4G Wireless Mobile Communication Overview

4g Wireless Mobile Communication Networks
ABSTRACT
4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile
communication networks should not focus on air interface and data rate, but instead cover advance wireless mobile communication networks and high
speed wireless access system into different platforms.
The era of new wireless communication is evolving and it will soon penetrate into daily life and change the way we live. The key concept is
integrating the 4g capabilities with all of the existing mobile technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of different aspects of
4g technology which include its features, proposed architecture and key technological enabler. 4G technology will encompass all system from various
network public to private operator driven broadband to personal area and adhoc Networks. 4g technology system will be fully IP based wireless internet
. With 4G technology a range new services and model will be available, this services and model need to be further examine for interface with the
design of 4g technology system. 4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and computational power
etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air interface and data rate, but instead cover advance wireless mobile
communication networks and high speed wireless access system into different platforms. Based on different model, 4G wireless
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3g Wireless Communication Technology
An Essay on 3G Wireless Communication Technology
Branch: EEE
The advent of Wireless Communication
Communication has been one of the most fundamental aspects of human development. It took the eccentric genius of Nikola Tesla to come up with the
design of the first radio transmitter in 1891. The first transatlantic radio communication in 1901 was a sign of further things to come. Communication
technologies that have been developed over the last century have largely shaped human interaction and have played a crucial role in sustaining human
relationship be it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recent introduction of 3G mobile services in India have however brought in enhanced data and voice transmission and are welcome signs in the
improvement in mobile communication technology. The essay deals in–depth with 3G wireless technology and the difference with its successors (3.5G
and 4G) and predecessor (2G).
3G (3rd generation mobile telecommunications)
3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless telecommunications systems into a single global system that includes both
terrestrial and satellite components. One of the most important aspects of 3G wireless technology is its ability to unify existing cellular standards, such
as CDMA, GSM, and TDMA, under one umbrella. It improves the efficiency of data can be transferred through the cellular phone. The data transfer
rates for third generation mobile telecommunications is up to 2 Megabits per second. Aside from this feature, 3G cellular phones also have
conventional voice, fax and data services, as well as high–resolution video and multimedia services which can be used while on the move. It also
includes mobile office services such as virtual banking and online–billing, video conferencing, online entertainment and access to the Internet.
International Mobile Telecommunications–2000 (IMT–2000), better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards for mobile
telecommunications defined by the International Telecommunication Union, which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and

Through this case study I am going to be investigating the...
Through this case study I am going to be investigating the different wireless communications that are available, and also how they could benefit
Staffordshire Health Authority. I will look at previous and current wireless standards, their differences and the speeds they can provide. I will also
consider the best standards to use when working with a network to support VoIP (Voice overInternet Protocol). Throughout the case study I will talk
about the technologies that could work within our network environment, and others that would not be suitable or effective. Finally I will look at VoIP
and how it will impact on Staffordshire Health Authority.
Discussion of Wireless Communications
When looking at wireless communications, there are many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although I have looked at Bluetooth, and some of its features, it is not a viable solution that we would be able to implement within our network design
for Staffordshire Health Authority due to the types of devices we are using within the environment, they would be better supported using a wireless
connection, other then point–to–point links offered by Bluetooth.
Cellular Broadband is used to access Internet on mobile devices, such as mobile phones, tablets and mobile dongles. There are currently three different
technologies used to access the Internet from a mobile device, these include 2G, 3G and the current 4G. Cellular broadband is a subscription–based
service, which usually comes as part of your mobile tariff from your provider. However, you can get separate tariffs just for cellular broadband,
these are used in laptops and tablets to provide Internet access on the move. ITU Telecom World research indicates that 90% of the world is
covered by a 2G signal; where as 45% of the world has a 3G signal (www.itu.int). This shows that there is a high demand for this service, and it is a
very popular option to access Internet while bring mobile. This type of service is something that could be incorporated within our health authority
network, for example a 4G connection can be used as a backup internet backbone as well as employees using the service to access

Wireless Communication, Bluetooth, Zigbee And Near Field...
In this research paper we review three promising short–range wireless communication such as Radio FrequencyIdentification (RFID), Bluetooth, zigbee
and Near–field Communication (NFC).NFC mobile services are an important emerging areafor NFC technology, with great potential for growth. The
NFC Forum's strategy for accelerating the growth of this business areaincludes recognizing and describing what is needed to realize successful NFC
mobile services, such as key technologies, typical usecases, and the structure of the overall ecosystem. The success NFC across a broad range of
applications depends on its large–scaleadoption by enterprises and consumers. This implies the need for simple, low–cost implementation of the
technology in a wide variety ofdevices. This paper discusses NFC technology in detail along with its protocols, communication modes, comparison with
other technologies and also its security aspects. Keywords: NFC, RFID.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ***
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1. INTRODUCTION Within the last few years, contactless
card technology has been maturing and has been adopted by major sectors such as transport, payment, and retailing. In parallel, mobile phones with the
additional offerings of Internet and multimedia services have successfully entered people's lifestyles. Contactless card technology can now expand its
domain of applicability by adding contactless

