Theory: Trust Vs. Mistrust
Psychosocial Stage 1 – Trust vs. Mistrust The first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial
development take place between birth and one year of age and is the most important stage in life. As
an infant is very much dependent, the development of trust is constructed on the dependability and
quality of the child's caregivers. At this time in development, the child is totally depending upon
adult caregiver for everything such as food, love, safety, nurturing, and everything. If a child
positively develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. But, if a caregiver neglects
or fails to provide adequate care and love, the child will come to the sense that he or she cannot trust
or rely upon the adults in his or her life. Failure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shame and Doubt The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development happens
during early childhood and is centred on children developing a greater common sense of personal
control. At this stage of development, children begin to gain a little bit of independence. They are
beginning to carry out basic actions on their own and coming up with simple decisions about what
they prefer. By giving chances for children to make choices and gain control, caregivers can help
children cultivate a sense of autonomy. Like Freud, Erikson assumed that toilet training was an
important part of this process. Yet, Erikson's way of thinking was rather different than Freud's.
Erikson believed that ability to control one's bodily functions indicates to a feeling of control and a
sense of independence. Other significant events involve gaining control over food choices and
clothing selection. Children who do well to complete this stage will feel secure and confident,
whereas those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy, shame and self–doubt. Erikson
believed that reaching a balance between both autonomy and shame and doubt would develop the
virtue of will, which is the belief that children can act with intention, within reason and

The Stages Of Piaget 's Development Theory
This essay is concerned with the Concrete Operational Stage of Piaget's development theory, which
he described as "a major turning point in a child's cognitive development as it is the beginning of
logical thought processes" (Piaget, 1954). This typically occurs between seven and eleven years of
age. It will describe the developmental tests used to evidence development and evaluate the
strengths and weakness of the theory in relation to the stage and tests used. During this stage,
children develop and are able to use logical reasoning as long as it can be applied to concrete and
specific examples they are familiar with, such as their own experiences and people, places and
objects they know and have experienced however, abstract thought and "what if" scenarios are still
beyond their thinking. They are able to understand conservation, which Mcleod.S.A (2010) defines
as understanding that something remains the same even though its appearance changes, which
coincides with the development of reversibility and knowing that numbers/object appearances can
be changed and then returned to their original condition with no lasting effects. It is a mental process
which allows the reversal of a chain of events or restoration of a changed state to original condition
(Piaget,J & Inhelder,B. 1956). Their classification skills increase allowing objects to be grouped by
mass, weight, height and colour and class inclusion develops, enabling the child to further separate
the classified groups of

Erik Erison's Theory Of Developmental Stages
Erik Erikson's Theory of Developmental Stages
Erik Erikson was born to a Danish mother in Frankfurt, Germany in 1902. He was raised by his
biological mother and his stepfather. Erik Erikson grew up never knowing his biological father and
this perhaps this was the reason why he started to research psychological development (Thomas,
2015). In the early 1900's, Erik Erikson started to study theories on human behavior such as the
research of Id, Ego and Super Ego, which was Sigmund Freud's findings. Later on Erik Erison
would veer off of Freud's findings about biological instincts, and go on to research that "social
interactions are what drives us"(Thomas, 2015) into becoming mature adults with a sense of
accomplished identity.
Erikson found that each stage of development occurs and is a building block for the next stage of
development. Out of eight distinctly defined stages of development, five stages happen before the
age of 18. "Erikson assumes that a crisis occurs at each stage of development"
(Simplypsychology.org). If one stage of development is hindered, the next stage is likely to falter,
resulting in major difficulties later in life. Erikson emphasizes that much of the psychological
development in one's life occurs during adolescents, and that personality is greatly shaped through
the social experiences that occur during that time.
The first developmental stage of a person that Erikson identified was "Trust vs. Mistrust" (Myers &
DeWall, 2014). This stage occurs from

Jung's Phychosocial Development Theory: Jung And The...
Identity consists of three basic elements which are the "Ego", the "personal unconscious", and the
"collective unconscious" (Boeree, 2006). For Jung, the ego is the conscious part of the mind that
forms all the unrepressed perceptions, thoughts, feeling and memories. While the personal
unconscious includes the repressed materials and the unconscious facts that can easily come to
mind, these unconscious facts might be at some occasions conscious (ibid.). Both the ego and the
personal unconscious are originated after birth. However, the collective unconscious or what Jang
called "psychic inheritance" is inherited and born with the individual (Daniels, 2011). The collective
unconscious consists of the whole history of the human life (ibid.). ... Show more content on
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But, instead continually interact to the compensatory manner. This dynamic interplay between the
conscious and unconscious leads to the personal growth and change throughout what Jung termed
the individuation process (ibid.):
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory is a psychoanalytic theory in which he extended
Freud's five psychosexual stages of development and suggested series of eight psychological stages
of development, focusing more on the social context of development, through which a healthy
developing human should pass from infancy to the old age (Fleming, 2004). The "ego identity" is
the conscious sense of self that the individual may develop through his social interactions. The
achievement and development of the "ego identity" is one of the aims of Erikson's theory (Cherry,
2015).
In each stage, the individual faces what Erikson called "crisis" which the individual must overlap to
proceed with development of identity (Sokol, 2009). Erikson believes that individual's success of
identity development depends on his overlapping these crises, and each stage is necessary for the
development of the next stage (Fleming, 2004). Boeree (2006) claims

