Late Bronze Age

Late Bronze Age
The Late Bronze Age collapse in Mainland Greece and North and Central Aegean Islands and its
effects on Mycenae, Tiryns, and Pylos The late Bronze Age is characterized as a time of exceeding
prosperity and interconnectedness throughout the Greek region. Late Bronze Age cities were
relatively small in area, but had a density of around ten people per square kilometer although larger
cities like Mycenae and Pylos may have been as high as 25 people per square kilometer (Morris
2005) Within Mycenaean city–states, palatial bureaucracies bloomed and cities were run through
fairly complex and organized government systems and populations grew in urban centers like
Mycenae, Tiryns, and Pylos among others (Cline 2014). These systems along with the extensive
trade relationships throughout the region encouraged literacy and craftsmanship making luxury
goods plentiful and allowing the arts to flourish (Morris 2011, Schwartz 2010). This prosperity came
to an end across the the Mycenaean and nearby areas between at the beginning of the 12th century
through a series of destructions and the mass movements of peoples that led to the Greek Dark Age.
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Linear B tablets found suggest that the state had a population of about 50,000 people and influenced
an area of area of 2,000 square kilometers (Morris 2005). In contrast to Mycenae and Tiryns, the
destruction of the palace around at Pylos 1180 BCE was absolute (Demand 2011). Because of
tablets found at the site describing "how the watchers are guarding the coastal regions" this
destruction is sometimes believed to have been caused by an attack rather than a natural disaster
(Schwartz 2010). Presumably, Pylos was on the lookout for the "Sea Peoples" had begun to cause
chaos in the Aegean around this time (Cline 2014). After the city was burnt and destroyed, it faded
from memory and even its location was forgotten (Weiss
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Epic Poems By Homer Tell The Tails Of Mighty Greeks
Epic poems by Homer tell the tails of mighty Greeks. The Odyssey tells the great adventure of the
Greek hero Odysseus trying to get back home to Ithaca after the Trojan War. In the Iliad it tells the
tale about Achilles during the seize of Troy in the Trojan War. Several different Greek kingdoms
where mentioned in the Iliad Athens, Sparta, and Pylos. The Greek kingdom of Pylos was an actual
kingdom within the Mycenaean civilization in Bronze Age Greece. The kingdom of Pylos in South
Greece was centered in the town of Pylos and from there controlled its territory within the Messenia
region of Greece. Peloponnesus is a peninsula connected to main land Greece by the Isthmus of
Corinth in south Greece (fig. 1) ("Peloponnesus."). Messenia is a region on the area of Peloponnesus
in the south West ("Messenia."). Within the ancient region of Messenia, the Mycenaean center of
Pylos can be found ("Messenia."). Pylos is a great Mycenaean palace that dated in the 13th century
B.C. ("Pylos"). Carl Blegen discovered this great palace at Pylos in 1939; it was seated near
Navarino Bay on the Adriatic coast (Castleden 9). Fig. 1. Map of Mycenaean Greece ("The Bronze
Age Aegean.") At first, the palace at Pylos was no greater than the neighboring sites, such as the site
of Iklaina (Vermeule 162). In the fourteenth–century, the town was burned and new princes took
over the hilltop Pylos site (Vermeule 163). The settlement was quickly rebuilt ushering a new era
and new leadership at

Bronze Dbq
Question 1: The Bronze Age was the time that bronze is a primary metal used to make weapons and
other tools. Mycenaeans contributed to this time through Greek culture and the growing power of
monarchies. A civilization called the Minoans the Bronze Age focused on trade and the quality of
what they were trading. If the trade was better than the goods were made better. The age that came
after bronze was iron. The Iron Age was a period when things were starting to be made out of iron.
Iron was much stronger than bronze so that made it more valuable and wanted. The Assyrian empire
was the first empire to have made iron weapons and tools. Both ages impacted the way that tools
were made whether they were bronze or iron.
Question 3: Greek and Roman

Essay about The Historic Accuracy of Homer’s Iliad
Homer's Iliad has been a European myth for many millennia , the long poetic narrative written in the
8th century B.C. recounts a fearsome war fought over a beautiful woman. The reliability of Homers
Iliad as a true historical document has been challenged for hundreds of years and only through
archaeological studies can the truth be deciphered. The Iliad was written five centuries after the war,
where the stories had been passed down through the oral tradition, therefore the type of society
reflected within the poems resemble much more the time of Homer . The fact and fiction of the Iliad
has been uncovered through archaeology. Archaeologist found a site in which they thought to have
been 'Troy' destroyed by the powerful country of Mycenae ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
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Schliemann was obsessed with the Iliad, having been read it as a child and seeing a depiction of
Troy in a common history book by Ludwig Jerrer triggered his desire to find the remains of the city.
He wasn't a trained archaeologist but had a crucial guide to the location of sites that would prove the
reality of the Homeric poems. Schliemann discovered that there were nine major levels, their
chronology ranging from c. 3000 to 1100 B.C. From the beginning Troy had been a fortified
stronghold as explained in the Iliad. "The well–walled city of Troy" . Finds also indicated that its
occupants were wealthy. Therefore primarily Schliemann thought Troy II in which he found gold
diadems, gold earrings, rings, buttons and bracelets discovered in the citadel wall was the treasure of
king Priam. Later it was discovered that Troy II was far too early by more than one thousand years
to have been the site of Troy described in the Iliad. Schliemann found artefacts in the 6th layer of
Troy which could be used as verifiable artefacts. Arrow heads and spears found in the destruction
level enabled Schliemann to unwittingly connect the city of Mycenae (as Mycenae an weapons were
found) to the city of Troy, which proves correct when relating it to the

The Iliad And The Odyssey
In Greek mythology, one of the most important wars fought during the Bronze Age was the Trojan
War. The Trojan War took place around the 12th or 11th Century BC. One of the largest impacts this
war had was the inspiration it provided to many famous writers of antiquity, which include writers
such as Homer, Virgil, Herodotus and many others. One of the most important writers during the
Greek Dark Ages was Homer, who I believe was the most influential writer of his time, and a writer
who had truly made an impact on the evolution of Greek Culture following the Dark Ages. Two of
Homer's most famous poems were the Iliad and the Odyssey, which were Ancient Greek epic poems
which covered a couple of weeks during the Trojan War. Although there ... Show more content on
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Both poems followed the events that ensued during the Trojan War which shows how this battle had
influenced Homer to contribute to Ancient Greek mythology. The Iliad and the Odyssey are very
important sources to this war because they are the only elements still intact from the time period due
to its age; however, there are many bits from the battle that are not included since the Iliad and the
Odyssey only covered portions of the Trojan War. The Iliad and the Odyssey were originally
performed orally and were written down much later than when they were introduced and written by
Homer which were written roughly 500 years following the war (Cline 9). There are debates
following the accuracy of Homers works have come to question; however, Homer's poems were
written based on accounts of data taken from the Bronze age which makes his epics ultimately
believable (Cline 41). The Iliad begins by starting from the 10th year of the Trojan War. Tensions
started amongst the Ancient Greeks, whom were known as the Achaeans at this time. It all started
when the priest Chryses requested the Achaean king, Agamemnon, to release his daughter who was
beind held by the Greeks. The king refused and then began to pray to the god Apollo. The King also
requested for the girlfriend of Achilleus. He gives up his girlfriend and also begins to pray to his
mother who is a goddess for help against the Trojans. His mother is able to get Zeus involved to aid
Achilleus's pride by