Vision And Impact Of Mergers In Business Communication :...
Bell Atlantic Mobile changed its name in 198 to Verizon Wireless, creating one of the largest mergers in business history. Verizon Wireless has had
some struggle with globalization but it has become a major player when it comes to technology. Evaluate the vision and mission statements of Verizon
Wireless and the impacts of stakeholders are just a few things that will be discussed in this report.
On July 27, 1998, New York City based Bell Atlantic and GTE merged to become one of the largest telecommunications company. It was one of the
largest business deals in the United States in business history. GTE was one of the largest telecommunications during this time with revenue exceeding
$25 billion, servicing the United States, Canada and Dominican Republic with affiliates throughout Canada, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. While Bell
Atlantic mobile was much greater with over $33 billon. Together they were valued at over $52 billion and service over 100 million wireless
customers. In 1999, Vodafone and Verizon Wireless combine companies in a joint venture. In September 2013,Verizon Communicationsacquired
Verizon Wireless. Verizon Communications is headquartered at 1095 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In this report, I will discuss
globalization & technology, SWOT, industrial organization model and achieving above–average returns.
SWOT Analysis
Verizon has stability and great business growth. Verizon strengths are part of its internal strategic factors which enables it to remain a major player in
the game of telecommunications. The following are some of strategic factors:
1.Strong brand image
2.High economic of scale
3.High quality of service
The brand image and quality of service, indicates its capabilities and a competitive advantage. Verizon also has some internal weaknesses as well, like:
1.Low diversification
2.High cost of infrastructure
3.Inability to compete based on price
Due to the higher infrastructure that Verizon offers, it loses its inability to compete with lower prices like its competitors.
There are some external factors that Verizon could help Verizon propel to being even bigger than what they already are. Factors like global growth and
expansion, business

Developing Wireless Communications to Space Essay
A big potential problem in the future is developing a wireless communications network in outer space. In this paper we will discuss the problems
presented with this and the potential solutions to these problems using existing and some futuristic technology. We have broke this into two main parts,
one being earth to satellite to planet and back, and the other being planetary ground transmission to and from astronauts to rovers to space stations.
The solution has already started being implemented and will continue rapidly into the near future. It is called the Interplanetary Internet. As of now it is
an array of floating 'nodes' or satellites scattered around in space that can communicate with each other. In the future a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the earth we are only separated from one another by fractions of a second. From earth to mars the average transmission time is 30–45 minutes. That
would feel like light–years trying to download tracks to your iPod.
In order to make this work a massive system of satellites needs to be implemented. These satellites will serve as 'net gateways' with the purpose of
conveying data packets. Each piece of equipment will have its own IPN address, or .mars domain name. They will serve as nodes, operating on a
packet switched network.
Some major possible problems include lag, weak signal, and reduced bandwidth. The solution to all of these lies in a new IPN protocol being
developed. This protocol, along with high precision equipment, will help to eliminated all of these. The protocol has changed in two major ways
from our own TCP/IP protocol. This first is a packet delivery scheme that won't clog the system by resending missing packets. IPN instead keeps track
of arriving packets and then requesting missing ones at the end of delivery. The second is the packet headers will use only one tenth as much
bandwidth as TCP/IP. Back on earth there will be gateways to translate.
Another big problem with the Interplanetary Internet is speed. Using our current technology the top speed for sending data from a satellite orbiting
mars to earth is 250 kbps. Down on mars, in a dusty unknown atmosphere with not much power, this is more like 10 kbps. The solution

Industrial Process Monitoring By Using Raspberry Pi And...
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS MONITORING BY USING RASPBERRY PI AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 1ANJALI V. PATIL, 2A.M.PATKI
1Final Year M.E Communication Systems, ICEM Pune 2Prof. and HOD of Electronics and Telecommunication, ICEM Pune E
–mail:
1anjali.patil2503@gmail.com, 2anjali511964@gmail.com Abstract–Wireless communication is widely used in various fields like automation, military
etc. The advanced technologies in wireless sensor network (WNS) lowers he data rate failure and increases its productivity in automation. This paper
proposes a design and implementation of industrial process monitoring by using raspberry pi and wireless communication. The system consists of a
single master and multiple slaves with wireless communication based on WSN and a raspberry pi system that can either operate on raspbian linux
operating system. The parameters that can be tracked are current, voltage, temperature, and water level. The Android app is made to control industrial
automation automatically using cloud. Manager manages this app with specific username and password. Manager can control this app automatically or
manually.
Keywords– Wireless communication, raspberry pi, industrial, Internet of Things (IoT).
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is the best technology and it is widely used in industry

Wireless Communication Essay
Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between two or more entities (communication) includes the use of technology.
Communication technology uses channels to transmit information (as electrical signals), either over a physical medium (such as signal cables), or in
the form of electromagnetic waves.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The word is often used in its plural form, telecommunications, because it involves many different
technologies. Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal
flags, and optical heliographs.[7] Other examples of pre–modern long–distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats,
lung–blown horns, and loud whistles. Modern technologies for long–distance communication usually involve electrical and electromagnetic
technologies, such as telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, networks, radio, microwave transmission, fiber optics, and communications satellites. A
revolution in wireless communication began in the first decade of the 20th century with the pioneering developments in radio communications by
Guglielmo Marconi, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909. Other highly notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical
and electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Edwin
Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio), as well as John Logie Baird and

