This slide show was created using notes from my Eastern Michigan University Master's level class entitled, 'Ancient Greek History' with Dr. Holoka - please email with any corrections or possible additions at bhoke@summit-academy.com

1. Ancient Greece
Mr. Hoke

2. Introduction
Ways to look at history:
P – Political/Military
E – Economic
R – Religion
S – Social (The family unit)
I – Intellectual (Greeks invented history, philosophy and drama)
A – Artistic

3. Coast of attica

4. Greece

5. Greece

6. Greece

7. The Thermopylae pass

9. What will this class cover?
This class will cover Greek history from 3000 to 323
BC
Chronology:
6000-3000 – Neolithic
3000-2000 – Early Bronze Age (EBA)
2000-1500 – Middle Bronze Age (MBA)
1500-1100 – Late Bronze Age (LBA)
1100-800 – Greek Dark Ages
800-500 – Archaic Age
500-323 – Classical Age
323-30 – Hellenistic Age

10. Neolithic (6000-3000 BC)
Around 6000 people settled into small
communities
Farming was introduced
No idea on what language they spoke

11. Early Bronze Age (3000-2000)
New people arrived
Used bronze to create tools and weapons
Bronze spread from Near East (Egypt) to Greece
No writing

12. Middle Bronze Age (2000-
1500)
Around 2000 the first Greek people arrived
Architecture looks different
New pottery
Horses introduced

13. Late Bronze Age (1500-
1100)
Huge changes
No ‘new’ people
Acceleration of MBA technology
Mycenae – largest city with fortified walls (meant war
existed)
Destruction of Troy by invaders around 1200
Aggressive warlike people
Clay tablets found show evidence of language –
Linear A

14. Late Bronze Age – Mycenae

15. The Lions Gate - Mycenae

16. Late Bronze Age - Mycenae

17. Heinrich Schliemann

18. Dark Ages (1100-800)
 Bronze Age system collapses
Coming of the sea people occurred all over the Eastern Mediterranean
Bronze age sites abandoned
 Many theories – climate, war, economics?
 Lost ¾ of the population
 Dorians arrived around 1100
 No writing
 Architecture takes a hit
 Pottery is boring
 Big Setback for civilization

19. Archaic (800-500)
Given the name ‘Archaic’ simply because it comes
before the classical period
Exciting period in history
Emergence of new civilization
Olympics (776 BC)
Alphabet introduced
Democracy (508 BC)
First works of Western Lit – Homer (Iliad & Odyssey)

20. Michael Ventris

21. Classical (500-323)
Persian Wars (500-479)
Rome founded (476)
Persian Empire – huge and aggressive
3 to 4 times the size of Greece
Ends with Alexander the Great (323)

22. Hellenistic (323-30)
After Alexander
Macedonian Empire breaks into Hellenistic
Kingdoms
Rome is rising
When Cleopatra dies, Egypt falls to Rome (30)

23. Resources/Geography of Greece
Greece is arid and semi-tropical
Difficult to grow crops
Sea was the ‘GREAT CONNECTOR’ allowing
vast trade
Wars were fought over three things: Food, timber
and mining (gold and silver)

24. Bronze Age: Troy in Fact &
Fiction
Reality of Troy
10,000 – 20,000 population
Heavily fortified
Center of trade/textile manufacturing
Place of interest to superpowers (Hittites/Greeks)
Trojans were Hittites or vassals of the Hittite state
Trojans charged a tariff to pass though the
Hellespont

25. Canakkale, Turkey

26. Istanbul Archaeological museum

27. The whirling dervishes

28. Troy – Level 9 – Roman Era

29. After visiting Troy!

31. Beginning of Archaeology
Sir Arthur Evans discovered the Minoan
civilization on the island of Crete
Michael Ventris deciphered Linear B in 1952
Heinrich Schliemann – Excavated both Mycenae
and Troy

32. Heinrich Schliemann
1870s – Excavated Mycenae and Troy
Not a scholar
Brilliant, wealthy businessman
His passion was to prove that Troy existed
Smuggled treasures out of Turkey (to Germany)
After Troy he went to Mycenae in Greece
The Greeks supervised the excavation to make sure
that the treasure was not stolen

33. Heinrich Schliemann

35. Homer
First author of Western Civilization
Passed stories down through songs
Oral dictated text
Iliad
Odyssey
Both poems published around 725 BC

36. Greek Gods
The Greeks were Henotheistic
Henotheism – Belief in one supreme god among
many
Zeus – Most powerful god, son of Kronos and
grandson of Ouranos
Married to his sister – Hera
Hyperactive sex-drive
Less moral than most gods
Sidebar – Hesiod - Poet

37. Greek Gods
Kronos, father of Zeus overthrows Ouranos
Kronos fearing that one of his children will overthrow
him eats all of his children except one (Zeus)
Zeus’ mother Rheina deceives Kronos and smuggles
Zeus to Crete
Zeus overthrows Kronos
Zeus has many offspring who could become a threat

38. Greek Gods
Thetis – Sea-goddess who was destined to bear a
great child
Zeus was afraid so he arranged from Thetis to marry
a human (Peleus) so the child would be a less
powerful Demi-god – Achilles
Eris – Goddess of Discord/Divorce – When she finds
out that she is not invited to the Thetis’ wedding, she
sends a package – a golden apple with the inscription
‘To the most beautiful women’

39. Greek Gods
When Zeus’ wife, Hera and his two daughters, Athena
and Aphrodite all claim the apple, Zeus refused to
select one of the three
Hermes takes the three ladies to Troy to see Paris,
prince of Troy
The three ladies all attempt to bride Paris
Hera offers political control of Asia
Athena offers great military power
Aphrodite offers the love of the most beautiful women
in the world - Helen

40. Helen
Helen had many suitors from all over Greece
Her father allows her to select her husband –
Menelaus, King of Sparta
All other suitors agree to protect Helen if she is
ever harmed or abducted – origin of the Trojan
War

41. Paris, Prince of Troy
Travels to Sparta where he is treated in alignment
with the Greek-Host Code (Treat strangers well)
Menelaus leaves town and while he is away Paris
either elopes with or abducts Helen along with
treasures from the Spartan palace
Menelaus calls on his brother Agamemnon to gather
the troops and retrieve Helen
All the great Greek heroes fight in this war (Culture of
Shame)

42. Odysseus, King of Ithaca
Happily married
Attempted to dodge the draft
Pretends to be mentally ill
Officials took his son – Odysseus decided to fight
The war cost Odysseus 20 years of his life – the
ten year war and another 10 to get home

44. The Trojan War
1225 BC – Date of the Trojan War
1184 BC – Greek date of the Trojan War
Every educated Greco-Roman person knew
Homer and it promoted moral values and allowed
the Greeks to understand their worldview.
The Iliad and the Odyssey were taken in like
mother’s milk