Development Theory And Erik Erickson's Eight Stages Of...
My client is a teenage girl; who has recently become pregnant. The daughter maintains that she does
not know who the father is, she is 14 years– old; frequently skips school in a small town, smokes,
and seems to think that everyone is out to get her. The teen also believes her mother hates her. Her
mother is at her wits end and just wants what is best for her daughter. The mother is poor and can't
afford much in the way of psychological assistance for her daughter. I am going to review three
theories and try and apply them to this case. The theories that will be looked at are Erik Erickson's
Eight Stages of development, Vygotsky's development theory, and Schaffer & Emerson's attachment
theory. ("Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development") Erik Erikson developed the eight
stages of development theory. This theory details events in developmental stages, broken down into
the years they happen in. The first stage is Trust vs. Mistrust; this stage happens from birth to 18
months. This is the bonding period between baby and mother. Next is autonomy vs. shame & doubt;
this period is when the infant/toddler begins to try to do for themselves. Initiative vs. Shame is the
third stage and relatively unimportant to our case, but relates to exploration of their world and
learning new things. Stage four is industry vs. inferiority and is still relatively unimportant in our
case. This stage is all about needing to be productive and successful. Stage five which is where our

Stage Theory Research Paper
Stage Theory Piaget is accorded the title of fatherhood for the stage theorists. His research was
based on the belief that adults passed through distinct and different stages in the ways they
constructed childhood experiences. Piaget was less concerned with growing older and was more
concerned with the ability to grow wiser. The stage theorists did not see intelligence as a fixed
condition, but as something that had the potential to evolve as adults tried to make sense of the
world (Daloz, 2009). Stage theory, determines the commonalities between adult learners and various
life stages (Daloz, 2009). There are parallels between teachers and other learners as they advance in
their careers focused on distinct needs and crises Accordingly, recognizing these stages is in direct
contrast to the fundamental presumption that all teachers perform at the same level in spite of
fundamental differences. The stage–theorists found that adults moved through various stages of
development. Daloz (2009) grouped the research of these theorists into collective stages: the pre–
conventional stage focused on survival. The conventional stage focused on fitting in, being accepted
and conforming. The third and final post–conventional stage focused on thinking things over rather
than surviving or conforming; it looked at and evaluated events critically. Loevinger (2010) ... Show
He believed that orientations toward authority, others and self–changed with different stages in the
life cycle. Kegan (2012) also found that individuals evolved through stages of development. The
beginning stages were self–centered and impulsive. This then evolved into a more "other" centered
stage that involved interpersonal relationships. The final stage was evolutionary and involved a birth
of a new self that was separate with a clear sense of self and merging with others, individuals at the
final stage were able to build bridges and make connections with

Jean Piaget and the Four Major Stages of Cognitive Theory...
JEAN PIAGET and THE FOUR MAJOR STAGES OF COGNITIVE THEORY The patriarch of
cognitive theory was Jean Piaget(1896–1980). Piaget was a biologist, who became interested in
human thinking while working to evaluate the results of child intelligence tests. As Piaget worked he
noted the correlation between the child's age and the type of error they made. Intrigued by the
discovery that certain errors occurred predictably at certain age, he began to focus his time and
energy to the further investigation of his findings. Starting with his children and moving on to other
students, Piaget developed what is known as the Cognitive theory, a behaviorism theory which
emphasizes the structure and development of thought ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, pretending a broom is a horse or an orange is a ball. This is also the stage where role
playing first takes place, children begin to believe they are mommy daddy or even doctor. The
Preoperational stage lasts from age two up until age six. The third stage of the Cognitive
development theory is known as Concrete operational. The concrete operational stage begins around
age seven and continues until approximately age eleven. During this time, children gain a better
understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but
have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. One of the most important
developments in this stage is an understanding of reversibility. An example of this is being able to
reverse the order of relationships between mental categories. For example, a child might be able to
understand that the dog is a husky, that a Husky is a dog, and that a dog is an animal. The final stage
of Piaget's Cognitive theory is the Formal operational stage. The formal operational stage begins at
age twelve and lasts throughout the individuals' life. During this time, people develop the ability to
think about abstract concepts. More lively learning such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and
systematic planning also begin to show during this stage. Piaget believed that deductive logic
becomes important during the formal