Limitations Of Wireless Communication
INTRODUCTION
There are lots of challenges occurs for reliable wireless communication which occurs due to physical limitations of the wireless medium. There has been
massive growth occurs in wireless communication which is due to the techniques that improves spectral efficiency and mitigate various channel
impairments such as fading and interference. Moreover there is always demand for high speed wireless internet and technologies which are capable of
providing higher capacities and link reliabilities. Multiple–input–multiple–output (MIMO) is based on communication system which is able to fulfil
these objectives. MIMO is an expansion of smart antennas systems. There were traditional smart antennas which occupy multiple antennas at receiver,
whereas In MIMO system multiple antennas are engaged at both sides at transmitter as well as receiver side. The multiple antennas at the transmitter
and the receiver side provide a major advantage over traditional smart antenna systems–in terms of capacity and diversity advantage. The multipath
propagation by MIMO system is a remarkably advantage over other antennas system. Moreover it is able to provide independent fading channels
between every pair of transmitter and receiver antennas.
The rapid improvement in communication system with high data rates and improved channel capacity has pondered towards the study of both
theoretical and practical in wireless communication systems. Wireless communication system has made great effort to

Implementing Wireless Network For Computer Communication...
: This paper presents implementing wireless network in computer communication
In that the following devices includes WI–FI, Bluetooth, WiMAX, mobilesNetworks and latest LI–FI technology. This paper clears the idea of using
this wireless network. A review of what is needed to build a generic wireless network is provided. We can alreadyknow about thewireless network and
we can connect the computer by using this wireless network. The paper also advances some of the major security risks that wireless networks face.
Various strategies that can be employed to mitigate these risks and safeguard the privacy and security of the network are given. A review of how
wireless networks can be used in education and training is then given and it is demonstrated that the education field has benefited from the growth of
wireless technology and the cost effectiveness of this technology
INTRODUCTION
Whether it's because you have made a call using a mobile phone, received a message on your pager, checked your email from a PDA or even just seen
an advert related to it, we have all come across a wireless data or voice network! If a user, application or company wishes to make data portable,
mobile and accessible then wireless networking is the answer. A wireless networking system would rid of the downtime you would normally have in
a wired network due to cable problems. It would also save time and money due to the fact that you would spare the expense of installing a lot of cables.
Also, if a

OVERVIEW:
In the last few years, number of mobile users/wireless users has been increased explosively all over the world. The demands for wireless
communication network has been increased day by day and it cannot be satisfied with wired networks because it has been seen that communication
channels are more contaminated than wired networks. The main characteristics of the wireless communication are the multipath reception. We can
receive signal not only through Line of Sight but also reception can be made through a large number of reflected radio waves that arrive at the
receiver at different times. The difference in arrival time is caused due to trees, vehicles, buildings, rocks etc. FIGURE1: MULTIPATH
PROPAGATION [5]
These reflected waves interfere with the direct coming received wave and the other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Robustness Against Narrowband Interference:– OFDM is more robust then single carrier against narrowband interference because in a single carrier
system, a single fade or interferer can cause the entire link to fail and the transmission would stop[5]but in a multicarrier system, only a small
percentage of subcarriers will be affected and transmission would be possible in that case also. Immune to Frequency Selective Fading:– OFDM is
highly immune to frequency selective fading channel as parallel transmission as each sub–carrier has narrow bandwidth in comparison to overall
bandwidth of signal. Hence it converts a frequency selective fading channel into several nearly flat fading channels. High Spectral Efficiency:– Due to
orthogonal nature of each sub–carrier, large number of subcarriers can be accommodate over a very narrow spectral region thus it increases the spectral

Passport/Visa Authentication Protocols for Ubiquitous...
Abstract–The development in mobile devices and wireless technologies opens up unlimited choices of mobile services such as mobile commerce.
These advances make access services available and convenient everywhere at any time. Since mobile users usually move, accessing services becomes
unavailable especially in some locations that are not covered by their home networks. Therefore, it becomes necessary to roam into foreign networks in
order to access such services. However, authenticating visiting users by a foreign network results in some security concerns. This challenge lies in the
fact that a foreign network provider does not initially have the authentication credentials of the mobile users. The existing approaches are either roaming
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MUs always ask for a higher speed at a lower cost, and demand to be "Always Best Connected" [2]. However, due to the differences in wireless
technologies, it is hard to achieve both high data rate and wide coverage at once. Moreover, different technologies sometimes are operated by multiple
network providers. As a result, ubiquitous wireless network is not feasible with a single technology and a single wireless provider. That makes a MU
always in need to connect to different types of technologies and service providers depending on his/her location and the target speed. However, there
are some security concerns raised from the MU and foreign network (FN) perspectives as they cannot establish a connection without being authentic to
each other. The traditional solution to such a problem is to have a roaming agreement between the home network (HN) and FN for verification process.
Fig.1 illustrates the problem.
Roaming agreement–free challenge.
Problem Statement. A key challenge in such a heterogeneous networks environment is the possibility of roaming to administrative domains without a
pre–established roaming agreement with a MU's home domain [3]. In other words, authenticating unknown users by FN providers and preventing
unauthorised access are critical concerns.
The rest of this paper is structured as follows. It starts with a review of existing approaches to the problem (Section 2). This will be followed by an
overview of the