45. The Trojan War
SHAME vs. GUILT (Culture)
10 year saga
All of Helen’s suitors had taken an oath to
retrieve her
Upon the arrival on the shores of Troy, the
Greeks needed food and women
The raided the villages on the Troad (outside of
Troy)

46. The Trojan War
They shared the booty by class
Kings got first dibs
Agamemnon, King of Mycenae and the ruling
king of the Greeks went to the island of gold,
Chryse and took Chryseis as his trophy
concubine
Her father, Chryses, a priest of Apollo came to
Agamemnon and asked for his daughter back

47. The Trojan War
Reading from Book One of the Iliad
Agamemnon to Chryses “Never let me find you again old
man”
Agamemnon added that the girl would be his slave and
then the king sent Chryses on his way
Not long after the Greeks came down with the plague
Nothing in the ancient world happened by change –
EVERYTHING WAS ATRIBUTED TO THE GODS

48. The Death Mask of
Agamemnon

49. The Trojan War
Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis called a meeting to
discuss the plague and how the Greeks could get
back into good graces with the gods
Kalchus, a priest – sidebar (Agamemnon’s daughter)
Kalchus told Agamemnon to give back Chryseis to her
father
Agamemnon returned the girl and then took Achilles
concubine, Briseis
Achilles decided to return home and he took his
Myrmidons with him

50. Trojan War
There are 24 Books in the Iliad and
Achilles does not return until Book 19 –
Culture of Shame
Achilles returns when his best friend,
Patroklos was killed by Hecktor and
Agamemnon agreed to return Chyseis to
her father (Sidebar – Religion)

51. Heroic Code – Homer – Book 6 – Iliad
Hektor goes back to Troy to see his wife,
Andromache and son, Astyanax.
Andromache’s entire family was wiped out by
Greek raids in the Troad.
Andromache asks Hektor to fight defensively
and stay inside the walls of Troy.

52. Heroic Code – Homer – Book 6 – Iliad
Hektor says he would feel deep shame if he did
not fight for his father, King Priam and the people
of Troy.
Hektor knew that the Trojans would eventually be
defeated, his wife enslaved and still he fought.
This was the last time that the family would be
together.
Hektor lived and died by the Heroic Code to avoid
SHAME.

53. Heroic Code
Sarpedon and his sidekick Glauckos were nobles
from Lykia.
At the time the Trojans were winning the war and the
Greeks were forced to build walls to protect the ships.
Glauckos catches Sarpedon hanging back from the
battle and then asks him why they have such great
things at home?
Glauckos then says we earn them here on the
battlefield.

54. Heroic Code
Noblesse Obliqe – Nobility Obligates
The theory was that you may die anyway so one
should achieve glory while going to their death.
Glory is compensation in a culture of SHAME
and allows men to live on in the minds of men.

55. Helen – Book 3 – Iliad
Description of Helen
Old men – advisors of King Priam
These men feel the beauty of Helen without
describing her
The reader is allowed to visualize their own Helen

56. The Iliad
The Iliad ends when the Greeks deceive the Trojans
Greek soldiers hide inside the large wooden horse and
seemingly return to Greece
The horse, an offering to the Gods is brought inside the
Walls of Troy
The Trojans celebrate, get dunk and go to bed

57. The Iliad
As the Trojans slept, the Greeks emerged from
the horse, swung over the gates and let in their
comrades
Troy was sacked, burned to the ground, its men
killed to the man, the women and children
enslaved

58. End of Unit #1
What did you learn?
Chronological history of Greek history from 6000 BC to 30 BC
& Location of prominent locations in Greece and Asia Minor
The story of the Trojan War
A basic understanding of the Greek Gods
There will be two quizzes this week
Quiz #1 will cover the Chronology/Map – Wednesday
Quiz #2 will cover the Trojan War and Greek Gods - Friday
Exam #1 – Next Wednesday (Review on Tuesday)

59. Unit #2: Archaic I
The Polis – ‘City-centered state’
Controls region or territory
Plural – Poleis
Politeia – Constitution;
The Greeks had no written constitution.
It worked on precedence. This is the system of governance
of the city-state.

60. Greece - Hellas
Modern greece is about the size of michigan
700’s – Greece had around 600 city-states.
Each one an independent country.
The average size of the city-state was 80 square
miles.

62. Branches of government
Executive/Leaders
Athens Sparta
Archons/Leaders Kings & Ephors/
Overseers

63. Branches of government
Advisory – Elders from prominent families
Athens (2 Advisory Boards) Sparta
Areopagus Gerousia
Elders (30 members – 2 Kings
and 28 others 60 or older)
Boule

64. Branches of government
Ratification
Assembly – everybody else that counted as a
citizen.
Athens Sparta
Ekklesia Apellai

65. athens
Located in Attica (Peninsula)
4 miles from the sea
About the size of Rhode Island or 1,000 square
miles
Synoikismos – Living together/Allegiance to
Athens
The larger territory of Athens gave them an
advantage in manpower and Athens was on its
way to becoming a great naval power

66. Map of athens

67. The Acropolis

68. The Theatre of Dionysus

70. Athens – Archon system
Replaces monarchs at the end of the dark ages
(except Sparta & macedonia)
We do not know how the kings fell

71. Athens – Archon system
Term limit – 1 year (typically)
Could run once for archon
Power is compartmentalized
Nine archons elected each year
Must be at least 30 years old to serve as an
archon (usually older)

72. Athens - Nine archons
One – Eponymous Archon – Leading archon
Six - thesmothetae – Law Givers/Enforcement
One - king Archon – Head of state religion
Kept gods on their side
Organized festivals
One - polemarchos – Head of military

73. Areopagus – Athenian Council
Once a man spent one year as an archon he
then moved into the areopagus for life
Archons used the areopagus as an advisory
board

74. Athens – 7th c. BC
Total population – estimated 120,000
60,000 women
30,000 children
30,000 – 40,000 adult male citizens

75. Social Economic system
7th century – athens – three classes
1.) Hippeis
Millionaires
Blue bloods – family name was important
Wealthiest class
Raised horses
Income came from fertile land
2-5% of total population (1,000)
Thought of as genetically different
Used the word ‘demos’ (vulgar or scum of the earth) to
describe the other classes

76. Social Economic system
7th century – athens – three classes
2.) Zeugitae
Owned land (not good land)
Just getting by – there is no middle class
Small farmers
40-60% of total population
Became important when men were needed to create
hoplite (infantry) armies
Sometimes starving and in need of help

77. Social Economic system
7th century – athens – three classes
3.) Thetes
Below poverty line
No land
Laborers
Some homeless
40-60% of the population
Slaves