The Trojan War
The Trojan War – Fact or Fiction?
The Trojan War. Confined totally to the pages of Homer's The Illiad, the indulgent fantasy of a
Greek poet who lived over two and a half thousand years ago– or a historic fact at the centre of the
most famous quarrel ever? The Illiad is the ancient tale of a mighty city called Troy that lay at the
edge of Asia Minor whose prince abducted Helen, the most beautiful woman of all time, from the
king of Greek Sparta, causing the Greeks to send an army in a thousand ships to attack and lay siege
to Troy for 10 years. Historians have long doubted the credibility of Homer as a reliable historical
source. However evidence has been uncovered by archaeologists to suggest that The Iliad has some
basis in truth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The city that was revealed had characteristics of classical Greek and Roman times– a much later
period. Korfmann noticed one faint feature that was out of place– a deep ditch cut into rock that
marked the boundary of the lower city. Korfmann surmised that its purpose was to keep enemy
chariots from entering the city, located it in the fields below and found remains from the late Bronze
Age buried in it. This evidence proves that the ditch marked the boundary of the city in the late
Bronze Age, making the city a lot larger than was originally thought with a population of between
four and eight thousand and completely supporting Homer's description of Troy. Korfmann's team
found that Bronze Age Troy had been destroyed by war and burnt to the ground.
They found evidence of violence, arrowheads and sling pellets heaped together suggesting close
quarter fighting and many skeletons are found e.g. the skeleton of a sixteen year old girl with burnt
feet. That a young girl would be buried rapidly in a public place is highly unlikely unless the city
was under attack resulting in civilians dying in the streets. Homer states that it was Mycenae that
attacked Troy, and two and a half thousand years later modern archaeology supports him. The
excavation of Mycenae as it was in the Bronze Age revealed that all roads in the country led to
Mycenae, indicating that it was the centre of Greek civilization and therefore also the political centre
– any expedition led

Mycenaean Greece : An Authentic Bronze Age Name
Mycenaean evidence:
Similarly, in the Linear B (syllabic script that was used for writing Mycenaean Greek, the earliest
attested form of Greek, predating the Greek alphabet by several centuries) from Mycenaean Greece,
Homeric names have appeared, including Achilles, a name common in the classical period, were
noted on tablets from Knossos and Pylos. The Achilles mentioned in the tablet was a shepherd, not a
king or warrior, but the fact that the name is an authentic Bronze Age name is important. These
names used in Homeric poems presumably reference, if not specific people, an older time when
peoples names were different to the names in Homer's time. Some story elements from the tablets
appears in the Iliad, proving that this was either ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite his justification for his arguments, a great deal of scholars dismissed his identifications of
the towns and characters as either improbable or unprovable, since the Hittite texts at that time
provided no clear indication of the location of Wilusa beyond the general location of beyond
Western Anatolia.
Geological evidence
In November 2001, geologists John C. Kraft from the university of Delaware and John V. Luce from
Trinity College, Dublin, presented the results from an investigation they had made into the geology
of Troy that began in 1977. The geologists compared present geology with the landscapes and
coastal features described by Homer in the Illiad and other classical sources. They came to the
conclusion that there is a regular consistency between the location of Troy as Hisarlik, the
geological evidence and the topography and accounts of battles described in the Iliad.
Historians
The main historian responsible for the spread and popularity of the Trojan war stories is the epic
poet Homer. Little is known about Homer, the poet is estimated to have lived sometime between the
12th and 8th centuries BC, somewhere on the coast of Asia Minor. He is most credited for the The
Iliad and Odyssey , but the poet himself is an enigma as far as the actual facts of his life and how
much is known about him. Some scholars believe that these stories were written by just one

Essay On Bronze Age
Bronze Age Civilizations of the Stone Age were known for their use of stone implements, while the
Bronze Age is signified by the use of bronze tools and technology. The Bronze Age is part of the
three–tiered classification system of ancient civilizations described by Christian Jürgensen
Thomsen: the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The Bronze Age occurred at overlapping and
slightly different times in various parts of the world. This is due in part to the limited availability of
copper–tin ores. Certain places, like western Asia, did not see Bronze until trade brought this metal
to the region. Notable civilizations during the Bronze Age were the Minoans, Mycenaeans, Hittites,
and Egyptians. The Bronze Age dates from 3200–600 BC in Europe and 3300–1200 BC in the
Middle East. The Bronze Age collapse occurred around 1200 B.C.E. What followed was a dark age
of decreased literacy and technology and a significant reduction in population. Brief History The
Bronze Age is characterized by the use of bronze in tools and weaponry. Copper and tin are the raw
materials for bronze. Tin ore was a limited natural resource and only occurred in certain areas;
therefore some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were many wars among the Egyptians, Hittites, Assyrians, Mycenaeans and other empires
which rose and fell over several hundreds of years. Military conquest was the tool rulers used to
expand their territories and power and acquire knowledge and new technology. War was also a
driver of economic growth. War wasn't the only route used, as there was also diplomacy. Kingdoms
deployed diplomats so rival communities could talk to each other and resolve differences. These
kingdoms would establish family–like relationships. Sometimes to end war, a marriage was
arranged; in this way, the warring communities would no longer pretend they were family, they
would become family and this would end conflict. When wars ended trading would resume, at least
for a

Mycenaean Fortifications
Late Helladic fortification walls on the Greek mainland are found surrounding citadels, not the
entire city or site. The citadels seem to have housed central administration and housing for an elite
class of citizens. They were built on hills, presumably as another layer of fortification. I will
examine the sites of Gla, Midea, Tiryns, and Mycenae to look for similarities and differences in the
design and architecture of their fortifications, as well as, arguments about the purpose of the
fortifications at these sites. I will also explore how some sites were hindered or helped defensively
and economically by their location and their use of fortifications.
Mycenaean sites employed Cyclopean masonry as the means of building their ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The site of Midea is near Mycenae and Tiryns. Midea's fortification walls were observable by 19th
century travelers (Iakovidis, 1983) and later excavations uncovered the gates from the walls as well.
Like other Late Helladic sites, the fortification walls were built on a natural hill. At Midea this hill is
surrounded by a plain and is significantly taller than the surrounding area at 171 meters and the
slopes are hard to climb. This puts the citadel of the site in an easily defensible position in case of
any attack. The hill is so steep in areas that builders did not need to build fortification walls on the
east and south–east sides.
The walls at Midea were built using Cyclopean masonry like other fortification walls found from
this time. The walls are also very thick, ranging from 5.50–7 meters in various areas (Iakovidis,
1983). Like other Mycenaean sites, there is also evidence of a palace area inside the fortification
walls. Terracing and other buildings have also been uncovered during excavations, in keeping with
the traditional role of the fortification walls being placed around an administrative or elite center.
Unlike some other Mycenaean sites, Midea's fortification walls' entrance gates were relatively
simple and the walls were never expanded. Midea also has examples of L–Shaped gates which are
rare on the Greek mainland. L–Shaped gates had 90 degree turns, and while it was a defensive
measure in the