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages Of Moral Development Theory
Lawrence Kohlberg the author of three stages he was an American psychologist and he is known for
his stages of moral development theory. The three stages are Preventional moral reasoning is based
on external rewards and punishments, Conventional laws and rules are upheld simply because they
are laws and rules, and Postconventional reasoning based on personal moral standards (powerpoint).
Scout's brother Jem was always a good big brother and he also needed to develop just as much as
scout needed to. Jem was as responsible as Dill's aunt. Until the end of this book, Jem finally
realizes that you can't judge a person unless you know what he or she has been going through. Jem
was appreciative that Boo Radley saved his life. Jem knows that Boo was not a crazy man he was
just a shy guy who didn't want any attention drawn to him. Preconventional Morality and when
Kohlberg uses this stage the person is not much aware of the various ethical standards that this child
is not fully conscious of his or her actions(powerpoint). For example a 5–year–old run around when
the mother of the child is cooking the mom will tell the kid not to run when she is cooking because
he or she will get hurt; so the little 5 years old runs anyway and gets burned and starts crying so now
that it happened to the kid, he eventually learned his or her lesson and whenever he or she is around
their mother when she is cooking so the kid will remember what happened to them the

Erikson's Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development : An...
Taking a look at the attachment theory right off the back you can see that with Chick not having his
mother around it was difficult for him to attach to a caregiver. Growing up, as a child in a neglectful
household would cause numerous difficulties throughout life. Not being able to form attachment
with the primary caregiver (usually the mother) would hinder social and emotional development,
confidence, the ability to make and maintain healthy relationships ("How can growing up without a
mother affect a child?," 2017). The list is endless, children who grow up in neglectful and abusive,
households learn to see the world in a 'unsafe' way and often suffer trauma as a result. I believe that
due to what happened to chuck it had the opposite affect with his strength "Positivity", because
People especially talented in the Positivity theme have an enthusiasm that is contagious, basically
they are upbeat and can get others excited about what they are going to do ("clifton strengthfinder,"
n.d.). This is true Chuck believed that he was capable of great things regardless of what he had to go
through without a mother, being bullied, and all the above. He chose to look at his situation as
positive as he could which carried on throughout his life. As the reader observes Erikson's Eight
Stages of Psychosocial Development, the fourth stage to be exact, you will be able to make ties
between Chuck's childhood and what Erikson says about a person's childhood phase. Erikson says at
the

The Five Stages Of Social Penetration Theory
The Five Stages of Social Penetration Theory
In life as a human being you will encounter many people that enter into your life and exit it as well.
Some of these people at times can leave a lasting attachment with you. After the two of you having a
long relationship together. In Fact, there are many types of relationship titles that you may resort to
when explaining a person that is in your life to other people. These relationships names that you
may use at times to describe your relationship that person that is in your life at the moment can be
an acquaintance, a friend, a family member(mom, dad, brother, etc.), or someone you are dating.
Now you simply can not automatically create these certain relationships with someone off in just ...
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Lasly, small talk is painless and cost –free for the two strangers. The reason this is because they will
not be providing too much simply by exchanging their names and the major that they are learning
with one another. In fact, if they do not proceed on to more personal matters, they actually only
exposed very little. For example, when you are at a party. You are standing by yourself in a corner of
the room. When suddenly a person approaches you and ask you to a dance. To get comfortable with
them they tell you their name and age. You then to decide to also tell them your name and age as
well. Finally, you the both of you then go to dance.
The second stage is exploratory affective exchange. This is when commutation between these two
strangers is more open and comfortable, less scripted. This is because the information that they share
goes farther than just a short conversation ( Beauchamp and Baran, 2017). This will then allow the
two people to then break the ice between them. If they then realize that this stage is rewarding they
will then be more giving with moving forward to the next stage in Social Penetration Theory, which
will be building a relationship (Smith, 2002). According to Beauchamp and Baran (2017) affective
exchange is the third stage. This is when your close friends and romantic partners stay in

The Four Stages Of Bruce Tuckman's Model Of Group Theory
When Bruce Tuckman proposed the model of group development in 1965, the model assumed four
stages which include forming–storming–norming–performing stages. However, a fifth model was
introduced to encapsulate the already functioning models and this model became known as the
adjourning phase (Bauer & Erdogan, 2009, p. 191). This group development stages will now be
described below:
The first stage in the group development model is the forming stage which is a time when a group
officially comes together for the first time. This stage is full of uncertainty as members of the group
do not know what role they might be asked to play and what level of behavior is accepted or not
accepted in the group. It's a time when individuals try to get acquainted ... Show more content on
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Similarly, this stage characterizes a great deal of friendship where members rely on their capability
to handle a task and see it done without a leader instructing them how to do it. This stage is also a
period when group members exhibit an unconditional respect for their colleagues and even request
feedback on their level of performance in the task at hand. Apparently, it is not uncommon to have a
close confidant whom personal or intimate secret can be told. Additionally, it's at the norming stage
of the group development that members introduce rules and regulation that determine the
functionality of the group. The level of energy in the group at this stage is extremely high that Bauer
and Erdogan (2009) recommend that it will be appreciated should the leader step aside and only
function as a facilitator to the group whose capability is beyond bound and ready to confront tough
challenges with the confidence of scaling through without