78. Athens – who gets to Vote?
Land owners – Hippeis and zuegitae
Had personal stake in government as landowners
In 594 BC Solon gives the thetes the right to vote

79. Hoplite revolution
in 675 BC pheidon of argos – created the hoplite
army
Prior to 675 bc cavalry was primary and in 675
BC a revolution shifts emphasis from cavalry to
infantry

80. Hoplite warrior
Hoplite – greek infantry warrior
Hoploi – set of armor (panoply)
Hoplite warrior description
Armed in bronze and iron
Greaves (shin guards)
Helmet with felt/leather for cushion
Shield – circular – 20-25 pounds

81. Hoplite warrior weaponry
Hoplite warrior – weapons
Spear – primary
Short sword
All weapons made of bronze or iron
Total pack weight was approx. 70 pounds

82. Hoplite tactics
Phalanx – Block of men – 8 men – 8 rows deep
In blocks of 500 men
Moved in unison
Men must hold rank to be effective
The right side – toughest
When the argives defeated the spartans, the spartans
adopted the hoplite system
Within a generation the hoplite system spread

83. Hoplite tactics
The hoplite was based on force
The men in the middle and in the rear would
push – like a rugby scrum
When the battle was decided, the losers would
turn and run
The victors would mark ‘Troph’ on the spot where
the defeated turned and ran

84. The zeugitae as hoplite
675 bc – right when the zeugitae were having a
difficult time surviving there services were in high
demand to serve as hoplite warriors

85. Hektemoroi – 1/6
Zeugitae became impoverished to the point where the
started to take loans from the hippeis class and later the
zeugitae were forced to pay 1/6 of their crops.
If the debt went unpaid the Hippeis could take the farmer
and or his son(s) as slaves
A member of the zeugitae class could go off to war and
come back and forced into slavery
Potential for revolution

86. Tyranny
Tyrant – (not like hitler or stalin)
Tyranny – In greek it means to come to power illegitimately or unconstitutionally –
not elected/coup de tat
A segment of the hippeis class was disgruntled and led an uprising of Zeugitae
This happened in many city-states in the 7th c BC (AKA – period of tyrants)
There were approximately 600 city-states and most were oligarchies

87. 632 BC - Cylon’s Attempted Tyranny
Cylon – Tyrant
Seized the Athenian Acropolis, 632 BC
Eponymous Archon at the time was Megacles
When Cylon seized the Acropolis his troops did not show up to
support him
Cylon Escapes leaving his small army on their own
Megacles offers the rebels a deal – lay down your arms and
surrender and then into exile
On their way out of Athens, Megacles orders them to be
massacred – the revolt was put down violently

88. 621 BC – Draco & the Law
First written code of law in Athens
Draconian Law – very harsh
Capital punishment for many crimes
Instituted homicide law
Intentional vs. unintentional
Shame-retaliation-vendetta
One could offer compensation to the victim
Lower class benefits – law applied to all

89. 594 BC – Solon – “Seisachteia”
Seis – Seismic
Achth – weight
Eia – off
Solon
Truly wise man
Non-partisan – trusted by both sides
Fair
Selected by hippeis & Zeugatae to reform athens as the
arbitrator
Solon was allowed to fix the system – radical changes

90. Reforms of solon
Canceled debt
Abolished debt slavery
Established the people’s court – trial by jury
Expands citizenship – opens immigration
Created jobs

91. Economic Reforms of solon
Solon forbids sale of grain outside of attica
Shift to olive oil (expensive) production
Wine exported
Three big crops were: Olives, Grapes and Grain
Entrepreneur class entered athens
Solon created jobs – we need another solon!!!!!!

92. Four part social class system - solon
1.) Pentekosiomedimnoi – 500 bushels
2.) Hippeis – 300-499
3.) Zeugitae – 200-299
4.) Thetes - < 200
Allowed for social and economic mobility

93. Solon’s new government
Archons – From first (pente) or second class (Hippeis)
Boule of 400 – from first, second or third classes
All four classes were members of the ekklesia (assembly – all
could vote)
Solon is the grandfather of democracy
Solon goes into exile for 10 years

94. 560 – tyranny in Athens
Peisistratus
First coup failed in 560
Two sons – hipparchus & hippias
546 – Peisistratus brings army to athens and becomes tyrant
Good man
Took financial pressure off the poor
Used personal wealth to help the poor
Vigorous foreign policy
Added public amenities
Patronage of religion and arts

95. Peisistratus - continued
Panatheniac festival to honor athena
Athletic competition
Great prizes
Poetry readings
Religious events
Homer recited
Meat available
Made people feel good to be ‘athenian’
Sense of patriotism

96. Hipparchus
527-514 – When Peisistratus died, his son hipparchus took
power as tyrant in athens
Hipparchus was assassinated in 514 by Harmodius &
Aristogeiton
Homosexual love triangle gone bad
Both assassins are executed
Hipparchus’ brother hippias takes power

97. Assassination of hipparchus

98. Hippias 514-510
After hipparchus was assassinated his brother,
hippias took control as tyrant
In 510, with help from the spartans, hippias was
overthrown by the family of megacles – the
alcmaeonids
Hippias was evil and the athenians once again
were in need of a new governmental system

99. Athenians adopt democracy 508
Cleisthenes – father of democracy
Revamp social/economic system into 10 tribes/administrative
districts
10 Archons – 1 from each tribe
Council of 500 – 50 from each tribe
Ten strategos – 1 military general from each tribe
Strategos held the real power over archons

100. 508 – 417 ostracism
Method to head off tyranny
Many popular athenians were ostracized
Ostrakon – pottery shard – used to vote
Assembly met 40 times per year
6,000 votes needed to ostracize
Honorable exile – 1o years

101. Ostrakon

102. Ostrakon

103. Sparta
Spartiates
Aristocrats with special privledges
Blood related
Prideful
High expectations
20% of population

104. Perioikoi
Perioikoi
Those dwelling about in Laconia
Not Spartans
Served as infantry
Allowed to vote
Owned farms
Not allowed to hold public office
25-30% of the population

105. Helots
To Capture (helen)
POWs – Messenia
Owned by the state
Worked the land
Largest % of the population
Posed a threat of revolt

106. The 5th c. BC & The Greco-persian wars
Unit #3 – Greco-Roman History
Mr. Hoke

107. Unit #3
Big Questions:
What set the stage for the greco-persian wars? What did lydia
have to do with the origins of the wars?
What caused the greco-persian wars? High Taxes? Tyrants in
greek colonies? Persian imperialism?
The Ionian Revolt
The major battles of the Greco-persian wars:
Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, Plataea and mycale
Aftermath of the Greco-persian wars