Collapse of Bronze Age Greece Essay
The Bronze Age in Greece was a period of time in which their civilization flourished. They were a
main power at the time and seemed to have everything they wanted in the palm of their hands. Many
other civilizations have a period of time also known as the Bronze Age, however, the bronze age of
Greece is widely known to be the most prolific and dominant in history. The Greece Bronze Age is
estimated to have lasted from between 8th to 6th century BC to about 146BC. Nobody knows for
sure the exact time period in which it began and ended. However, these are the dates that are most
widely known to be accurate. No other civilization has been able to remain a dominant world power
longer than this time period, which is why this is such an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
All of these civilizations came and went at different times throughout the duration of Bronze Age
Greece. All of them were drastically important in maintaining the great power of the area during a
time of such havoc and turmoil. Much like anything in life, all good things must come to an end
eventually. The Bronze Age Greece almost completely fell by 146BC. There are a number of
different reasons why the collapse of the Bronze Age Greece occurred. In the following sections we
will discuss several reasons for the collapse of this once great society. Possibly the most important
cause for the fall of the Golden Age Greece was the Battle of Corinth. It occurred in 146BC and
officially marked the complete fall of the Greek resistance against the Roman Republic. This was
such a destructive turning point for Greece because the city of Corinth possessed masses of wealth.
It was a main hub of activity and politics for the Greece civilization. The battle occurred during a
time when the Roman Republic sought to overtake Greece and all of its corresponding states. Rome
had been proving its great military strength and superiority to neighboring nations previous to the
Battle of Corinth. This period outlines the fall of the Greece nation and the rise of the Roman
Republic. Corinth was one of the most powerful at that time. After the battle, the rest of Greece fell
to the Romans as well. The Greek states tried to hold off and resist Roman

Assignment A: Dictionary Entry For The Dark Ages
02:10 DBQ Assignment DOCUMENT A: Dictionary Entry for "The Dark Ages" 1. What time
period does The American Cyclopaedia use to explain the "Dark Ages"? It explains dark ages as the
time period of depression in the history of Europe 2. Does "intellectual depression" refer to the
people of the "Dark Ages" or historical knowledge of the time? I think it refers to the people of the
dark age 3. Does this definition resemble more the original meaning of the "Dark Ages" or the
meaning it gained over time? This definition resembles the meaning it gained over time.
DOCUMENT B: Magna Carta 1. How did religion influence the Magna Carta? It says the beginning
of the magna carta "for the glory of holy Church and the improvement of our realm" This shows that
religion was a huge role in creation of the carta. 2. How did the Magna Carta limit the power of
King John? The magna carta limited his power of prisoning people. 3. How did the Magna Carta lay
the foundation for democracy? It gave people more control rather than the king having all the power.
DOCUMENT C (JOAN OF ARC): 1. How does this painting show the influence of religion on
politics? The painting shows 3 saints on the banner Joan of arc was holding. It shows how religion
helped her win the war. 2. Do you think ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It says that "the dark ages" term describes how miserable living was which was how the middle ages
were, It also It explains "the dark ages" as the time of depression in the history of Europe, but they
were lacking information and they assumed of how life was like in the middle ages. Also it says that
"historians have uncovered more documents from that time, it is not nearly as dark now". Modern
historians do not use the term anymore because they know more now about the Middle Ages which
proves that people found out how were the middle ages were really like and they stopped calling it
"dark

The City Of Troy And The Trojan War
The Trojan War is a war that took place around c. 1200 BCE and is one of the many events that
contributed to the fall of the Bronze Age. It was a revolutionary war for its time, yet its existence is
questioned by many. Throughout this text I will answer the question: "In your opinion, is the
existence of the city of Troy and the Trojan War real or "just a good story" (an artistic creation)?" I
believe in the existence or the city of Troy as well as the Trojan War because of all the written and
archaeological evidence that has been found on this topic.
First of all, written evidence plays a big part in why I believe the city of Troy and the Trojan War
were real events. The biggest written evidence is the famous poem Iliad written by Homer which
tells the story of the Trojan War through Homer's eyes. He sees it as a war that began because of a
love affair between the kind of Greece and his wife, a beautiful young woman who fell for the
prince of Troy. The evidence that has been found throughout many years has shown that it was not a
war based on a love affair, but one that began because of desire. The city of Troy was a very wealthy
city found in a very strategic location which attracted civilizations, therefore, civilizations such as
the Mycenaeans wanted to take over. Furthermore, written tablets are another big piece of evidence
when it comes to the Trojan War. These tablets provided information that archaeologists were
looking for to answer the question: "Who fought

Mycenaean Art
Mycenaean art Along the south eastern shores of the Greek mainland there existed during late
Helladic time a number of settlements corresponding in many ways to those of Minoan Crete. They
were grouped around palaces. Their persons have come to be called Mycenaean's after Mycenae, the
most important of these settlements. Since the works of art uncover there by make a hole by digging
often showed a inspiring Minoan character, the Mycenaean's were at first regarded as having come
from Crete, but it is now agreed that they were the a persons of the earliest Greek tribes, who had
entered the country soon after 2000 B.C for about 400 years, these people had led not easily seen of
country life in their new homeland; the modest tombs of this period have provided only some simple
article and a few color weapons. Toward 1600 B.C., however, they suddenly began to put their dead
in deep shaft graves and, a little later, in conical stone chambers, known as beehive tombs. This
development reached its height toward 1300 B.C. in such inspiring structures as the one shown in
figures 106 and 107, built of having the same centre one of several sheets of clear cut stone blocks.
Its discoverer thought it far to determine to succeed for a tomb and gave it the misleading name the
treasury of Uterus. Burial places as elaborate as this can be matched only in Egypt during the same
period. The treasury of Atreus had been robbed of its contents long he ago, but other Mycenaean
tombs were found undamaged, and what they yielded up caused even greater surprise: alongside the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It would seem, then, that the cups are a Mycenaean adaption of Minoan forms, either by a mainland
artist or by a Cretan working for Mycenaean

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Neolithic Revolution
1. The Neolithic revolution and the origins of agriculture caused a move from hunting/gathering to a
farming economy. Discuss the social disadvantages of this transition. In what ways did it promote
social inequality? The Neolithic revolution had a big impact on the society. However, instead of
focusing on the good, as follow are some social disadvantages of this big transition. To start with,
agriculture is considered much harder work than hunter gathering is, and individuals had to work
much longer hours farming. This reduced the land availability for living on by handing it to farmers.
It reduced space for wild animals and plants, which were used for food, meaning that, the fauna was
becoming less diverse and animals were becoming weaker since ... Show more content on
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Skeletons of women from this era show that many women suffered worse health than men. The
results showed that women had more bone lesions than man did (Gerards). This transition also led to
the spreading of new diseases, cities were getting overpopulated and pollution was arising. War and
fighting amongst people, fighting over land ownership and people wanting to control everything,
which the making of arms and new technologies began causing more pollution. All these are social
inequality examples causing some people to get more rights and different treatments between the
ranks and social statues. The elite groups were able to form and live off the labor of others this led to
power structures and inequality. According to researcher Jan Gerards, one big example of social
inequality caused by the Neolithic revolution was skeletons of royals found in Greek Mycenaean
tombs around 1500 BC. These skeletons Showed that the royals were two or three inches taller, had
fewer cavities and fewer missing teeth than their peasant counterparts; Chilean mummies of the elite
of 1000 A.D., had a

Art History: Mask of Agamemnon
ANCIENT ART 200
Was the Mask Of Agamemnon Edited by Schliemann and his Workers?
5/14/2011
Sandra.Baah |
Schliemann was a German archeologist who excavated the shaft graves of Mycenae. He found a
mask which has been claimed to be the mask of Agamemnon. This has brought up endless debates
about the authenticity of the mask. The mask is said to be one of Schliemann's forgeries. Some
scholars claim the mask is too new or does not have any qualities that prove that it is Mycenaean. It
is difficult to know whether the mask is authentic or fake. William A. Calder and David A. Traill are
two archeologists who challenge the authenticity of the mask. They have come up with arguments
that try to prove the mask is a forgery. Some scholars claim that ... Show more content on
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According to Harrington Spencer the mouth on figure 2 is short and thick with ill defined lips and
no discernible chin, but the mask of Agamemnon has a wider mouth, thin lips and a well define
chin. The eyes on the mask of Agamemnon are different from the other masks found in the shaft
graves of Mycenae. The eyebrows on figure two are not shown in detail, but the eyebrows on the
mask of Agamemnon the look as if they have been engraved on the mask. The eyelids on the mask
of Agamemnon seem to be open, while those on figure two are closed. Schliemann edited the mask
because it does not have any similarities with other metal work found in Mycenae. The mask looks
too perfect compared to the other masks found in the grave; it looks like it was made at a later date.
It is not severely faded like the other artworks found in the shaft graves of Mycenae.
The Mycenaean' did not make their metalwork purely out of gold. Most of their artwork was made
with different metals, such as silver and bronze. I believe the mask was edited because the mask of
Schliemann found was believed to be made of pure gold and according to Calder "no ancient object
was ever made of pure gold". Some scholars like David Traill, have questioned the authenticity of
the mask of Agamemnon and requested for the object to be tested. Traill has asked for it to be tested
to see if the mask is really made of gold but his request has been denied. If the mask is said to be