The Stages Of Cognitive Developmental Theory
Piagets stage theory is also known as the cognitive developmental theory. Constructivist perspective.
No matter the name Piaget believed that children benefit most from "concrete" experiences or
hands–on activities that allow the student to manipulate his or her environment in order to build
knowledge based on interactions with the universe.(Mohammad,2012) Piaget believed knowledge is
acquired in a set of stages. There is 4 stages that knowledge is obtained. The first stage Sensorimotor
occurs approximately between the age of two. Children at this stage develop the idea of Object
Permanence. The idea that an object exists even though they can't see it. In this step children also
acquire the ability of reflexes. In stage two Preoperational stage begins. This usually happens
between the age of 2–7. Children of this age bracket are "egocentric and are dominated by
perception."(ch.2.4) They believe that the world exists from their view point. They understand
concrete present day stuff but no understanding of abstract. 7–11 yrs enter the Concrete Operational
stage. The logical stage. Children are able to se different viewpoints. There also good at
understanding basic math, and classify objects by more than one characteristic. (a yellow duck can
go in yellow category and the duck category.) The last stage is known as the Formal Operational
Stage. When a child is a 11 years or older they are finally understanding the concept of abstract
thinking. Children

Piaget's Stage Theory Paper
According to the Piaget's stage theory, the cognitive function doesn't even start to develop until
infancy. This would make learning chop music while developing in the womb impossible. A study
was done in 1988 with results of newborns that could recognize the theme songs of soap operas that
their mothers watched during pregnancy (Beth Skwarecki). This study would mean that the Piaget's
stage theory is incorrect because it would mean memory develops while in the womb.
SkwareckiAug, B., StoneMar, R., MervisMar, J., EscobarMar, H., CosierMar, S., & VriezeMar, J. D.
(2017, December 10). Babies Learn to Recognize Words in the Womb. Retrieved March 20, 2018,
from http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2013/08/babies–learn–recognize–words–womb (Links to an

The Theories Of Socialization And The Stages Of...
Socialization is a complex lifelong process that will never be fully understood by any one. Most of
socialization is made up of theories. A theory is a coherent group of tested general propositions,
commonly regarded as correct, that can be used as principles of phenomena. (dictionary.com) There
are six main people who have created theories that have shaped socialization. Those people are
Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Carol Gilligan, George Herbert Mead, and Erik
Erikson. All these people have made lasting contributions to our understanding of human
development. All the people named above have different theories stated over the years. The six
differ theories of socialization are the Psychoanalytic Theory, the Cognitive Development Theory,
the Moral Development Theory, the Gender and Moral development theory, Social self–theory, and
the Eight stages of Development theory.
To start things off Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud's theory was Elements of Personality. Freud has
coined and made many of the vocabulary of western society. Words he has introduced through his
theories are now used by everyday people. Such as personality, libido, denial, repression and so
many more. (Saul McLeod, Page 1) Freud believed that humans seldom give a true explanation of
our behaviors. Our genuine motivation is not revealed. Not because we are purposely lying, but
because we are quite proficient at self–deceptions. We dispraise the real reasons for our behavior.

Bowlby 's Attachment Theory & Stages Of Developmental
Professional Practice 16/17
Bowlby's attachment theory & Winnicott's stages of developmental
The following essay will aim to explore two developmental theories. It will also look at how they
have become relevant in counselling and psychotherapy practice, how they should be helpful and
offer support when a presenting issue occurs from a client, and how the counsellor will work in
partnership with the client. The chosen theories are based on John Bowlby's attachment theory and
David Winnicott's developmental theory.
Bowlby
John Bowlby was born in 1907 in London. He and his siblings lived in a traditional upper–middle
class family. He was mostly raised by nannies which left little time or contact with his parents. This
was the 'norm' in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This crucial attachment was believed to have a stimulus on subsequent attachments, thus resulting in
a higher significance than any other (Bowlby, 1951, cited in Holmes & Fairfield, 2014). Bowlby
went on and devised the word 'monotropy' which was to label the tendency of the child and have
one main attachment character with the succeeding psychopathology occurring later in life should
the attachment become damaged or fruitless.
Bowlby stated attachment was not shaped solely from the child's acceptance, but the behaviour of
another significant other, usually the mother or caregiver who had a crucial role in the child's
growth. The growth and development of the child is reliant on four stages of process from birth,
Bowlby stated these stages were where the child would bind to the mother or vice versa, he
proposed one to two months old in which the infant shows attachment to the mother by crying,
sucking. The second stage up to six months old the child has the focus on a mother figures and
attaches to the one he or she has more contact with. The third stage up to aged two named the secure
base, where the child has its focus on the where the main caregiver is when their welfare is under
threat. The stage up over the age of two is concerned on the child learning a behaviour and how this
affects the relationship with their mothers or attachments, this will be the grounding for subsequent
relationships