Wireless Communication Technology : A New Solution For The...
This article is a survey of all aspects of communications high– altitude platforms (HAPs), this balloons and aircraft stationed in the stratosphere
between 17 and 22 kilometers. The technique can be considered as a new solution for the provision of telecommunications services. This poll contains
some information and benefits . The following table shows the basics of the types of high– altitude platforms and comparison of HAPs, terrestrial
networks , satellites , followed by information frequency bands allocated for high– altitude platform stations . The survey concludes types of
applications and services offered by this technology.
INTRODUCTION
A wireless communication technology is an aircraft or unmanned balloons . Semi– fixed and it works using solar energy to provide and operate the
remote control , to cover a certain area , and payment platforms motorized pneumatic and electrical , put in a fixed to a certain height above the
ground mode ( the stratosphere ) layer. Working at a height ranges from 17–22 km, and has been specifically designed to operate at high altitudes.
Remote controling from the earth staion on the ground .
Advantages and disadvantages:
– Lower cost,Operating costs and the possibility of reform of the high altitude platforms less than satellites.
– Environment –friendly . Because it is supported by solar power technology and fuel cells non–polluting .
– Heights too lower than artificial satellites (Low altitude => PATHS short length = > delay

How Wireless Communication Has Improved The Point Of Being...
Wireless communication is the transfer of data between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor. In addition, wireless
communications networks are less expensive to install and preserve than equivalent wired systems. Wireless communication has become possible due
to the discovery of radio waves. With the first breakthrough of the radio signal within the 19th century, along with founders Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo
Marconi, evolution of the wireless technology has improved to the point of being unrecognizable (Makkai ,2006, p.1). According to Rappaport (2002
,p.1) , with the Guglielmo Marconi's invention of the long–distance communication with ships at sea, has the power of instant communication emerged.
Nowadays, many people use the internet service on a cellphone to keep the contact with people around the world, and for other purposes such as:
researching, learning and exploring (Makkai ,2006, p.1).
In this essay, the following definitions will be used. Communication in this essay refers to a technology that allows sending and receiving data such
as: SMS, voice and images (Lee, Schneider and Schell,2004, p.15). A mobile app is a software application developed specifically for use on small,
wireless computing devices, such as smartphones and tablets, rather than desktop or laptop computers. Ram (Random Access Memory) arranges
communication through messages to a customer while they are in the city territory (Rappaport, 2002, p.508).
An

Wireless Communication Systems are Developing Rapidly Essay
With the rapid development of wireless communication systems, there will be a need for the network deployment of independent mobile users [1].
Significant examples such as establishing survival, proficient, active communication for emergency/rescue operations, disaster management efforts,
and secured military networks [2]. ]. Vehicular Ad–hoc Networks (VANETs) can be considered as a subclass of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs)
with some unique characteristics. Vehicles move on the roads sharing information among them. Vehicles often move at high speed but their mobility is
within regular constraints and predictable. An accurate estimate of vehicle's position can be made available through GPS systems or on–board
communication unit. VANETs... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conventional ad hoc routing protocols such as DSR and AODV will not be appropriate in VANETs for most vehicular Broadcast applications.
There are three different Traffic of operation in VANET
Regular Traffic: In case of regular traffic some nodes may have very few neighbours while some other nodes have many neighbours.
Dense Traffic:Nodes Simply broadcasting the packets leads to many collisions and conflicts in transmission among neighbouring nodes.
Sparse Traffic: The delay that incurs in delivering messages between disconnected vehicles can vary from a few seconds to several minutes.
This paper gives a detailed study about existing broadcasting protocols.
Traffic View
Traffic View, protocol uses a method called aggregation method on the data in the updated dataset. By grouping multiple data packets based on message
timestamp and relative vehicle distance this protocol minimizes bandwidth utilisation Traffic View has a definite structure to disseminate and collect
information about the vehicles on the road.[4]
Advantage: with such a system, a vehicle driver will know the road traffic, which helps the driver handling situations efficiently or finding an correct
route for long distance.
Disadvantage: the cars in the non–aggregation case have only limited visibility to all nodes, and most of the nodes have no information about other
nodes that are at least 500m away.
AMB Protocol: Adhoc Multicast Protocol
In this

Wireless Communications, Wireless, And Mobile Data...
Wireless communication has emerged as its own discipline over the past decades.From cellular voice telephony to wireless internet and data
services,data service has profoundly impacted our lifestyle.After a decade of exponential growth today wireless network is one of the largest industry
in the world.
At the time of wirtting this close to 1 billoin people subscribe to cellular service,close to 200 billion gsm short message is exchanged every year.In
response to this growth, a number of universities and educational institute have started research in this field and teaching programmes from which a
number of engineers and scientist are re–educating themselves in this fields.
In my project I have traditionally selected the most comman voice oriented wireless communication along with geolocation gprs services,internet and
mobile data services and IEEE 802.11 WLAN services.
My project also covers different generation of wireless networks,right from 1G services to 3G services which provides upto 2mbps speed on local area
network.
Various voice oriented wireless communications are also covered up like the gsm or cdma services.
Most of the writing and language of my project are sourced from various text books along with various journels and research work available about this
field on the internet.
I would like to express my deep appreciations to my mentor Ms.S.Yadav who have greatly helped me with this project.
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS.