Minoans Religious Culture
CIVILISATION OF MYCENAE KIRSTY HILLIER CULTURAL RELIGION: Not much known
about the religious practises There are only few text that can be read that are written about gods The
most popular deity being Poseidon (had to do with earthquakes) IMPORTANT GODS: The Lady of
the Labyrinth, Diwia (the sea goddess) More gods that were part of the Pantheon included Zeus–
Hera, Hermes, Athena, Artemis, Dionysus an Erina. Not many temples dedicated to the gods, or
religious practises. The rituals took place on open ground rather than in shrines or temples. Minoans
had a very strong influence on the religious practises. ART: Pottery was their art. Made things like
stirrup jars, pitchers, craters and chalices. The art that was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
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MEGARON: the central hall of a large Mycenaean house DEITY: a god or goddess PANTHEON:
all the gods of a people or religion collectively MINOANS: an inhabitant of Minoan Crete or
member of the Minoan people. STIRRUP JARS: is a pottery vessel probably originating in the
ancient Mediterranean region PITCHERS: a large jug. KRATERS: s a large vase which was used to
mix wine and water in Ancient Greece. MOTIFS: a decorative image or design, especially a
repeated one forming a pattern ANTHROPOMORPHIC: having human characteristics.
ZOOMORPHIC: having or representing animal forms or gods of animal form. FRESCOES: a
painting done rapidly in watercolour on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling INDUSTRY: The industry
interest me because they made and sold so many things. The fact that they could make cloths and
clothes with the small amount of technology they had. Many people nowadays cant even sew
something together using a sewing machine. There were many workers employed and they didn't
just make cloth. Metals and perfumes were also made, they must have been very smart. This
interests me because they were able to make all this with hardly any

The Minoans and Mycenaeans Essay
The Minoans and Mycenaeans were both from the Greek era. They differentiated quite a bit between
each other. While the Minoans were peaceful people, the Mycenaeans were brutal and warlike.
These two civilizations help the people of today learn about ancient culture. Although the two places
were varied much from one another, the cultures wrote the most understandable historical evidence
about themselves. This paper will tell how these close regions compared and contrasted. The
Mycenaeans existed within the years of 2000 b.c. It began with the people settling around the
coastal area to provide good agriculture. This coastal area being near the Mediterranean. The
Mycenaeans came after the Minoans, and were strongly driven by war, unlike ... Show more content
These gods are still educationally known today. The Minoans were named after King Mino, and
originated from the island of Crete, which was more Asian than it was European. This island was
based around merchants and trades, the Minoans top quality. The civilization gained much power
from sailing to nearby islands and mainlands while dealing with the people there. Crete was a very
fertile farming land, that was perfect for growing props. Because the land was so plentiful with
nutrients, it was easier for the Minoans to reproduce and create a larger population. Eventually the
population became so large, the land was stripped of agriculture. People sailed to nearby islands of
the Aegean Sea and began lives there as well. The culture of the Minoans spread throughout the
lands, the religion, and their government also were spread. While spreading their knowledge, the
civilization became very advanced sailors. They became exporters of wine, oil, jewelry and finely
crafted works. The Minoans peaceful nature had them focusing on art. They excelled at pottery, and
shaping stones into jewelry. The architecture on buildings were defined and well thought over as
well. Along with art, they had a knack for writing, typically it helps us figure out what a civilizations
history was like. The Minoans explained little about their way of life in their writings which were
called Linear A, Linear B, and Phaestos Disc. However, Minoans religion was not

The Minoan Civilization : An Aegean Bronze Age Civilization
The Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization that was rich with culture, art and
architecture. They were so intellectually advanced for their time period, that they have made a
significant contribution to the development of the Western European civilization. The Mycenaean
civilization flourished in the late Bronze Age. Unlike the Minoans, the Mycenaeans were militaristic
and more calculating people. They had very specific reasons behind their actions. Both civilizations
had differences and similarities in their technology, trade, military, and society. Being in close
proximity of other ancient civilizations, both the Minoans and the Mycenaeans learned from others
to fortify their own identity as a society.
The Minoan civilization developed rapidly during the middle of the Bronze Age in 2000 BCE until
1500 BCE in the island of Crete. The Minoans were a sophisticated culture that had a unique palette
in art and architecture. We know from archeological discoveries, that they had complex settlements
and structures, but there were no fortifications, suggesting that they were peaceful and harmonious.
This harmony carried through to their art giving it literary and mythological essence that questions,
who exactly were the Minoans? Their lack of walled citadels, temples, and unclear kings and priests,
suggests that there was an absence of male domination in this society. This leads to believe that the
females played an important role in the Minoan society. In many

Exploring Homer's Iliad as a Source of Information about...
Homer was the ancient Greek poet said to have lived between around the 8th and 9th century B.C.
Some believe that he was born on the island of Chios and others say he was in Ionia. He was said to
be a court singer and a storyteller. He is famous for the writings of the epic poems the Iliad and the
Odyssey.
While there is controversy weather or not Homer alone wrote these pieces or many other people
wrote it over a period of time and even if Homer was an actual person. Homer also wrote Homeric
Hymns which are short poems celebrating various Gods. Some of the most celebrated and
distinguished characters of mythology play roles in either one or both of the epics. Such characters
include Achilles, Ajax, Agamemnon, Menelaus, Helen, Paris, ... Show more content on
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Troy of Homer
The things that can be told about Troy of Homer from the archaeological remains found by
Schliemann and investigated by others since that the things that Schliemann had found had been
destroyed by him from digging 1000 years too deep. His discoveries included Priam's treasure,
which Schliemann did not indicate where it had been found. Another mistake by Schliemann is that
he did not record events until a later period, and when he did write these accounts down in his diary
they were false accounts with corrections all over his diary. They did find a ditch, which was
designed to stop enemy chariots from entering. Manfred Korfmann believes that it was a sizeable
city. After three thousand years archaeologists have found the distinguished city of Troy described
by Homer. However, Homer described in the Iliad that there was a war; there was no evidence of the
city being destroyed by an enemy army. Later on Korfmann's team finds that there is proof of
violence. This includes arrow heads found in the lower city, skeletons and sling pellets (believed to
been made by the defenders of Troy. All this evidence says to Korfmann that the city had a war and
they're were defeated at the end of the Bronze Age.
Archaeological sight
Cyclopean walls surrounded the