Erikson's Theory Of Personality Development ( Phychosocial...
Erikson's Theory of Personality Development (psychosocial stages) Allison is in the third
psychosocial stage of personality development, which is initiative vs. guilt (McLeod, 2013). She has
already surpassed the second stage, autonomy vs. shame, because Allison can already confidently
perform tasks on her own (Cherry, 2017). Allison takes initiative when doing things that she wants,
especially when she is playing with teachers, but when she is playing with a child who is more
assertive, she will typically follow along with what that child wants. Emotions Towards the
beginning of the semester, Allison seemed to get upset much more easily. She often would become
upset seemingly out of nowhere, and would rarely say why. Sometimes she would say it is because
she missed one or both parents. Once, on September 25, Allison abruptly started to cry during small
groups, and would not explain why. Earlier in the day, she would not eat snack, and she seemed to
feel a lot better during lunch, so it was deduced that the reason for her crying could have most likely
been hunger. Other days, she would come into class with a grumpy or unhappy look on her face, and
it would take her some time to respond to questions from teachers or assistants. When her peers
would take things from her, accidentally hurt her, or do other things that could upset her, Allison
would protest to them and then afterwards become sad and despondent. As the semester progressed,
Allison seemed to become upset less and less frequently. She rarely cried anymore. When other
peers would do something that previously would upset, she would protest, but afterwards continue
playing, showing no signs of being affected emotionally. For example, when Yun kept trying to take
her shovel from her in the sandbox, Allison said, "Stop, Yun!" and continued to play, or moved over
elsewhere. When coming to school, Allison would be smiling more often than not, and she would
respond to questions, either with smiles or verbal responses. She would participate more during
music time, and smile and sing along to songs. She also participated more when playing with others,
both outside and inside, and would laugh frequently while playing games. Allison is able to
problem–solve

The Piaget's Theory Descibes Stages Of Child Development
1) Piaget's Theory The Piage's Theory descibes stages of the child development, including the actual
abilities, that the child gains from infancy through the period of adulthood. According to Piaget, this
includes thinking, learning and learning. There are four stages of development, related to the
Piaget's Theory: sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations.
Furthermore, Piaget mentioned that children may show characteristics that are related to the certain
stage at a certain point of time. However, he insisted on the fact that development of every child is
followed by this definite consistency. Sensimotor Stage of child development is presented be the
period when the child is focused on the things that can actually be seen, on what the child can do
and on the way how to cooperate with the world around them. Children do not know how to react on
the things that surround them, as a result, they may put them in the mouth, shake these things
whether throw them. The end of this stage is presented by early development of the language.
Preoperational Stage is the period when the child develop one's memory, language and imagination.
It becomes easier for them to recognize the contrast between the events that happened in past, as a
result, they more clearly understand the term of future. However, the way, in which the ... Show
Short–term memory may hold in mind a minor part of the information in general, that stays in mind
for a short period of time. An example of the working memory may be the case when the person
reads a book and when reads up to the end of the page, has to hold the information that was
mentioned at the beginning of it in order to understand the main meaning. As to me, it may be an
issue and, sometimes, I have to reread one page in order to remember the primary information of

Piaget's Stage Theory Paper
For the past 60 years, Piaget's theory has had a huge impact on peoples understanding of cognitive
development. This means that as years have passed, adults ability to communicate effectively and
efficiently with children has increased. Jean Piaget's theory has had a huge impact on how
individuals view "children's worlds". Methods for studying children have also increased due to the
impact of Piaget's Stage theory (Damon et al., 2000). Some suggest that Piaget's theory has had a
huge impact on teachers, this is due to the fact that because of his research, they are now able to
understand where and in what stage children are situated at, throughout their life in the education
system (Mooney and IVONNE, 2014). An examination of Piaget's theory shows that his stage
theory is remarkably consistent and comprehensive. His theory has ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Piaget's research was said to be biased due to the fact that he completed the majority of his
observations on his own children. As well as this, the small minority of other children that he used in
his research were all from families with well educated backgrounds (for example: these children's
parents were all professionals of a high status). As of this, that it is extremely difficultly to apply and
generalise his theory, his results and his findings, to such a large population (built up of people who
are from very different back grounds, with completely different social statuses) (Piaget et al., 1969).
Another limitation of Piaget's Stage theory, is problems with formal operations. Piaget's argument
that all children automatically move from one stage to the next as they become older, has been
questioned by many researchers. These researchers suggest that other factors such as social
upbringing and environment factors play a huge part in the development of formal operations within
an individual's childhood (Oakley,