108. The Greco-Persian Wars - Introduction
Timeline of events
546 BC – Persians take Lydia
530-522 BC – Persians take egypt
522-486 bc – Persians move into Thrace,
imperial ambitions in europe
Persian Collusion with hippias

109. The Greco-Persian Wars
Timeline - continued
499-494 BC – Ionian Revolt – Persian victory
490 bc – Battle of Marathon: The first persian invasion
483 BC – Athenians strike silver
480 BC – Battle of Thermopylae: The second Persian invasion
480 BC – Battle of salamis
479 BC – Battle of plataea
479 BC – Battle of mycale: The final battle

113. The Enemy of the Greeks:
The persians
Iranian
Iran, Iraq – center of persian empire
6th c. BC – Persia emerges as a powerful empire
under the leadership of cyrus the great (559-530)
The next three persian kings added enormous
territory to the empire from north africa to modern
day india

114. Croesus of lydia
No external threat existed between 800-500 (The Archaic Age)
Story of the lydian king
544
Croesus, king of lydia decided to invade the persian empire
Went to consult the delphic oracle
Question posed: “what will happen if I cross the halys river?”
Pythia says, “If you cross the Halys river, you will destroy a great
kingdom.”
It was lydia that was wiped out
First contact between the Persian empire and the greek colonists of
asia minor

115. Persians vs. Greeks
The persian empire was 50 times larger than greece
The population was 50 times larger than greece
The Greeks referred to the non-greeks as ‘barbaroi’ – those
who do not speak greek
544-499 – Persians in control of Greek colonies on the coast
of asia minor
Persian taxation on greek colonists
Persians install puppet Greek tyrants to police state and collect
taxes

116. The ionian revolt
Greek colonists of ionia revolt against persian
controlled tyrants
They ask sparta for help and are denied
They then ask athens for help and they send 20
ships and 4,000 men
The greek alliance burns sardis
The temples of sardis are destroyed
Persians swear revenge

117. Ionian Revolt
Aristagoras orgainzed a revolt to expel Persian
Puppet tyrants
498 – Burning of sardis
495 – Persians crush revolt at the battle of lade

118. Marathon

119. Marathon

120. After Marathon
• Proud moment for the athenians
• Persians attempt to sail around the coast to
attack athens
• Athenians are waiting for the persians
• The persians turn and head home
• Intermezzo – break between combat between
greece and persia

121. Events of the intermezzo
487 – voting by lot in athens – themistocles
becomes strategos
486 - Persian king darius dies
483 – Athenian silver strike – Laurium
Athenian’s decide!
Athenians double the size of their fleet
From 100 ships to 200
Athenians build Piraeus (port)
Themistocles is the most prominent politician and is
responsible for persuading the athenian people to add
the ships

122. Triremes
Ancient battleships
Made of timber
Expensive
Three tiers of rowers
170 rowers
Ram made of iron or bronze
120 feet long
20 feet wide
Had sails (not used during combat)
20-30 marines

123. Trireme

124. Triremes

125. hellespont

126. The hellespont

127. The hellespont – the narrows

128. The hellespont

129. Modern day turkey

130. Hellespont
482-481 – the great king of persia, Xerxes orders a
bridge to be built across the helespont
The bridge is built using old ships and papyrus cables
Built two bridges one mile long
One bridge had walls for the animals
It took the persian army two weeks to cross the
hellespont
The army was provisioned by sea

131. The second invasion
The persians
Herodotus & modern scholars
100,000 – 150,000 Men
The Greeks
Not surprised
481 – form hellenic league
Out of 600 city-states only 31 join

132. Hellenic League
They meet in Corinth and select the Spartans as the overall
commanders
Greek troop strength – 30,000 to 35,000
outnumbered 3-5 to 1
Greeks debated over what battlefield to select
many city-states wanted to defend the isthmus of Corinth (not
Athens) – they finally decided on Thermopylae (a bottleneck)

133. Battle of Thermopylae
480 BC
Xerxes thinks the battle will be easy
Wood chipper effect
Persians get crushed the first two days
Xerxes’ half-brother was killed on the second day

134. Thermopylae Pass

135. Thermopylae Pass

137. Battle of Thermopylae
3rd day – Xerxes sends the Immortals (always 10,000) and
they get clobbered
Xerxes gets word from a local named Epilates on a pass that
leads to the Greek rear
Xerxes sends the Immortals at night
Leonidas had 1,000 Phocians blocking the path and they are
slaughtered by the Immortals
One Phocian gets away and gets word to Leonidas
Leonidas sends troops home except 400 Thebans, 700
Thespians and 300 Spartiates

138. Battle of Thermopylae
Leonidas selected the Thebans and the Thespians because
both states were active in medizing
Thebans bail out
Thespians fight and die to the last man (like the Spartans)
Horrific fighting
Xerxes mutilated the body of Leonidas
Persians move south towards Attica

140. After Thermopylae
The persians move south towards attica
Athenians evacuate Athens
Athens burnt to the ground including the acropolis by the
persians
Spartans want to build a wall at corinth
Themistocles believes building the wall was a big mistake
Themistocles wanted to sucker the persians into a narrow bay
(salamis)

141. The Battle of Salamis

142. The battles of Plataea & Mycale
The persian land force was defeated by the
greek alliance in the battle of plataea.
5,000 spartans each brought 7 helots
The Greek fleet that followed the persians on their
retreat engaged and defeated the king’s navy in the
battle of mycale

143. The Persian Threat
After the catastrophic defeat the Persians no
longed posed a threat to the greek world.
The fifty year period known as the
Pentekoetaetia began.

144. Pentekontaetia – The Fifty-Year Period:
478-431
Athens is moving into military/naval dominance
and empire building
478- Post War
Persians gone
The Greek city-states form an alliance – THE
DELIAN LEAGUE

145. Delian League
Delian – Delos – met on the island of Delos –
religious place sacred to Apollo
When Sparta is asked to head the league they
refuse
Athens accepts leadership of the Delian League
(logical choice – Athens has the largest navy)
170 city-states in the Delian League

146. The Birth of the Athenian Empire
Athens was now making foreign policy
decisions for 170 city-states
Terms of Treaty
Offensive and defensive alliance
All city-states paid dues to Athens to maintain the
fleet or add men and ships to the fleet (most city
states paid)

147. Delian League continued
Aristeides – ‘The Just’ – honest
man/politician/Athenian strategos
Set fees/dues on the members of the Delian
League
Later ostracized
471 - Themistocles ostracized

148. Cimon
Cimon – Son of Miltiades, elected strategos,
head of Delian League (NATO), wants the best
few men to lead (oligarch)

149. Cimon
Proxemos/proxy (fill-in) there were no
ambassadors in ancient Greek instead a member
of the city-state would act as Proxemos and
represent another city-state
Cimon – Proxemos for Sparta – because Cimon
liked the Spartan Oligarchy he represented
Sparta and even named his son Lacedaemonius
(Sparty)