Wireless Communications, The Radio Industry
With the recent surge in wireless communications, the radio industry has seen an increase in the number of different communication standards each
requiring its own specific hardware and processing. Our project addresses the need for radio interoperability with these various standards through the
development of hardware generators for a software defined radio (SDR) system. These hardware generators will be created using Chisel, a hardware
construction language. When given a set of parameters or constraints, the hardware generators will automatically output circuit designs for the given
application thereby accelerating the hardware design process and introducing a new method for multi–standard support. Specifically, our team will
focus on the development of generators for the system's beamforming and MIMO blocks. For this reporting period, our team was responsible for
updating our previous CORDIC block for incorporation in the carrier frequency offset correction (CFO) block. To refresh, the CORDIC block is
simply a set of hardware efficient algorithms capable of performing hyperbolic and trigonometric calculations without the use of a hardware
multiplier. By avoiding use of hardware multipliers, the CORDIC architecture reduces the number of logic gates required to perform these
trigonometric calculations thereby saving significant circuit power and area in exchange for less accuracy. The work breakdown for this task is
depicted in the diagram below (see Figure 1). This task

Wireless Communication For Wearable Devices
Wireless Communication for Wearable Devices Shivram Tabibu
Abstract–
This paper presents a review of Wireless Communication for Wearable Devices. The wearable devices are one of the primary means for the effective
motion recognition of reflexive systems. We review some basic wearable deployments and their open wireless communication along the
communication channel which have been devised.
Introduction–
In order to establish a given area network, wireless communication means is used by wearable devices to transmit data to proximate devices. Data
transmission must be secure since wearable devices transmit vital information. Wearable wireless communication system is exciting new frontier
techniques. There are many devices worked in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Earlier electric–field distribution of a wearable device for the wireless communication with means of human body as a transmission channel was
analyzed by the finite–difference time–domain (FDTD) method and confirmed by trial experiments and the elucidation of the influence in the
propagation characteristics by the human body was restrictive [5].
Mechanism–
The best illustration to explain a wireless communication system for a wearable device can be illustrated by establishing a Body Area Network and
transmit data to proximate devices. The Figure 1 illustrates the hardware architecture of an Intra Body Communication System/ module. The
communication module consists of a Serial interface unit(SIU), a Serializer/ Deserializer and a Modulator/ Demodulator. In order to interface with
embedded microcontrollers, the serial interface is used as an on–chip communication system. The communication module is controlled by the
integrated processor via serial interface. It transforms the data to serial form and uses FIFO to improve system performance. It is then modulated to
become the transmission signal for communication for Intra Body. Modulation on the signal transmitter is done by modulator where the serial data is
modulated with predefined frequencies in order to use the human body or a given system as

Wireless Communication In Football
With the speed at which sports are played today, the job of an umpire or referee is certainly tricky and referees are required to make split second
decisions that will determine a game, wireless technology has allowed referees to get a little support. "The use of electronic devices, no matter how
intelligent and accurate, is often criticized by sports fans, and one of the enormous advantages of wireless communication is the speed of it" (Mark,
2). A referee standing in the middle of a football field can make a clear audio line with his fellow referees with touch of a button. The technology
allows referees to be able to communicate on and discuss plays without having to take a step further towards each other. Wireless technology is
convenient because of its comfort and ease of use along with its lack of long wires. The new wireless communication technology has helped speed
football games up along with making calls quicker and more efficiently. For those people on the grown–up side of 30 years old, football in 2003 doesn't
even seem like that was 10 years ago because of the evolution of the passing game. The NFL has undergone quiet a transformation through the two
quarter backs of Peyton Manning and Tom Brady. In 2003 the NFL officials changed the way that they enforce pass interference after the New
England Patriots used an unstoppable physical defense to shut down the Indianapolis Colts. As a result of this change, it immediately boosted the
passing game for offenses and

Integrated Wireless Communication Schemes Use Radio /...
Emerging Technologies in Communication
Shradha Bhingardive1, Mrs. N. V. Dhole2
1 P.G Student, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, RMDSSOE Pune, Maharashtra, India shradhabhingardive2@gmail.com
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, RMDSSOE Pune, Maharashtra, India
nandini.dhole@sihngad.edu
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––***––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Abstract – Conventional wireless communication schemes use radio/micro wave frequencies for data transmission, primarily because of the
availability of high sensitivity receivers and ability to provide broad coverage at low frequencies and line of sight communication at high frequencies.
But, RF can support only a limited bandwidth due to confined spectrum availability. Therefore the expanding demand for wireless data has led to
clogging of the radio spectrum. Thus there is a need to study and use new communication technologies in near future that will reduce interference and
will be a clean source of communication. Communication is providing new advances constantly, people are depending more and more on the benefits
they provide.
Key Words: Visible Light Communication, Loon Project,Near Field Communication, White Fi, IEEE 802.15.7
1. INTRODUCTION
The act of conveying intended meaning from one entity to another entity through the use of mutually understood signs and rules