The Sensorimotor Stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive...
The theorist, Jean Piaget, was most interested in the development of children's intellectual
organization. Piaget's theory of cognitive development begins with the sensorimotor stage.
Sensorimotor intelligence is thinking by observing objects and acting in response to them.
Throughout the stages the child understands that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be
seen which is referred to as object permanence. When a child exhibits a behavior that creates an
experience that leads to repetition of the behavior this is known as a circular reaction. (Berk, 2010)
The sensorimotor stage is focused from birth to two years. It is divided into six substages as the
infant learns to coordinate their senses and motor skills. The content ... Show more content on
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The infant will by accident engage in some form of behavior and if the child finds it enjoyable the
child will repeat it. An example is an infant sucking their thumb. It may not have been intentional
the first time, but they may repeat the action because it comforted them. At this stage the child learns
how to help console themselves. These types of reactions are called primary circular reactions. This
stage is about coordinating feelings and new patterns.
The third substage is similar to the second, but it focuses on the external objects not the infant's own
body. Once the primary circular reactions become boring the infant advances to the secondary where
they explore with objects. The child is more focused on the world and begins to intentionally repeat
an action in order to trigger a response in their environment. (Piaget, Gruber, & Voneche, 1977) The
child may shake a rattle, hit a mobile, or drop or throw objects repeatedly. Depending on what they
feel about the outcome of their actions the action may or may not be repeated. When a child shakes
a rattle and it makes noise that scares them they learn to not repeat that action. If the child knows
that by kicking the side of the crib it will make the mobile move they may repeat this action if they
enjoy the movement of the mobile.
Once the child is clearly intentional with their actions they have reached substage four. The child
develops a sense of anticipation and prediction. This can be done by

The Four Stages Of Piaget's Theory Of Psychosocial...
The first theorist to study cognitive development was Jean Piaget. Piaget studied that all children go
through the same 4 stages, even if it happens at different times. Erik Erikson believed that the
sociocultural elements that we experience can affect our personality, therefore we need to get
through every step of his theory of Psychosocial development. The following is going to describe
the stages each of these men made and how I see it throughout my life. In the cognitive theory from
Piaget there are 4 stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, and Formal
operations. I can relate to to the last two stages more only because I was pretty young when the first
two were happening. At Piaget's stage of concrete operational, the child begins to shed off some of
the egocentrism characteristic of earlier stages (Piaget's Stage, 2017). I remember between the ages
of 7–12 I was very self–centered. I always thought that everything I wanted or saw I deserved to
have, even though I know now my parents couldn't always afford it. Transitioning into Piaget's
formal operations stage cognitive development, a child's thinking is no longer bound to observable,
physical events (Piaget's, 2017). I was able to use logic and understanding that not everything was
always about me. I noticed I can also problem solve easier, which made the environment I grew up
in make more sense and simple to adapt to. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development has eight
stages that people

Piaget 's Stages Of Cognitive Development Theory
The cognitive development theory refers to the ability to learn through thinking and reasoning.
Theorist Jean Piaget developed the stages of cognitive developmental according to age and how
individuals learn through their environment and senses. These stages are from infant to teenage
years. The first stage of Piaget's Stages of Development is called Sensorimotor, which are ages 0–2.
It describes how babies learn through their environment. The Next stages is preoperational for ages
two through seven. During this stage, a child uses his or her own logic to express thinking. From the
seven to eleven years of age, a child is in the Concrete Operational stage, where he or she will use
hands–on experience to develop knowledge. The final stage is Formal Operational. Between the
ages of eleven and fifteen, an adolescent develops a more abstract form of knowledge. One of the
main differences between these stages is object permanence. Piaget designed these stages in a rigid
format. This theory does not allow individual experience and background to be considered. In
conclusion, a weakness of this theory is that is doesn't mention how culture impacts learning. A
strength of this theory is that it acts as a guide for educators to provide variation while lesson
planning. The video, The Word Wall, showed children learning through the cognitive development
theory. With the first girl, the paraprofessional did not correct the child's phonetic way of spelling of
the word cat. By not

The Five Stages Of Freud's Theory Of Development
Introduction
Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about human growth, development, and
learning. The psychosexual theory of development was proposed by the famous psychoanalyst
Sigmund Freud, this theory defines how personalities grow during childhood that can later be
reflected in the attitude and behaviors of adults. Freud believed there to be five stages of
psychosexual development: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent and Genital. At each of these stages, pleasure
is focused on a particular part of the body. Too much or too little pleasure in any one of these stages
caused a fixation which would lead to personality or psychological disorders. The purpose of this
assignment is to evaluate whether the students are able to apply ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At first Freud would likely recommend that parents encourage their children's natural tendencies to
focus on the above body parts and functions without allowing the children to overindulge. I think
most parents naturally try to guide their children toward control in all things, but of course, if you
believe
Freud's theories, it seems logical that parents will certainly be limited by their own fixations left
over from childhood, making it especially difficult for them to objectively steer their kids. I believed
that the most applicable part of Freud's psychosexual theory is said to be observed during the phallic
stage, concerning the Oedipus complex. Freud's theory states in psychology when a small child
develops an unusual attraction to one of their parents.
Conclusion
Now I can conclude that Freud's psychosexual theory only can explain and predict some of the
human development. In my opinion, Freud explained the oral, anal, latency and genital stage