150. Actions between 15-year period:
478-464
No exact dates unless noted
#1 Eion
Northern Greece (located on the invasion route
of Xerxes 480)
Persian presence
Cimon calls Delian League forces

151. #1 - Eion
Mt. Pangaeus – close to Eion/gold and silver
mines in the region
Delian League forces drive out the Persians
Athenians establish Amphipolis
Athenians want to control the mines

152. #2 Scyros
Island
Populated by pirates (like Somali pirates)
Located on major trade routes: timber in northern Greece and
grain in the Ukraine
Cimon lands fleet and crushes Scyros
Economic benefit – Free sea lanes for trading which benefited
the league & most of all the athenians

153. #3 Carystus
Southern tip of Euboea
Nice natural harbor
‘Medized’ in Persian Wars
Did not join Delian League
Cimon leads the Delian forces to victory over Carystus
Forced to join the Delian League

155. #4 Naxos
Island in the southern Aegean
Big Island
Paid higher dues
Refused to pay dues

156. The Naxian Treatment
It would be bad precedence if the Naxians were allowed the
leave the Delian League
Cimon leads forces to Naxos
Tough fighting
Delian League increased Naxos dues
Thucydides – “Athenians began to enslave other city-states”

157. #5 Eurymedon River - 468
Modern day Turkey
Close to Cypress
Approx. 468
Phoenician fleet (Persians) were operating off
the coast of Asia Minor
Cimon crushes the Persians on land and at sea
in the Battle of Eurymedon River

158. #6 Thasos - 465
Island in the northern Aegean close to Mt. Pangaeus (silver
and gold mines)
Paid big tax to Delian League
Wanted to opt out of the Delian League
Did not want to make the same mistakes the Naxians made
Thasos created an alliance with Sparta
Sparta agreed to attack Athens if they attacked Thasos

159. Delian League forces attack Thasos
464 – The earthquake in Sparta prevented them from sending
help
Thasos is forced back into the league and their dues are
raised
Helots revolt in Sparta
Helots hold out on Mt. Ithome
Spartans ask Athenians for help – ekklesia agrees

160. The end of Cimon
Cimon uses his political credit to gain support to help the
Spartans
Cimon takes 4,000 hoplites 156 miles to Sparta
When Cimon arrives the Spartans reject the help
Cimon leaves with egg on his face
461 – Cimon is ostracized
Athens takes a hard shift to the left

162. Thucydides
Thucydides
“Cannot trust Athenians – they may join the Helots”
“Growing Spartan fear of growing Athenian power”
The Spartans wanted to derail the Athenians
similar to the Cold War

163. Mt. Ithome – Proxy War
Helots hold out
Spartans make an offer to the Helots – Give up and leave
Messenia and Laconia
Helots had no where to go
Athenians offer to help the Helots – Athenians evacuate more
than half the Helot population to Naupactus (close to Corinth)
– on major trade route

164. Mt. Ithome
Corinth – Spartan ally
Athenians boot out the Naupactians
Athens now has a strategically important naval base

165. 461 – Cimon is now out of power –
Pericles takes over
Leading Democrat is now Ephialtes
Ephialtes takes power from Aeropagus and gives
it to the Boule of 500
Oligarchs do not like this change – hire an
assassin from Boeotia to kill Ephialtes
Did not solve problem

166. Pericles & The Golden Age of Athens
Pericles – more democratic than Ephialtes
Took over in 461
Very distinguished career
Strategos (many times including the last 14 years
of his life)

168. The US ‘Boot print’ on the modern world

169. 1st Peloponnesian War
461-446
Misleading
Minor skirmishes
Sporadic fighting for 15 years

170. Pericles Foreign Policy
Anti-persian
Anti-spartan
Uses his fleet aggressively

171. Pericles & Radical Democracy
1. Payment for public service
1. Poorer Zuegitae could now run for office
2. Payments came from delian league (not part of te treaty)
3. Jurors now paid
1. Elders served on juries – welfare system
PERICLES does not have to raise taxes – Delian Treasury

172. Pericles & Radical Democracy
2. Wider Eligibility for office
• Pericles allowed citizens Archons
• Thetes could now run for town councilmen
• 1st expansion since 508

173. Pericles & Radical Democracy
3. Increased use of the lot
Lower offices chosen by lot
Other greeks viewed this as radical

174. 457 – the long walls
Athenians decide to build walls from Athens to Piraeus
4 miles long
Use delian league funds
Athens strength is their fleet
Defensive action against Sparta
Angered Spartans
Pericles was very smart – planned a defense for a war that
would be fought 25 years later

175. The Long Walls

176. Athenian setback in Egypt
454
Egyptians are in revolt against Persian rule
Athenians send 100 ships to help rebels
Disaster for Athens
Persians crush revolt
Huge loss for the Athenians

177. Delos
Delos Treasury
The Athenians felt less secure in the Aegean
Athenians decide to relocate the treasure on
Delos to the Acropolis in Athens
The treasure becomes Athenian property

178. Epigraphy & the Athenian Tribute Quota List
The study of inscriptions
Studies showed how much each city-state paid in dues to the
Delian League
Athenians skimmed 1/60 off the top for Athena and the games
List continues for 30 years
Surplus of money in Athens
Athens was the wealthiest state and could fund a powerful
military

179. Peace of Callias - 449
Athens and Persians agree to non-aggression pact
Now there is no reason for the Delian League
Allies are stirring
Athens clamps down on city-states
Athenian garrisons are placed strategically throughout city-states

180. Colony vs. Cleruchy
Colony vs. Cleruchy
Colony – Different meaning in ancient times
Example: Athens is growing too big and then establishes a colony in
southern Italy and the new area becomes its own new city-state; used for
200 years before peace
Cleruchy – After Peace of Callias – Athens would seize a portion of land
(after revolt)
Athenian citizens would move into the strategically important territory and
would become both the eyes and ears of Athens, famers and a hoplite force
Cleruchies exist – Euboea, Naxos, Andros and the Chersonese

181. Athenian Empire
Height of Athenians Imperialism
Ache – Empire
City-states are now subjects of Athens

182. 446 – Thirty Years
446 – Thirty Years Peace
Treaty signed between the Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta)
and the Athenians
Terms of the Treaty:
Each side agrees to respect each other’s sphere of influence
All states are listed – Hands off
Agreed not to attack one another or allies
400 city-states (could join or remain unallied)
If conflict arose – an arbitrator would be utilized (never happened)

183. Power of Pericles
443 – Thucydides, son of Melesias (not the famous historian)
Leading Oligarch figure
Ostracized
Chief opponent of Pericles