The Ulu Burun Shipwreck: Underwater Archaeology at its...
Archaeology is a continuously evolving field where there is a constant stream of new branches and
excavation methods. Due to the influx of new technologies and innovations in recent decades,
archaeologists have been able to excavate previously inaccessible areas. For example, new diving
equipment and tools such as proton magnetometers, side–scan sonar, sub–bottom profiler, and
miniature submarines have allowed archaeologists to dive into the deep depths of the ocean. As a
result, the branch of underwater archaeology was created to search for shipwrecks and other artifacts
on the ocean floor. Underwater archaeology's role has increased in recent years as it allows
archaeologists to more accurately interpret the past by supplementing ... Show more content on
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Archaeologists noticed that these items did not come from a central location, but came from several
specific locations. By analyzing the artifacts, archaeologists are able to determine which cultures
came into contact and traded with each other. Through isotope analysis, it was determined that the
copper ingots were from the island of Cyprus. The pottery was similar to those found throughout
Canaan. Also in the wreck, there were logs of blackwood which grew in primarily Africa. There
were also glass ingots that were the same as glass found in Egypt and Mycenaean Greece. In
addition, there was ivory from elephants and hippopotamus primarily from Syria. Since all of these
items were on one trading vessel, archaeologists were able to determine that there was "a vast trade
network was well established among various racial and linguistic groups centered on the
Mediterranean, from subtropical Africa and the Near East to northern Europe" (Bass 699).
Therefore, underwater archaeology shows that there was multicultural trade during the Late Bronze
Age. The various civilizations along the Mediterranean coast worked together in a cooperative
fashion and relied on each other in order to thrive during the Late Bronze Age. In addition, trade was
not localized but widespread throughout the Mediterranean. Through previous land

Ulu Brurun Shipwreck Essay
Ellen Ryu (503403830)
Classics 51A
Professor Papadopoulos
March 5, 2017
The Ulu Burun Shipwreck: A New Discovery
Our world is full of mystery. There are countless unknown traces from the past all over the world
and they are waiting to be solved and answered. Archaeology studies the ancient human past
through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains. In fact,
archaeology is the tool that decipher the clues that are found through its continuous development of
excavation and methods. The advance of new technologies in recent decades enable archaeologists
to excavate previously unapproachable areas, such as underwater. The underwater archaeology is
developed in order to discover the lost shipwrecks and various ... Show more content on
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Thereby, both underwater and land archaeology should coincide information in order to search for
more accurate explanations. For instance, the connection between Ulu Burun shipwreck and
Egyptian civilization could be unveiled with the help and support from the land archaeology.
Although the Ulu Burun excavators found material and assumed that to be ivory, in fact it was
African Blackwood found in Sudan, Mozambique and Angola (Bass 238). However, archaeologist
could later learn that they were the same wood that was used in King Tut's tomb by supplementing
archaeological discoveries from the land. As a result, they successfully confirmed that the Ulu
Burun shipwreck was associated with Egypt. On the other hand, the increasing number of findings
can often challenge the original assumption. The raw materials found on the ship along with the
various Cypriot and Canaanite objects made it appear as if the ship was traveling from the east to the
west when it sank (Bass 240). However, the discovery of some amber beads refuted this original
thought. This particular amber was identified as Baltic amber, "which occurs in an arc sweeping
across northern Europe from the Baltic south to the Black Sea" (Bass 241). His statement asserts
that it became unclear exactly which direction the ship was heading. This requires archaeologist to
continuously

Examples Of Beware The Toils Of War In The Iliad
In the words of Homer, who wrote two epic poems which are famous works in ancient Greek
literature states, "Beware the toils of war...the mesh of the huge dragnet sweeping up the world."
The first part of this quote which says beware the toils of war, this means beware the hard and
continuous work of war. I believe this pertains to the dark ages because the Dark Age is when the
Dorian's were transitioning from the bronze ages to the iron ages. The iron ages this was
predominately about hatred and at war constantly. The second part of the quote which says the mesh
of the huge dragnet sweeping up the world, which means the mesh of the huge game or food in a big
net, is sweeping up the world. For me personally I believe this pertains to the Greek civilization of
the Mycenaeans basically losing their civilization which was being swept away from the Dorian's
and losing their identity which I will talk about later. Therefore, I will be going into further detail
about Greek civilization, the dark ages and what was lost, and homers the Iliad. The Greek
Civilization was a mystery about the origin of the Greeks which is unknown. However, we were
able to indicate from their language which uncovered they belonged to the Indo–European language.
The Greeks were a blend of native tribes and Indo–European raiders. From tracing back the culture
of Greeks, which was found of two earlier cultures named the Minoans and the Mycenaean's.
Speaking of the Minoans, they thrived in the 2nd millennium

Destruction Of Mycenae Essay
There have been many suggestions and hypotheses to explain that the destruction of the Mycenaean
civilisation. This ranges from foreign invasion, civil war, collapse in trade, drought and natural
disasters. All of these could be possible hypotheses as to why the Mycenaean civilisations fell, but
none are certain as there is not enough evidence to back these hypotheses up. Mycenae was a very
successful and powerful city. This would make it hard for the city to be brought down and for
everything to be forgotten. Foreign invasion is a plausible hypothesis for the destruction of
Mycenae. The theory is that there was a mass invasion by outsiders known to the Egyptians as 'the
sea people' who invaded Egypt earlier as well. The 'sea people' could have invaded Mycenae and
then settle in their land. This is a plausible hypothesis except there is no evidence to back it up, as
there have been no foreign objects found in all of the ruins. This ... Show more content on
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The fact that the Mycenaean civilisation was such a strong and powerful civilisation really shows
that anything can happen. Life is so unpredictable and especially in the cases of natural disasters it is
ruthless. Natural disasters cannot be avoided, they are inevitable. The danger of natural disasters is
forever present, they are powerful and overwhelming. History shows a very strong cycle,
civilisations rise and fall. They do not stay forever. For a civilisation to be very stable and last longer
than the rest, their needs to be strict rules, guidelines and consequences for people who do not
follows these rules. To stop war crimes and invasion of other cities their needs to be rules. A stable
government is very important, leaders need to be strong willed and committed. Civilisations without
these things would be very fragile, they would crumble within

A Reflection On The Lost Palace Of Sparta
A REFLECTION ON MY NEWS STORY
When I googled on the Internet about a news story relating to Classical Studies, I happened to found
an interesting article on The Lost Palace of Sparta Possibly Uncovered in Live Science. My main
reason for choosing this news story was because I have always been interested in Late Bronze Age
Mycenaean
Civilization, since Mycenaean culture appears to be connected with Homer 's Iliad 's Trojan War.
Secondly, I took a course on Classical Archaeology as an undergraduate student in Classics.
Therefore, I studied the nineteenth century archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann and his excavation of
Agamemnon 's palace and his gold mask at Mycenae inspired me very much. For me, the most
striking aspect of my news story was the Linear B tablets found on the site. Ghose (2015) stated that
the inscriptions represented the earliest form of the Greek language. Although the fire baked the
tablets, the fascinating writings on these Linear B tablets discussed clearly "the centralized
distribution of goods like wool and grain," noted (Killgrove 2015). These inscriptions on the Linear
B tablets give the readers a history of palatial events in the Mycenaean period.
Yes, I was thinking about doing an article from the Ottawa Citizen about Ancient Menoral Roman
Treasure, but I did not know very much about the Gothic King Alaric. Therefore, I chose The Lost
Palace of Sparta Possibly Uncovered instead, because I have studied Homer 's Iliad, Classical
Archaeology,

comparing and contrasting Odysseus and Percy Jackson
Rachel Passig
Mrs. Reynolds
World Literature II
21 October 2014
Comparing and Contrasting Odysseus and Percy Jackson
Why are not all humans exactly the same? What separates humans apart from each other, aside from
their external appearance? Each individual human being is unique and extraordinary, due to the
different characteristics they possess. Granting the fact that humans having similar qualities is a
frequent occurrence, no two individuals attain identical personalities. Comparing and contrasting the
characteristics of Odysseus, the main character in The Odyssey, an Epic Poem taking place in
ancient Greek culture, and Percy Jackson, the main character in the novel The Lightning Thief,
likenesses and differences within their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both heroes possessed a remarkably strong attitude of bravery that was vital in fulfilling their
missions.
Although Odysseus and Percy had a lot in common, one characteristic that was not evenly shared
between them was confidence. Odysseus and Percy were both tactical, brave, and completed their
journeys successfully, however, Odysseus was more confident in himself than Percy was. Percy and
Odysseus 's self–confidence inequality was a result of their different