Developmental Stages And Theories Of Development
Developmental Stages and Theories
There are many areas in which an individual must develop to reach a mature level of adulthood.
Several theories and ideas have been created in an attempt to describe the process that in which the
individual passes to reach the desired levels of maturity. A few of those theories will be addressed in
better understanding the development of Precious on a psychological and social plane. It can be
assumed from observing Precious that she has been biologically developing normal as she is
experiencing growth and hormonal changes and dealing with acne and obesity.
Psychological
Erik Erikson, in seeking to understand and describe human development, developed a theory in the
early 1900s. His theory progressed to assume that humans must deal with or cope with the conflicts
of a certain stage of life before they can move on to a higher level of development (Ashford et al,
2013). He organized eight different stages of psychosocial development from infancy to old age.
Each of the eight stages represents an internal conflict that will greatly define who and individual
becomes and the choices they will make later in life based on their experiences within each stage.
During the adolescent years, the conflict of interest in Erikson's psychosocial theory deals with
identity and identity confusion (Ashford et al, 2013). These years are crucial in developing a youth's
self–esteem. Young people are highly self–conscious. Their perceptions of self

Theories Of Tuckman's Stages Of Development
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT the model presented by Tuckman and Jensen "studies "... theory
groups, human relations training or T–Groups, and natural and laboratory –task groups have two
realms–task and interpersonal" (Tuckman & Jensen p. 280). It suggests that team's growth occurs in
stages with each dissimilar through each level of development. Tuckman, identifies four stages of
team development referred to as, forming–which occurs when individuals are introduced and
brought together for a purpose. Storming members' strained relationships and conflict, about
disagreement about a task, vision and/or approach of a shared purpose, norming where
unconsciously or consciously working relationship members come to a consensus. Finally,
performing team expecting

Sigmund Freud's Theory Of Psychosexual Stages
Sigmund Freud was born in Frieberg, Moravia in 1856. His father was known to be a merchant in
the regon. Freud's family moved to Leipzig and then decided to settle down in Vienna, this is where
Freud started his schooling. In 1873 Sigmund Freud was enrolled in the University of Vienna and
decided on medicine as his major for study. Freud graduated college in the year 1881. After Freud
graduated college he started working at the Vienna General Hospital, he work there for a number of
years. After working at the hospital for a time he moved to Paris France and started working for Jean
Charcot to help get more insite on neurology. After studying with Jean Charcot for about one year he
returned to Vienna. Once he had gotten settled he decided to start his own practice in Vienna which
he would work with people whom had brain disorders and nervous system problems. The same year
the Freud setup his private practice he married Martha Bernays and within a few years they had six
children together. Freud dabbled in the art of hipnossis for a while but over the time of him studying
it he come to find out that the effects did'nt last long enough to persue it further. In the year 1905
Freud introduced the Theory of Psychosexual Stages. "Freud sought to understand the nature and
variety of these illnesses by retracing the sexual history of his patients. This was not primarily an
investigation of sexual experiences as such. Far more important were the patient's wishes and

Piaget's Stage Theory of Cognitive Development
The Piaget's Theory
The Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development is also known as the stage theory. It introduces
that, in the expansion of our thinking, we act through an organized and certain sequence of steps.
However, the theory focuses not only on compassionate how the children obtain knowledge, but
likewise on the discernment of the substance of intelligence. According to the Piaget's theory of
cognitive development, there are two stages in the thinking pattern of a 3–year old preschooler and
9–year–old student. They are the preoperational stage for the 2 to 7 year old and the concrete
operations stage for the 9 year old. The preoperational stage (three years old preschooler), this is
where a new child can intellectually perform and signify to the objects and issues with the quarrel or
the images, and they can act. The concrete operations (nine year old student), where a child is at the
stage and deliver the ability to maintain, reserve their thinking, and analyze the objects in conditions
of their many parts. However, they can also assume logically and understand comparison, but only
about the concrete events. Firstly, the stage of pre operational, which lasts until about age seven, in
which the children have the ability of many feats that they could not achieve prior. For instance,
they commence to making to believe in play, achieving simple routines, such as venturing to eat or
get to kip. However, in order to organize play, they must symbolize those

The Four Stages Of Jean Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
The great theorist Jean Piaget was born on August 9th, 1896 in Switzerland. He distinguished four
stages of cognitive development and called them the schemas. He also constructed new fields of
scientific study, including cognitive theory and developmental psychology. He summed up his
passion for the ongoing pursuit of scientific knowledge with these words: "The current state of
knowledge is a moment in history, changing just as rapidly as the state of knowledge in the past has
ever changed and, in many instances, more rapidly." He received the Erasmus Prize as well as the
Balzan prize. Piaget died of unknown causes in 1980 in Switzerland Piaget developed an interest in
the way people think. More specifically, he was curious about the lack ... Show more content on
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I asked her if both of the rows still had the same amount of coins in them. Fatima counted the coins
in each row again and told me that they both have the same amount. I asked her why do she think
so, and she answered with "It is because this row has five coins, and the other row has five coins.
This means they both have the same amount of coins." I have concluded that there were many
similarities between my two siblings. First, they both had solid reasoning behind their choices. Both
Khalid and Fatima gave reasons that they believed in deeply. They tried to explain their reasons to
me, and I felt like they understood what they talked about. Second, they counted coins as I laid them
down and when both rows were at the same length. They checked if my counting was correct, and
they tried to count with me up to five, twice. On the other hand, there were many differences
between the two children. First, Khalid did not try to count the coins afterI spaced out one row,
whereas Fatima did. Khalid tried counting in the first time to make sure that his idea was correct, but
he did not do it again after the coins were spaced out. Maybe it seemed logical to him that one row
had more coins than the other. Moreover, the way they thought was different. They both had
different answers even though that the both went through the same