184. Establishment of Athenian Citizenship
If both parents were Athenians the child was granted
citizenship (Pericles)
When a son reached adulthood – his father took him to the
Deme/city hall and introduced the son as an Athenian citizen
(ceremony)
There were 131 Demes in Athens

185. Establishment of Athenian Citizenship
The Demesmen could then vouch for a fellow citizen
All Demes had names
Typical Name: Your Name, Son of ?, from Name of Deme
Thetes – loved Pericles for providing jobs (mostly on ships as
rowers)
The Thetes helped Pericles get reelected as Strategos

186. Building of the Parthenon
Built after the Peace of Callias
449 – Pericles calls conference of the 31 states that allied
against the Persians
None of the states attend
Pericles authorized funds to start building Parthenon (solid
marble)
Obscenely expensive
447-442 – building period
Golden Era of Athens

187. The Parthenon

188. The Parthenon

189. The Parthenon

190. The Parthenon

191. The Parthenon

192. 440 – Revolt of Samos
Island off the coast of Asia Minor
Samos had 50-60 ships
Most serious revolt by far
Atrocities committed by both sides
During the revolt Sparta calls on its allies – tries to encourage
them to invade Attica
Corinth wants to abide by the 30-Years Peace
Spartans want to help Samos
Samos ends up getting the Naxian treatment

193. Revolt of Samos

194. Xenophon
Zen-o-Phen – Writer
420s – Pseudo-Xenophon or “Old Oligarch” – Constitution of
Athens
Essay – Does not like democracy but gives it praise – demos
(99%) is very important to Athens (rowers)

195. SHORT FUSES TO PELOPONNESIAN WAR
SHORT FUSE #1: 433 – Athens and Corcyra
(Modern day – Corfu)
NW island of Greece
Corcyra – Big fleet, on trade route to Italy, Non-aligned in 30
yrs. Peace, colony of Corinth (bad blood), free for 200 years
Epidamnus – Colony of Corinth, engaged in civil war, Dems vs.
Oligarchs, Dems temporarily expel the Oligarchs, Dems ask
Corcyra for help they say no, Dems go to Corinth (Oligarch)
and they send ships

196. SHORT FUSE #1: 433 – Athens and Corcyra -
continued
Corcyra helps the Oligarchs of Epidamnus and intercepts and defeats the
Corinthian fleet
The Corinthians go home and add more ships and allies and return
Corcyra goes to Athens for protection
Corinthians tell the Athenians not to ally with Corcyra (interferes in
Peloponnesian League territory)
Ekklesia meets and decides to help Corcyra only if they are attacked

197. Battle of Sybota
Athens sends two convoys – the first a meager ten ships
The battle unfolded with both sides making some ground, the
Corcyra left and the Corinthian left – it appeared the battle
could go either way
The Athenians had sent the second convoy of 20 ships – this
threw the Corinthians into disarray and they were routed by
Corcyra
Athenians now enemies of Corinth (the second leading
member of the Peloponnesian League)

198. Battle of Sybota

199. SHORT FUSE #2 – Athens and Potidaea – 432
Potidaea – Delian League member, colony of Corinth, revolt
against league, go to Corinth for help
Corinth – sends ships – siege on Potidaea
Two to three years to put down siege

201. SHORT FUSE #3 – Athens and Megara – 432
Megara – close to Attica
member of the Peloponnesian League
on invasion route from Sparta to Athens
fighting took place in this area in the ‘1st Peloponnesian War’
survives on Trade
Athens – issues economic sanctions against Megara –
Megara could not trade in any Athenian port which included the 170
city-states of the Delian League
A hostile act, Athens expected Megara to come to them to end the
sanctions

203. 432 – Meeting of the Peloponnesian League
Allies (Megara, Corinthians, Aegina) air grievances against
athens
The Corinthians speak for the allies – to the Spartans
“If you don’t help now, we will seek other alliances.”
(Argos – enemy of the spartans)
In a culture of shame the Spartans prepare for war

204. 431 – THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR BEGINS
Spartans mobilize troops
Athens ask for arbitration (part of the 30 yrs. Peace)
Spartans tell the Athenians to drop the sanctions on Megara
and expel Pericles
Ekklesia meets – does not end sanctions on Megara

205. Pericles
Charismatic
hot wife
genius
compelling

206. Pericles
“The issue is not whether we give up Megara, it is do
we give up the empire? If we give into the Spartans
they will keep coming, Pericles took a stand against
appeasement, say no or you will say no from a weaker
position later.”

207. Aftermath
Ekklesia votes not to lift the decree on Megara
Archidamus – Spartan King and 60,000 troops march into
Attica – The ground invasion had begun

209. Athenian/Pericles – strategy to win the war
Play to Athenian strengths
Do not expand the empire during the war
Use fleet
Avoid ground battles
War of attrition

210. In Athens…
Pericles becomes less and less popular as Attica is invaded
Athenians performing hit and run attacks with its fleet around
the Peloponnese

211. Pericles – The Epitaphios
Athens is a model to others
Ekklesia voted to go to war
We have a legal system which allows the best men to rise (meritocracy)
Men die for our way of life because it is worth protecting
Enjoyment of day to day life (sports, theatre, festivals, philosophy)
We enjoy both foreign and domestic goods
Athens is open to the world
Sparta deposes foreigners

212. Pericles – The Epitaphios
We have education, they send boys to the agoge
We have both powerful land and sea forces
Sparta is a land force
Athens discuss (debates) political decisions and then votes
Spartans obey mindlessly
Athenians have something to live for and the future ages will wonder at us
Your sons nobly fought and died
Fall in love with Athens every day

213. 430 – PLAGUE AT
ATHENS
Occurs almost immediately after the speech of Pericles
Disease spread from Egypt
Hit the port of Piraeus first and then spread to Athens
Athens was overcrowded and poor sanitary conditions existed
as more and more Athenians entered to city walls to escape
the war

214. The Plague
Contagious
Spread like wildfire
Highly contagious
Doctors that helped contracted the disease (enflamed the problem)
Febrile
Fevers
Burning up
Rash
Like the chicken pox
Lethal
High case mortality rate
26%
Athens loses ¼ of its population
Pericles dies

215. The Plague
Immune Survivors
Gangrene
Fingers and toes would lose
circulation, fall off
Birds and 4 legged animals
contracted the disease
Rare 2nd afflictions

216. 429 – Death of Pericles
Two sons also die – Xanthippas and Paralos (beside the sea)
Pericles has another son by a non-Athenian women named Aspasia
Pericles goes to ekklesia and asks for citizenship to be granted to
his son – ekklesia agrees
429 – Pericles was fined and impeached then reelected then dies in
office