Mycenae Essay
Mycenae
Problems with format
?Mycenae in southern Greece is one of the oldest cities in the world, the center of rich myth, culture,
and history.? For centuries, legends abounded about the wealth, fame, and power of this city,
particularly concerning its involvement in the Trojan War.? Yet, just 200 years ago, people wondered
whether the ancient city of Mycenae even existed.? However, archaeological work in the past two
centuries has confirmed the existence and greatness of this ancient civilization.? The major finds
include the city?s walls, palace, and tombs.? These discoveries provide a connection to this ancient
city and make it come to life again today.
?Our first knowledge of Mycenae came from Greek legends written by ancient ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The famous archaeologist, Heinrich Schliemann, wanting to authenticate the Trojan War, began
searching for the famed cities sung about by Homer.? In 1876 he was successful in uncovering some
of the remains of Mycenae, confirming the existence of this ancient city.? His work, naturally,
sparked a renewed interest in Greek archaeology.? In addition to Mycenae, several other cities that
were part of the Mycenaean empire were found.
While early work was very successful in uncovering remains of the city, not many written records
were found.? But in 1939, archaeologists began digging up written tablets throughout the
Mycenaean world.? The writing on these tablets was an unfamiliar script, referred to as Linear B.?
In 1952, a major breakthrough was made with the deciphering of the Mycenaean language.? This
language, in fact, was an early form of Greek and possibly developed on Crete (LFC 5).? The
combination of this new knowledge, along with the extensive archeological work, has allowed
scholars to piece together a solid history of Mycenaean civilization.
The Mycenaean Age refers not only to the actual city of Mycenae, but also to the civilization
between the years 1600 to 1100 B.C. in the area we know today as the Peloponnesus of southern
Greece.? Other influential centers included Argos, Tiryns, Sparta, Athens, and Crete.? Mycenaean
cities were characterized by the archaeological feats exhibited in their citadels, palaces, and tombs.?
As the society developed, a complex

Archaeology and the Trojan War Essay
Archaeology and the Trojan War
"... he [Heinrich Schliemann] found layers of ruins ... and two bore unmistakable signs of violent
destruction. One of these layers, the seventh according to more recent excavators, was no doubt the
city of Priam and Hector. The historicity of the Homeric tale had been demonstrated
archaeologically." – M.I. Finley, the World of Odysseus
Introduction
The Trojan War and its characters are detailed in the writings of Homer, Vergil, Dante and many
others. It is a fantastical tale of a decade–long siege of a powerful city by a massive pan–hellenic
force. However, even though it has proved to be such a rich source of inspiration for writers, poets
and artists throughout history, it is debated whether it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thucydides, much like Heroditus, believed that it had happened, though he does concede that
Homer had changed the story in creating his poetry.
Other authors who have drawn on the Trojan War include Plato, Vergil and Dante. Though the
Trojan War was an event from early Greek history, the Romans too wrote about it. Vergil's
unfinished Aeneid tells the story of Aeneas. Indeed, classical civilisations did not have a monopoly
on the Trojan War – Ulysses (Odysseus latinised) appears alongside Diomedes (another leader of the
Achaeans who, amongst other deeds, went inside the famous Trojan Horse) in Dante's Inferno.
Because so many authors have written about the Trojan War, there are conflicting versions of events.
However, we can compare the different versions and conclude that anything that is repeated in each
of the sources actually happened. At the most basic level, we can say that the Trojan War was a pan–
hellenic assault on the city of Troy, which after a protracted siege, the attackers were the victors. (If
we do not take it for granted that the Trojan War was an attack on the Trojans, then there is very
little reason for calling it the "Trojan War".)
The other problems with the surviving accounts of the Trojan War are the involvement of the gods.
Supposedly Apollo and Poseidon helped build Troy as punishment. Throughout the Aeneid, the gods
aid mortals in their own particular struggles. Obviously, if the Trojan

The Trojan War : There Was Not A Historical Trojan War
After the readings, I believe that there was not a historical Trojan War. I believe Homer's poems
were historically inaccurate and just a fictional form of writing. These poems were mythical and
made as a story for the public. Also, archaeological evidence fails to show proof of a major war, but
instead shows that Troy may have been a major trade center which can cause tension and conflict
between societies. First, I do believe that there was conflict in the city of Troy, but not necessarily a
single war. As Trevor Bryce says, " During this period Wilusa suffered a number of attacks in which
Mycenaean Greeks may have been directly or indirectly involved"(Bryce 193). I think Troy was like
any other city that is heavily involved with trade, they had their enemies. Therefore, there was no
evidence that there was one major conflict with one group of people that lead to the destruction of
Troy. If Troy was attacked by an enemy they had contact with, there would have been signs of
another culture being there. As Frank Kolb says, "During the past 80 years, not a single sherd of
Trojan Grey Ware or Mycenaean pottery has come forth"(Kolb 587). There has not been any
weapons, tools, or pottery found that would have been left behind if Troy was attacked then
destroyed. Next, there is no evidence that the buildings in Troy were destroyed by attackers, but
there is also inconclusive evidence how exactly Troy was destroyed.Trevor Bryce states, "There is
no doubt that it

The Iliad By Homer
The Iliad is a collection of poems written by Homer describing the 10–year siege of the city of Troy
by Greeks in what is now famously known as the Trojan War. Several characters stand out in the
series of poems because of the roles they played in the war, how they behaved and the acts they took
to help eventually win the war for the Greeks (then known as Akhaians). This paper specifically
investigates the writings in Books two, four, thirteen, sixteen and seventeen and why the events in
these books are important in the overall text.
Book 2 (pg. 46–47). The author, Homer, portrays a society utilizing poetic fiction. He describes of
how humans directly talked and interacted with gods (Raaflaub 469). This can be seen in page forty
six of Book two which starts by describing a dream that Zeus (god) had sent to Agamemnon in
which Zeus promises glory in the end. The interaction with gods is also evident in page forty seven
whereby a speaker asks Zeus, Apollo and Athena to give him 10 more people to help him strategize
in the war. The author of the poem also uses items that were common hundreds of years ago such as
fighting using ships and placing the ships in the historical Trojan War (Raaflaub 471–472). Such
uses are common throughout the Iliad.
Book 4 (pg. 94–106). Here the author portrays a war that was filled with fictional and overly
exaggerated events/elements. Homer's narration of huge weapons and equally huge and strong men
in the war is strewn together with individual

Prehistoric Mesopotamian And Egyptian Civilization Summary
Chapter 1: Prehistoric, Mesopotamian, and Egyptian Civilization The Earliest Cultures Culture is a
group of people's way of thinking, and is passed down and expressed through their art; art first
appeared in the Paleolithic area with homo sapiens. Paleolithic Period: o The paleolithic people were
nomads; knowledge of their lives comes from the cave paintings they left behind. o Ritual and
Religion: Their art appears to depict their rituals, such as hunting. o Sculpture: Very few of their
sculptures are around today, but the most famous is the Woman of Willendorf, which is thought to
have a connection to fertility. Neolithic Period: o People began to farm and herd, which allowed
permanent settlements to develop. o Wall Paintings: These mainly still depicted hunting, but began
to change as the culture presumably changed. o Architecture: Very few architectural structures from
this period have survived (none from before); the most famous is Stonehenge, constructed using the
post and lintel system and thought to be something like a sundial. Mesopotamia: The Cradle of
Civilization Mesopotamian civilization began in the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers, and was where agriculture, the Bronze Age, and writing (cuneiform wedges to
ideograms/combination of pictures, to phonetic writing) developed. Sumer: o The Sumerians
founded Mesopotamian civilization; they had city–sates and polytheistic religions with
anthropomorphic gods. o Architecture: Temples were