Piaget 's Theory On Stages Of Developmental Psychology
Piaget Today
Rebecca Biddle
English 101
Mrs. Rufino
17 December 2015
Rebecca Biddle
Mrs. Rufino
English 101
9 December, 2015
Piaget Today
"Child development does not mean developing your child into the person you think they should be,
but helping them develop into the best person they are meant to be."
― Toni Sorenson
Jean Piaget was a leader in the field of developmental psychology, the study of how people grow.
Instead of continuing the Freud 's work with psychoanalysis, as many psychologists and
philosophers did at the time, Piaget stayed "closer to his teacher Pierre Janet 's psychology" (Vidal)
Best known for his theory on stages of cognitive development, Piaget was a great innovator and set
up the foundation for today's psychology and education.
Working with children from the early 1920s to the late 1970s, Piaget discovered that there are four
stages of mental development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal
operations ("Jean Piaget"). Each stage is defined by what a child is or is not able to do, as well as
specific milestone accomplishments. Beginning at the sensorimotor stage, the focus of cognitive
development for children from birth to age 2 is to "distinguish themselves from the objects around
them." The main accomplishment of this stage is for the child to develop object constancy. When
first born, children are unable to recognize or understand that when an object is not in sight, it still
exists (TB.) This is what

Theories Of The Different Stage Theories
The different stage theories share 3 assumptions: 1. There is a specific order that people pass
through, each stage builds on capacities developed within the previous stage. 2. Stages are
connected to age. 3. Development has gaps, with different qualitative capacities appearing in each of
the stages.  Erikson, thought that the personality development happened over the course of a
person's entire life. There are 8 distinct stages of development. People will face new challenges in
each stage, and the outcomes depend on how people handle the challenges. Possible outcomes
according to these stages are:  1: Mistrust vs. Trust: First year after being born, babies are
dependent on adults completely for basic needs, comfort, food, and warmth.

The Concrete Stages Of Piaget 's Theory
To express the same idea in still another way, I think that human knowledge is essentially active.
(Piaget 1) Over the course of two weeks, starting from March 28th through April 10th, I've watched
my eight year old niece on FaceTime for approximately thirty minutes each day. When it comes to
the four stages, I choose to focus on the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory because the
concrete engages me much more than any other stage. During the concrete operational stage
children are learning to think logically on a whole different level. Children no longer see the world
as simple but complex because they begin to understand the foundation of what the world really is.
Even though children understand the world for what it might be, they minds could still be easily
manipulated and their understanding could be blurred to reality. Also in this stage, children struggle
with hypothetical concepts such as fully believing thing are possible or certain situations could
happen to them. For example, a child in this stage would not believe that a stranger could come up
to them and kidnapped them if they are not paying attention to their surroundings. Speaking of
paying attention, children in this stage of their life are very mindful of what their peers think of
them. Children are learning that the world see material possessions as meaning someone financial
situation. Even though, this is not true children see flashy material items and what to follow. This is
where bulling begins

Erikson’s theory of growth and development had eight very...
Erikson's theory of growth and development had eight very distinct stages. His theory assumes that
a life crisis occurs during each stage of development. In Erikson's case the crises are psychosocial in
nature because they include the psychological needs of a person that conflict with societal needs. In
the theory it states that successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and
certain strengths that help one's ego resolve sticky situations throughout life. Failure to complete any
of the stages can result in an unhealthy sense of self, but they can still be resolved later on in life.
The first stage is Trust vs. Mistrust. When a baby is born, it is uncertain about the world and the
others in it. Is the world a safe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Succession for this stage leads to a sense of free will. By developing a sense of free will the child
will lead a confident life and feel secure when they going out on their own. If the child is overly
criticized and/or controlled then they will feel unable to survive on their own and lack self–esteem.
The third stage is Initiative vs. Guilt. During this stage children begin to assert themselves more in
order to develop more interpersonal skills. This stage takes place between the ages of three through
five years old. This is when the child begins to regularly interact and play with other children at
school. Interactions include planning activities together, making up games, and initiating
opportunities for each other. If any of this type of interaction if criticized or controlled, then the
child will remain followers the rest of their lives. While the parents during this time might feel the
need to be protective, the child has to begin making their own decisions and must be given the
proper respect to do so, so that way they don't begin to question themselves. Succession of this stage
will help the child develop a sense of purpose. Failure to complete this stage will results in a sense
of guilt. The fourth stage is Industry vs. Inferiority. During this stage the child is starting to learn
how to read and write, do basic math, and how to make things on their own.

The Four Stages Of The Four Theories Of Human Development

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