Wireless Sensor Networks : Technology, Computing And...
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1BACKGROUND
The need to continuously monitoring physical phenomena has leads to many advances in sensing, computing and communication technologies. And a
new technology evolves which is known as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Wireless Sensor Networks are a new kind of distributed systems that
are an integral part of the physical space they inhabit. The massive growth in this technology has gathered the heed and imagination of many
researchers, providing a broad spectrum of ideas to be implemented in various applications [2].
The grouping of various sensor nodes makeup a huge Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). These wireless sensor networks are employed in environments
where human reach is difficult. The sensor nodes are small, inexpensive, battery powered devices which are capable of local processing and wireless
communication. These sensors cooperatively work with each other to sense some physical circumstances and then the information is gathered and
processed to get pertinent results. The information that is gathered is sent to the main location.
Figure 1.1 depicts a typical WSN. Networking unattended sensor nodes are expected to have significant impact on the efficiency of many military and
civil applications such as combat field surveillance, security and disaster management. These systems process data gathered from multiple sensors to
monitor events in an area of interest. For example, in a disaster management setup, a large number of sensors

Wireless Network Method Using Smart Grid Communications
WIRELESS NETWORK METHOD USING IN SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS
Ehsan Dolatshahi
Independent Study
April 22, 2015
Introduction
The old generation of electrical power grid has taken care of our needs in the past. However, as our world progress technologically, so do the
expectations from different infrastructures around us. Smart grid is an initiative to completely restructure the electrical power grid to meet the current
and future requirements of its clients. Upgrading our electrical power grid could bring novel security vulnerabilities into the system. Thus, security is
one of the key parts in smart grid technology. Smart grid technology also puts more reliability demands on WAN (wide area network) infrastructures. [1]
A smart grid is an intelligent electricity network that integrates the actions of all users connected to it and makes use of innovative information, control,
and communication technologies to save energy, cut cost, and raise reliability and transparency. The smart grid is an upgrade to the current electrical
power structure. Meaning, on top of the functionality of our existing power system, it has upgraded with some novel specifications. These new features
adds more vulnerability to the system. [2]
Smart grid is mainly composed of six basic systems: power generation system, distribution system, transmission network, data management and
processing system, smart metering system, and customer information system. The network architecture of smart grid

Wireless Communication Technology : Battery Span And Talk...
Battery Span and Talk time
Having a wireless hearing device does put you in an advantageous position as the user does not have to sit in one position and use it. Instead, he can
move about and use the headset in a comfortable manner. However, if you end up with a wireless headset that does not have a good battery life; you
would be spending half of your day in recharging it. The users of Plantronics Voyager Edge definitely do not fall in this category and they do not have
to go through the trouble of recharging their device after short time intervals.
This amazing headset comes with a charging case that beefs up its battery life by 10 hours. By default, the headset has a battery life of 6 hours. This
simply means that the user does not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a user, you do not need to check the battery status of your Plantronics Voyager Edge by going through a lengthy process. There is a simple
process to check the battery status. There are touch icons which are used to check the battery status. There are LED's which lighten as soon as you
run your fingers over the related controls. This would give you an idea of the battery status of the charging case as well as the headset. If any of the
batteries are running out of power, you can recharge them in quick time. Both these batteries can be charged individually.
Dependable Noise Cancellation features
If you are using a wireless headset to take calls, you would be using it in all kinds of environments. This simply means that you would be using the
device in noisy environments as well. For any user, it is hard to entertain calls when the environment around him is noisy. In such a case, it becomes
hard for the user to concentrate on the call and listen to the caller without distortion.
Plantronics Voyager Edge provides the perfect solution to this problem. The headset has one of the best noise cancellation features which you can
depend on. Whether you are standing in a noisy market or a crowded street, you would be able to hear the caller without making any extra effort. It is
obvious that you can find a lot of other headset companies which would assure you that your hearing device would have the best

Essay On Wireless Communication Technology
nowadays sensors are anywhere. We take it for granted, however there are sensors in our cars, in our clever telephones, in factories controlling
CO2 emissions, and even inside the ground tracking soil conditions in vineyards. while evidently sensors were around for a while, research on
wireless sensor networks (WSNs) commenced returned within the Eighties and it's miles only in view that 2001 that WSNs generated an elevated
hobby from commercial and research perspectives. This is due to the supply of less expensive, low powered miniature additives like processors,
radios and sensors that have been regularly included on a unmarried chip (system on a chip (SoC)). The idea of internet of things (IoT) becomes
evolved in parallel to WSNs. The... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
via synthesizing present WSN applications as part of the infrastructure device, capability new programs may be diagnosed and developed to satisfy
future technology and marketplace developments. for example WSN generation applications for smart grid, smart water, wise transportation systems,
and smart home generate big quantities of statistics, and this information can serve many purposes. moreover, as the cutting–edge global shifts to this
new age of WSNs in the IoT, there might be some of prison implications in order to need to be clarified over the years. one of the most pressing
troubles is the possession and use of the statistics this is accumulated, consolidated, correlated and mined for added cost. records agents can have a
flourishing commercial enterprise as the pooling of records from diverse sources will result in new and unknown commercial enterprise opportunities
and capability criminal liabilities. The recent US country wide security administration scandal and other indignities have shown that there is huge
hobby in accumulating facts for numerous uses. one of the more complicated problems which get up within this new world is the idea of machines
making autonomous decisions, with unknown effect on the surroundings or society within which it features. this may be as easy as a refrigerator
inquiring for replenishment for milk and butter on the neighborhood keep for its proprietor, or as complicated as a robotic that has been programmed
to live to