217. After Pericles
Cleon – Strategos
Takes over for Pericles
Blue collar
Disliked by Thucydides

218. Rebellion of Mytilene
Island of Lesbos
Big fleet
Athens engages in bitter fighting/atrocities committed by both
sides
Athens puts down revolt
Ekklesia meets and decides to execute the male population
and enslave the women and children
Cleon vs. Diodotus see notes
Ekklesia meets again and adheres to Diodotus and put
cluarchy on Lesbos

219. 425 – Pylos/Sphacteria
Southwest Peloponnese
Athenian fleet built fort on Peloponnese
Wall to protect themselves from Sparta
Turns into base
Athenians tell Helots to make it to Pylos and they will deport them
Ekklesia votes to keep the base
Cleon and 5,000 troops forced Spartans to surrender on island of
Sphacteria
Shock to Greek world – Athenians riding high
Cleon pushes on – wiser to end the war at this point

221. Archidamus – Spartan leader
Did not want war with Athens
Led invasion on Attica
Spartans want to take Amphipolis
Brasidas – Hawkish Spartan general frees Helots and has
them serve the military to earn their freedom
Brasidas gains allies and besieges Amphipolis
Thucydides now strategos gets there too late and Sparta takes
Amphipolis
Thucydides exiled, travels and writes

222. 422-21
422 Cleon is killed in the failed attempt to retake Amphipolis
421 Peace of Nicias
Nicias is a battlefield commander
Senior Athenian statesmen goes to find peace
Agrees to exchange hostages for the return of Amphipolis
Athens never gets Amphipolis back

223. 416 – Athens and Melos
Southern Aegean island, Dorians
Neutral
Athens decides that Melos is helping Spartans
Athenian fleet forces Melos into slavery
Atrocities committed by both sides
Athenians have become brutes after 15 years of war
413 – Sparta and Athens continue fighting

224. 415 – Sicilian Expedition
Athenians sent huge force with three commanders:
Alcibiades – brilliant, hawkish, wild lifestyle
Nicias – Against expedition, should have listened to
Pericles who told Athenians not to expand the empire while
they were at war
Lamachus – good general, not a strategist
The city-states around Syracuse said they would support
the Athenian invasion (they never came through)

225. 415 - Syracuse

226. 4th c. Through the career of Philip
II
Post war Greece
War hard on both sides
Cost of war was tremendous
Horrific loss of life
Sparta now #1 power in Greece
Patriotism takes a hit

227. The Polis System
Intellectuals now asking if the polis system
What is the alternative?
One king ruling over a unified greece

228. Post-War Sparta
Sparta attempts to keep Ionian Coast
Persia does not react right way
Problems in persia
Problems in royal house
Cyrus vs. artaxerxes

229. Persia: March of the 10,000
Cyrus (Satrap) wants to overthrow artaxerxes II
Cyrus builds force of 13,000 greek hoplites
Xenophon writes the history (embedded reporter)
This is the first time greeks had marched on the
persian empire
March is fast
Close to babylon

230. Battle of cunaxa
Cyrus (25,000-30,000) vs. Artaxerxes (larger
army)
Heavy fighting
Greeks are the only soldiers left at the end of the
battle
Cyrus is killed in battle
Greek army left leaderless in the middle of the
persian empire

231. After the battle
Artaxerxes sends a message to the greeks calling for
a meeting
Greeks send their officers and they are all killed
Greeks elect new leaders
Greeks retreat to the coast of the black sea
“Thalatta” men screaming “The Sea” – “we made it”
Word spreads in greece

232. 4th Century Greece
Era of shifting alliances and leagues of more
equal types
Battle of Coronea – 394
Quad alliance vs. Sparta
Quadruple Alliance included
Athens, Thebes, corinth & argos
Spartans win battle

233. Battle of Cnidas
394
Persian fleet vs. Spartan Fleet
Persians ally with athens
Persians win the naval battle
Spartan naval power greatly deminished

234. The kings peace
387
Persians regain control of the ionian coast
Embarrassment to the Greeks

235. Second Athenian league
378
Rebuilt long walls
No dues paid to athens
Easier to opt out

236. Athens and sparta
374
Athens and Sparta agree on a non-aggression
pact
Sparta is greatly weakened
Only 1200 full blooded spartans

237. Thebes: Emerging power
Thebes
394-374: Theban power growing and spartan
power waning
Biggest city in Boeotia
Better soil
Bigger population than attica
Epaminondas – theban military genius

238. Battle of Leuctra
371
Thebes vs. Sparta and allies
Spartans outnumbered the thebans
10,000 – 7,000
Sacred band of thebes
300 members
150 pairs of homosexual lovers
Special forces
Thebans are victorious
400 of 700 spartans are killed
Spartans are never significant again

239. Theban Power
Thebans are #1 power for a decade
Thebans free the helots
Create city for the helots – megalopolis
Preventative measure – take slaves away from spartans
Eliminate threat – spartans now have to farm their own land
Epaminondas – brilliant post war planner

240. Philip II – Hostage of thebes
Treaties include the taking of royal hostages
Philip II – Hostage of Thebes
14 years old – hostage for three years
Lives with pammenes (3-star general)
Philip watches troops train
Views leadership of epaminondas
Like going to west point

241. 362 – Battle of mantinea
Takes place in the Peloponnese
Sparta vs. Thebans
Tactical Draw or victory for thebans
Epaminondas killed in battle
Terrible loss for thebes
Power vacuum – filled from the north – macedon
End of the theban dominance

242. The macedonians
thick accent – hard to understand
Bias sources – ‘hill people’
‘country bumkins’
Can’t control their own territory
Political assassinations were common
Monarchy viewed as archaic
Sold timber to both sides
Archalaus – example of Macedonian king

243. Macedonians
Never organized into a centralized state until
Philip II – 359 BC
Timber, metals, Grain in excess
Took Thessaly – Horse breeding territory
Philip comes to Power in 359
Philip was 22

244. Philip II
Military reforms – most power ancient military
Creates standing professional army
Philip – 25 thousand
Alexander – 75-100 thousand
Best trained and largest military in greece
Hetairoi – companions
Highly mobile – rapid movement
Can move quickly over long distances

245. Philip’s Army
Bulk of force is heavy infantry
Force includes lightly armed troops – gymnoi
Slingers/archers – softened up the enemy
Cavalry – covered the flanks/used lances
Philip introduced the sarissa – 18 ft. pike
Used theban tactics

246. Macedonian Phalanx

247. Philip’s Tactics
Philip’s infantry – the macedonian phalanx will
make up the center
The slingers/archers initiate the battle by
softening up the enemy
The cavalry will be placed on the flanks
The infantry engages the center and then the
cavalry folds up the enemy

248. Philip’s finishes off his enemies
Philip will now pursue his enemies even after the
battle
Total destruction of the enemy
Warfare became much bloodier
Philip improved siege machinery – torsion
catapult