How Did The Greek Culture And The Mycenaean Culture
In the epic poem The Odyssey, Homer wrote about many Greek cultures and customs, but how were
they important? The purpose of this research paper is to explain how these cultures and customs had
an impact on Homer's life. During Homer's life, there were many important Greek customs and
cultural events like the different Greek beliefs in religion, festivals like greek tragedies and the
Mycenaean culture. The first important culture was the Mycenaean culture.
In Homer's pieces of literature, he emphasizes the warlike values of the Mycenaean culture. In
Homer's works, "Homeric heroes celebrate warfare as an opportunity to win power, plunder, and
glory for great warriors"(Hutchinson 2004). This idea of winning glory and power from warfare all
came ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was theatre. These events were, "Attended by visitors from all over Greece and the experience
was perhaps more akin to a pilgrimage rather than that of a mere sports fan" (Ancient History
Encyclopedia 2013). These tragedies that were performed were so popular, that everyone in Greece
came to see them. There were only three actors, which were only men, and they would wear masks
to let the audience know who they were acting as. Women were not allowed to perform in these
greek tragedies because it was considered like an embarrassment for women to stand up and do such
a thing. The actors were called hypocrites simply because they were acting as something their not,
they were imitating someone or something. These performances were usually performed in the third
day during the festival of Dionysus and these tragedies were performed to honor him. For the
festival, "Illustrating their sacred status, warfare was prohibited during these events and pilgrims
were guaranteed free–passage across Greece" (Ancient History Encyclopedia 2013). To show
respect to the god and to have peace during this festival, warfare was not allowed and some people
were given a free pass across Greece to go to the festival since it was a religious festival in a way,
but very enjoyable and fun for the people of

Late Bronze Age Collapse
"The influence of climatic change on the Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Greek Dark Ages" by
Brandon L. Drake asserts that the abandonment of the Greek Bronze Age palatial centres which
occurred between the 11th and 13th centuries was caused by a rise in Northern hemisphere
temperatures. Drake (2013) contests that it was this rise in temperatures that led to a decline in
freshwater in the atmosphere, thus causing the land to become arid and resulting in reduced overall
agricultural productivity for the region (pp. 1862–1870). Because urban palatial centres depended on
surrounding rural areas for sustenance, this long–term decline in precipitation resulted in famine and
ultimately led to the collapse of Greek Bronze Age civilization. These ... Show more content on
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Despite evidence from other researchers suggesting that perhaps climate change combined with
other social and political factors was the driving force behind the collapse of these palatial centres,
the degree to which each of these influences contributed to the collapse has yet to be consistently
determined. Due to this, Drake's argument for climate change as a primary factor in the collapse of
Greek palatial centres is more substantial.
Brandon Drake (2013) in "The influence of climatic change on the Late Bronze Age Collapse and
the Greek Dark Ages" cites oxygen–isotope speleothems as a primary form of evidence that climate
change was the driving force in the collapse of Greek Bronze Age palatial centres (pp. 1863–1864).
Carbon samples were taken from speleothems in Soreq Cave located in Northern Israel. From these
samples researchers found low levels of precipitation during the Late Bronze Age in this area and
therefore determined that land in the area was particularly arid during this time period, which likely
led to widespread famine. Moreover, the multi–century drought

Mycenaean Civilization Essay
Mycenaean Civilization
The Mycenaean civilization flourished for four hundred years in the late Bronze Age before
collapsing in to small bands of subsistence farmers. Some historians attribute this decline to 'the Sea
People' who terrorized the Egyptians, Anatolians and the Hittites. But could a mysterious people
who left no archeological proof of their existence really bring about the collapse of entire
civilizations?
Mycenaean civilization is characterized by the large palace–like buildings that they created. These
huge structures contained dozens of rooms used for a variety of purposes.
The rooms were used for everything from industry to meeting places and even sleeping quarters.
The main function of these palatial buildings ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Greek warriors depicted on Ramses III reliefs demonstrate that Mycenaean must have been carrying
out raids . The Mycenaean economy depended on surplus in order to trade. To maintain that surplus,
their society had to always be expanding. This made their social structure somewhat delicate and it
eventually led to its collapse. The collapse was not because of a single invasion though, many
factors led to it. Mycenaean civilization collapsed because of its overdependence on trade and its
inherent aggressive nature and was catalyzed by invasions and natural disaster.
The most common reason that historians give for the decline of Mycenaean civilization is that they
were invaded by foreign peoples. The two most common people that are credited with this are the
Dorians and the 'Sea People.' The Dorians moved in to Greece from the north–west in the late
Bronze Age. Coarse pots, not as artfully crafted as Mycenaean pots, have been found in Korakou,
Asine, and Mycenae . These pots have been found alongside Mycenaean IIIC pots and is evidence
that the Dorians arrived in small waves and were integrated in to Mycenaean society . The Dorians
were not terrible invaders that brought about the end of Mycenaean society, instead they were
immigrants. The term 'Sea People' seems to apply to many different tribes of men. Pharaoh
Merenptah refers to the Aqaiwasha as 'Sea People' in his victory over the Libyans in 1210bce .
Ramses the third uses the term 'Sea People' in the

A Formal Analysis Of 'Death Mask Based On Gold Death Mask...
A Formal Analysis of Death Mask Based on Gold Death Mask from Mycenae, Grave Circle A, Shaft
Grave IV circa 1550 BC
The Greek Exhibition section of The Royal Ontario Museum houses this replica, one made by an
unknown artist, of an original, gold funeral mask said to be a depiction of the face of the Mycenaean
King, Agamemnon. Known widely as the Death Mask of Agamemnon, the original artefact dates to
1550 BC, which corresponds with the Greek Bronze Age when metals were being worked due to
technological advancements in various urban societies of the world. It is a marvel of craftsmanship
as much as of cultural and technological prowess of that age since the original was made from a
single sheet of almost pure gold.
Discovered in a burial site labelled Grave Circle A, shaft Grave IV on the citadel of Mycenae by an
archaeologist named Henrich Schliemann (1876), the original mask has been claimed to belong to
the grave of King Agamemnon of Mycenae. This claim has since been questioned for it verity since
the grave was likely dug as much as three centuries before Agamemnon is thought to have lived and
ruled. Nevertheless, the death mask has an aura of romance and mystery about it since it reveals so
much about the cultural and social practices of the civilization of Mycenae, who like other ancients
such as the Egyptians made funerary masks for their powerful and wealthy dead.
The original of this mask, made as it is with such finely sculpted and etched detail out of a thin sheet

Ancient Greece: The Minoans And The Mycenaeans
The ancient Greeks were an advanced society that began sometime before 2000 B.C. and ended
sometime around 150 B.C. . They made many technological advancements including philosophy
and astronomy. The timeline of ancient Greece is split into three parts, beginning, middle (classical
age), and end. So from beginning to end this is ancient Greece. The early Greeks (2 of the earliest
being the Minoans and the Mycenaeans) were traders and merchants that traveled by boat and used
the sea for food. Sometime in the 1600s B.C. a volcano erupted on the Minoan island of Crete, this
led to the end of the Minoans. The Mycenaeans, however, spent there time building fortresses all
over mainland Greece and, when the Minoan civilization started to