249. Philip’s personality
Three addictions
Alcohol
Sex
Power
Philip had 5-7 wives & many mistresses
Hyper-active sexdrive

250. Philip secures his borders
It took several years to secure the border of macedon

251. The history of Philip:358-56
358-356 – victories over the hill tribes
Lays siege on Amphipolis, mines of crenidas)
1,000 talents per year (twice as much as Athens
collected from delian league)
Used money to support army
Marries myrtale (Olympias) – mother of
alexander

252. The history of Philip: 356
Philip uses his army to secure his borders
356 – receives three messages all bearing good news
Best general, parmenio – victory in battle
Chariot wins in olympic games
Birth of son, Alexander

253. Philip: 354-348
354: Siege of methone
Philip loses an eye
352: Involvement in thessaly
Becomes adjunct of macedon
Horse breeding
352-350: Begins to build a fleet
Initially to protect borders
Later to seize the hellespont and the grain route

254. Philip: 348-340
348: takes olynthus: leading city of the chalcidian league
Savior of apollo
Athenian reaction
Demosthenes: warned athenians about philip several times: Phillipics
345-42: Philip reorganizes macedon
Moves population around to have a greater portion of them on the
borders, mines and timber to protect his most valuabe resources
341-340: Athens battles macedon in the straits

255. 338: battle of chaeronea
4th august
Critical battle on western civilization and greek
history
End of greek liberty
Battle fought between stream and mountain
30k Macedonians vs. 35k Greeks
10k thebans, 10k athenians, 15k allies

256. 338: battle of chaeronea
Mr. Hoke will draw!
Macedonians backing off/holding ranks
Alexander attacks break in line
Philip moves forward
Athenian-theban line is decimated
Philip allows athenians to bury their dead
Sacred band destroyed
End of old greek city states as military powers

257. The end of Philip:338-6
Meeting at corinth
New hellenic league
Philip named hegemon (leader)
Offensive league (Ionian coast)
Philip: Master of greece
Prepares invasion of persia
337: Marries cleopatra: Pure macedonian women

258. The end of Philip:336
To settle a family dispute philip offers his daughter cleopatra to
alexander of epirus
Wedding ceremony – 336
Philip makes a grand entrance
Preceeded by statues of the 12 olympian gods
Philip tells his somatophylakes (bodyguards) to stand down

259. The end of Philip:336
Philip enters with alexander
One of philip’s bodyGuards steps forward and
plunges a dagger into philip
Philip dies instantly
Killer runs, trips over a vine
Caught and killed immediately
Army proclaims alexander king
Parmenio & attalus are in asia

260. Who killed philip II?
Pausanius (1) – lover of philip
Philip dumped him
Pausanius is invited to attalus’ house
He is gang raped and beaten
Complains to philip
Philip tells pausanius that he will take care of it and
then promotes his to bodyguard
Revenge is the motive

261. After philip
Who killed philip?
Cui bono? – Who does it benefit?
Olympias & alexander
Olympias puts flowers on Pausanius’ grave
Greek city-states think they are free from hegemon
Alexander takes over and immediately moves to
secure his borders
Whack-a-mole on the border

262. Philip’s accomplishments
• Unification of macedonia
• Fostering of greek culture (hellenization)
• Promotion of urbanization and trade
• Time of prosperity
• Forging of a professional army & a nationalistic spirit
• Left a potent army in the hands of his son, Alexander

263. Alexander of Macedon
Put notes in on Alexander

264. The hellenistic age
The hellenistic age is the name given to the
period from the reign of Alexander (336-323) to
the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC.
A span of 300 years.
It was an age of Monarchies

265. The hellenistic age

266. The hellenistic age
Many of the old cities of greece continued to
exist as important cultural and political centers.
The power was held by the strong men who
carved kingdoms from the conquests of
Alexander.

267. Hellenistic monarchies
The typical hellenistic monarch had to be a
military commander.
Frequent disputes
Large armies
80,000 men
Mostly mercenaries

268. Hellenistic monarchies
Frequent Celtic (gauls) raids
Sacked delphi in 279-77
Settled on the coast of asia-minor in 238
The monarchs had to rally support to stay in
power
Bread and circuses
Hospitality to friends (patronage)

269. Alexandria, Egypt
Alexandria, Egypt
Ruled by the ptolemic dynasty
Grandest capital
Intellectual capital
Library of Alexandria
Goal was to obtain a copy of every important
literary work
Aeschylus, Sophocles & Euripides works were
borrowed from athens and never returned

270. Alexandria, Egypt
Museums – means a place of the Muses
Cultivation of the arts and a place where learning
takes place.
Founded by ptolemy
Museums and libraries played an essential role
in keeping greek culture alive and intact

271. Cities in the hellenistic age
the founding of cities was important in the
hellenisitic age
Grid patterns
Example of a Hellenistic city
Ai Khanum – on the frontier of northern
afghanistan
huge theatre
Gymnasium
library

272. Monarchs & politics
Kings would boast that they were preserving his
city’s independence
Democratic assemblies continued to meet
Leagues formed
The 3rd c. BC was the most settled in history –
until the romans invaded
The league was crushed by the romans in 146
BC

273. Athens
Athens maintained its independence
3rd century bc – Economic crisis
Rising grain prices
Falling olive oil prices
Pottery replaced with silverware
Mines closed
Remained the center of moral philosophy

274. Precedent of Alexander
The monarch was accepted as a favorite of the gods
Dead kings became the focus of dynastic cults
Rosetta Stone
is a record of thanksgiving of the priests of memphis to ptolemy v
in 196 BC
In it ptolemy was addressed as a god who was also the son of
gods

275. The ptolemies
Needed revenue to build their capital city and defend it
Aroused deep resentment among the local people
In a desperate attempt to keep control, the ptolemies were
forced to bring egyptians into their administration
By the time of cleopatra VII the kingdom was already
disintergrating
It is not surprising that the scheming queen looked to
roman commanders (Caesar & Antony) to bolster her
power

276. Hellenism
It was essential to speak greek
Greek values and customs were spread all over
the mediterranean world and to the east
Spread of games – Romans competed in the
isthmian games starting in 189 BC
Wealth was concentrated in fewer hands

277. Women in the hellenistic world
women were given a higher profile
Right to divorce
Mutual affection – love
Women held public office

278. Conclusion
Began to lose their vigour by the 3rd century
By 241 all the greek cities of sicily except
syracuse were under the control of the romans

279. The etruscans & Early Rome
Etruscans originated in italy
Alphabet derived from the greeks
Highly religious
Archaeologists are still reconstructing etruscan culture
Evolved around 12oo BC
Dominated trade along the west coast of italy
Society made up of clans led by a king
Built fortified city walls
Highly influenced by the greek world