The Palace Of Knossos By King Minos
Part A: The Palace of Knossos is the most complex structure existing from the ancient Minoan
Civilization on the island of Crete. It was built in the Minoan political center of Knossos by King
Minos around 1900 BC. The palace is an extremely intricate building standing five stories with
large, beautiful paintings on its walls known as frescos; it even had indoor plumbing. It is apparent
that only the most important people in Minoan society lived in the palace because of its grandeur
and beauty. The Palace of Knossos is important to history because the palace gives us a window into
Minoan culture. We can deduce from the Palace of Knossos that the Minoan Civilization was both
complex and prosperous. The beautiful murals of the Palace of ... Show more content on
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Linear B writing emerged in Knossos after Linear A writing but before the fall of the Palace of
Knossos. We can then deduce that people writing in Linear B (Mycenaeans) conquered those writing
in Linear A (Minoans), or at the very least, Minoans allowed the Linear B writers into its political
center as a peaceful accommodation. Nonetheless, finding the Linear B tablets at the Palace of
Knossos is important because it lets us know that at some point Mycenaeans had lived on the Island
of Crete. Finally, discovering Linear B tablets allows us to see how the Greek language evolved
because the tablets show Greek language its very earliest form. Linear A is the writing system of the
Minoans that lived on Crete. Like its child system Linear B, Linear A writing is a system where one
symbol represents one syllable in language. The reason Linear A writing was developed by the
Minoans is because the Minoans wanted to keep record of what was bartered. Essentially, the
Minoans developed a writing system so they could keep receipts. Sadly, the language that Linear A
displayed is still unknown to us today. The Mycenaeans really admired the culture of the Minoans.
As a result, the Mycenaeans based their writing system off of the Minoans ' Linear A writing.
Without Linear A, we would not have been able to see the first Greek writings in Linear B.
Essentially, without Linear A the first Greek writings would not have been recorded in Linear B.
Homer spoke and wrote in

Mycenaeans: The Importance Of Religion In Ancient Greek Art
One way that surviving objects and monuments created by and for Mycenaean kings embodied their
power was the way in which they were buried. In the textbook, it is stated, "six deep shafts served as
tombs for kings and their families. The excavation of the royal shaft graves yielded many gold
artifacts," for example, the gold Mycenaean mask of a bearded man that was discovered in a royal
grave. The way in which they were buried embodies their power in that it shows that they were
royalty. A normal Mycenaean may not have been buried the same way as a royal Mycenaean would
have been. By being buried with gold and other riches, a Mycenaean was sure to be differentiated as
royalty and it would also show the power they possessed as a noble by being ... Show more content
The architecture is beautiful and "reveals an order, compactness, and symmetry." This shows the
thought that was put into the architecture of temples to exemplify the importance that they place on
religion. The textbook also states, "The Greek temple was the house of the God or the Goddess, not
of his or her followers." This emphasizes the importance that is placed on Greek Gods and
Goddesses in everyday life in Ancient Greece. Another type of Greek art would be Terra Cotta
figurines. These figurines were made for many purposes in the everyday life of Ancient Greece,
such as being a religious offering or even toys that were given to children. This shows that people in
Ancient Greece put emphasis on making offerings to the Gods, and it also shows that even back
then, kids were given toys. A third type of Greek art that tells us about everyday life in Ancient
Greece would be the pieces they made using pottery techniques. "The most common forms of
pottery were amphorae, for storing wine, large kraters for mixing wine with water...kylixes or
stemmed cups with horizontal handles for drinking...or deep bowls..." These types of pottery tell us
about everyday life in Ancient Greece, in that it shows us how people in Ancient Greece made these
cups, bowls and other pieces to complete the everyday activities. A fourth example would be art that
depicted Athletics, such as the Attic Black Figure by Lekythos that depicts two runners. Athletics
became more and more popular in Ancient Greece and led to the Olympic Games. A fifth example
would be portraying war through the use of warriors in fight scenes or scenes that would show the
warrior taking leave. In those times, there was a war being fought, so these scenes depicted through
art were very

Analysis Of 'The Dorians' Overrunning The Mycenaeans
The Mystery of how the Mycenaeans died out has perplexed many historians. Because that it
occurred extremely long ago and countless scenarios could've occurred. The most commonly known
theory is that 'The Dorians ' attacked the Mycenaeans. Other theories include; natural disasters –
such as earthquakes and abandonment of their city. It seems exceedingly likely that 'The Dorians'
attacked the Mycenaeans Because they had a history of military violence and of war, famine and
drought in Greece. 'The Dorians' were neighbouring colonisation to The Mycenaeans and constantly
trying to overrun The Mycenaeans. Therefore, the theory of 'The Dorians' overrunning The
Mycenaeans, is quite credible. 'War, famine and drought' played a big role in why 'The Dorians'
attacked the Mycenaeans. The Mycenaeans also had a bad history of military violence which
could've also contributed, Though We have no evidence that this actually occurred. This is similar to
the Mongol Conquests in the early 13th century. The Mycenaeans had also driven out the sons of
Heracles and vowed to return. The 'Dorians' had so much motivation to cripple the Mycenaeans.
They had better weapons, instead of bronze, 'The Dorians' Used iron. 'The Dorians' had the
advantage, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientists have tried to recount the horrible events that happened in Greece around this time. At the
ruins of Tiryns, Scientists have tried to figure out an earthquake was responsible for the walls
collapsing. Still, to no avail, scientists have claimed that this is just too long ago for their high–tech
computers to predict.This is similar to 'The Harappan enigma', First historians blamed an attack
from the Aryan invaders from the north, and now an earthquake. Though we have no proven
theories and no archaeological evidence. The theories that archaeologists have made have been stale
and earthquakes are a very unlikely cause of why The Mycenaeans died

"Archaeology Has Proved the Historicity of the Trojan...
"Archaeology has proved the historicity of the Trojan War." Discuss
" he [Heinrich Schliemann] found layers of ruins and two bore unmistakable signs of violent
destruction. One of these layers, the seventh according to more recent excavators, was no doubt the
city of Priam and Hector. The historicity of the Homeric tale had been demonstrated
archaeologically." – M.I. Finley, the World of Odysseus
Introduction
The Trojan War and its characters are detailed in the writings of Homer, Vergil, Dante and many
others. It is a fantastical tale of a decade–long siege of a powerful city by a massive pan–hellenic
force. However, even though it has proved to be such a rich source of inspiration for writers, poets
and artists throughout ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These incidents of divine intervention were added in order to add further drama and emphasise the
scale of the struggle for victory.
I personally think that Heroditus' version of the Trojan War is the closest to the truth. When he was
writing his Histories he had access to sources we did not, like the priests he mentioned in the above
quotation. His version of events, though it may not be completely accurate, is highly feasible and
fits with our existing knowledge of the Mycenaean period.
Archaeological evidence
If Homer's writings are central to our understanding of the Trojan War, so are Heinrich Schliemann's
digs. His name is synonymous with Troy. Fascinated with Homer, he made it his mission to discover
Troy, and eventually did. However, his problems with convincing his fellow academics and
archaeologists that he had indeed Troy is similar to the problem we have with defining what the
Trojan War actually is. Homer's Trojan War could not have possibly happened as it is laid out in the
Iliad and the Odyssey. There are jarring incongruities between what happens in his epics, and what
happened in that period of Greek history.
"In like manner, if Apollo vouchsafe me glory and I slay your champion, I will strip him of his
armour and take it to the city of Ilius, where I will hang it in the temple of Apollo, but I will give up
his body, that the Achaeans may bury him at their ships, and the build him a mound by the wide
waters of

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