Wireless Networks And Network For Future Of Mobile...
Every day the wireless communication is getting more advanced comparing to what is was yesterday. Every generation of mobile communication get
advanced with a higher speed, frequency band, better connectivity, security and high data rates in transmission. For all these reasons, it's clear how the
4G is success more than the 3G networks, and the same thing will happen to the 4G after lunching the 5G in the near future. In this paper, I will try to
describe the 4G networks and 5G networks in contest of future of mobile communications. What are their drawbacks and what are the main differences
between these different generations along with the issues that make the new network take over that network.
2–Background:
A look back in the history, the first generation of telephony (1G) started in the early of 1980s. This network was designed to carry analog voice data.
The (1G) networks were based on these standard TACS, NMT, C–Nets and AMPS. In the early of 1990s the (2G) networks came as a digital network
comparing to the analog in (1G). That was the first digital cellular network after the switches that were supported digital calls by using actual 0s and
1s. The (2G) networks were supported by these standards D–AMPS, Code Division Multiple Access One (CDMAOne) and Global System of Mobile
Communication (GSM). The second generation of telephony (2G) was offered a higher capacity, improved security and improved the voice quality.
The (2G) technology was offered a

Radio And Optical Wireless Communication
This collaborative effort outlines a comprehensive framework to apply novel radio and optical wireless communications with channel coding to
develop energy–efficient and secure links for the problem of limited spectrum resource in future wireless applications. In particular, the project aims to
study the fundamental properties and develop practical solutions for a hybrid RF/optical system that combines energy–efficient ultra–wideband
architectures with secure and RF–spectrum–saving optical technology.
Future mobile applications demand novel wireless communication technologies to address the new challenges associated with the shortage of radio
spectrum [1–5], the need for low–power radio architectures
[6–9], and secure communication ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key idea is to combine the advantages of localized short–range
UWB–IR and longer range optical wireless communication, and use jointly optimized LDPC coding to improve the link reliability with low
complexity encoder and decoder circuits. To achieve these goals, as illustrated in Fig. 1, the proposed research will also focus on designing the UWB
/optical relaying circuits and hybrid communication protocol, exploiting network diversity and coding for hybrid channels, and investigating
low–complexity LDPC encoder/decoder circuits with soft information for UWB–IR.
The advantages of UWB–IR and optical communication compensate each other's shortcomings very well, as illustrated in Fig 1. For example,
UWB–IR is power efficient; however, to achieve ultra low power, the transmission distance of UWB must be short (sometimes less than 1 meter).
When a longer range is demanded, the power consumption of the UWB transceiver increases dramatically since the received power varies as dв€’О
і,
where d is the transmission distance and Оі is the path loss exponent [36–38]. In other words, increasing RF transmission distance will significantly
shorten the battery lifetime. This power/distance trade–off of UWB can be alleviated by employing a UWB/optical relaying device. The stationary
relaying devices use dedicated power lines so the battery–powered UWB terminals can save

Underwater Wireless Communication Networks Are Affected By...
security mechanisms are discussed. Underwater wireless communication networks are particularly vulnerable to malicious attacks due to the high bit
error rates, large and variable propagation delays, and low bandwidth of acoustic channels. A complete survey of securing underwater wireless
communication networks is presented, and the research challenges for secure communication in this environment are outlined.Acoustic channels have
low bandwidth. The link quality in underwater communication is severely affected by multipath, fading, and the refractive The unique characteristics
of the underwater acoustic communication channel, and the differences between underwater sensor networks and their ground–based counterparts
require for the development of efficient and reliable properties of the sound channel. As a result, the bit error rates of acoustic links are often high, and
losses of connectivity arise.Radio waves do not propagate well underwater due to the high energy absorption of water. Therefore, underwater
communications are based on acoustic links characterized by large propagation delays. The above mentioned characteristics of UWCNs have several
security implications. UWCNs suffer from the vulnerabilities which decreases the reliability. So, this article have discussed for security in UWCNs,
underlining the specific characteristics of these networks, possible attacks, countermeasures and challenges. Keywords:

The Impact Of Wireless Communication Industry On The...
This report is meant to advise Mr. Van Hanebanker and his partners on my recommendation in regards to investing in Wind Mobile. A decision must be
made regarding this investment before the spectrum auction in April. This spectrum auction is crucial to Wind Mobile growing in the wireless industry
in Canada. The wireless industry in Canada presents a unique opportunity for investment due to the oligopolistic structure and market breakdown.
Currently, there are three major players in the industry and there is extensive room for growth and development as an industry and for Wind Mobile
itself to gain significant market share. Some of the factors I will consider over the course of this analysis and recommendation include: the wireless
communication industry in Canada, growth and competition in the industry and growth of Wind Mobile, and Canada's current economic state.
Within these brackets, assessments of the average revenue per user, the growth in subscribers and other indicators of Wind's performance will be
analyzed. They will be compared to industry standards and may demonstrate how Wind compares with the "Big 3" firms, who benefit from aspects
such as economies of scale. I believe my assessment will give Mr. Van Hanebanker a good overall idea of the pros and cons, and considerations he
and his colleagues need to consider when making their final decision. As the senior business analyst at Caverly Investment Solutions Inc. my analysis
should be a helpful tool when making a

Wireless Communication
The goal of third and fourth generation mobile networks is to provide users with high data rates, and to provide a wider range of services, such as
voice communications, videophones, and high speed Internet access. A common challenge in designing a wireless system is to overcome the effects of
the wireless channel, which is characterized as having multiple transmission paths and as being time varying. OFDM has a promising future as a new
technology in several next generation wireless communication systems. The ability of OFDM systems to combat the effects of multipath propagation
with a comparatively simple receiver structure made it the modulation of choice for some of the most prominent wireless technologies such as the
IEEE 802.11 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.1.1 OFDM Advantages
In summary, OFDM has the following advantages:
1. OFDM is an efficient way to deal with multipath effects. For a given channel delay spread, the implementation complexity is much lower than that
of a conventional single carrier system with time domain equalizer.
2. Bandwidth efficiency is high since it uses overlapping orthogonal subcarriers in the frequency domain.
3. Modulation and demodulation are implemented using inverse discrete
Fourier transform (IDFT) and discrete Fourier transform (DFT), respectively. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm can be applied to make the
overall system efficient.
4. Capacity can be significantly increased by adapting the data rate per subcarrier according to the signal–to–noise ratio (SNR) of that particular
subcarrier. 5. OFDM is robust against narrowband interference because such interference affects only a small percentage of the subcarriers.
1.1.2 Problems Associated with OFDM
OFDM communication systems have two primary drawbacks. The first is the high sensitivity to carrier frequency offsets and phase noise. When there
are frequency offsets in the subcarriers, the orthogonality among the subcarriers breaks and this causes intercarrier interference (ICI). The second
drawback, is that the transmitted OFDM signal has large amplitude fluctuations and so a high
PAPR. This high PAPR requires system components with a wide linear range to accommodate for the signal variations.

Wireless Communication And Control System
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION WITH BCI
Abstract
A Brain–Computer Interface is a communication and control system in which human mind can be translated to the external world without the help of
the normal output pathways of muscles and nerves. Each time we do something or think about doing something, our brain generates distinct signals.
These signals corresponding to an activity, has a pattern. Finding this pattern is a challenging job and is the main task of any Brain–Computer
Interface. A BCI acquires these signals from the brain of a user in the form ofElectroencephalography (EEG). Then after pre processing, feature
extraction and classification, it translates these signals into meaningful commands or instructions to drive a device or application.
Electroencephalography is used to record electrical fields that represent the brain signals and are generated due to the local brain function.
Most of the applications today are only used in computers and just focus on the realization of direction strategies. To meet the potential increasing
user's needs and explore interacting processes with people's mental states, we design an application that maps signals from the human brain and
performs operations like calling, messaging, gaming and photography. The brain signals are mapped and stored to create different commands using a
series of refined signal processing procedures. These commands are declared and defined to perform the above mentioned operations like calling,
messaging,

The Effect Of Mobile And Wireless Communication On The...
Introduction Information and communication has been changing rapidly during the past decades, and such changes will be affecting the society for
the next five years. One effect is on individual lifestyles and this includes an increase of mobile usage and social network consumption. The changes
also enable the appearance of cloud technology and the utilization of data management called big data. Another effect that is placed in a classroom.
The classroom in the 21st century is virtual and allows stakeholders include students and teachers to access courses through online devices. Lin, H.,
Wang, Y., & Li, C. (2016). Mobilelearning has become more and more important in the educational context because the rapid advance and the
popularity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nowadays, students are able to access online learning through internet technology, available time, and resources. This collaborative system allows
student groups interacting of learning, sharing and enabling learning evaluation. In terms of Thailand, the Thai government has the policy to support
the use of technology in the education system. It is believed that technology increases students ' potential. To achieve this, teachers should apply more
technology in classes.
Therefore, The aim of this study is to improve higher students' critical thinking skills with the utilization of the changes in the information and
communication technology. To achieve this objective, the initial step of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of learning in a borderless
classroom. The borderless classroom will be used as an alternative instrument which a lecturer can use to distribute learnings and/or lessons. Research
Question
1.Study the borderless classroom: a modern collaborative learning model to enhance higher education students' critical thinking skills.
2.Study the students' satisfaction towards borderless classroom: a modern collaborative learning model.
Rationale
The progress of technology had improved digital technology and wireless network. They resulted in the expansion of mobile phones and portable
computers have improved. The student could learned outside the

Types Of Any Wireless Communication System
A microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch and a ground plane separated by dielectric substrate. The early work of Munson on microstrip
antennas for use as a low profile flush mounted antennas on rockets and missiles showed that this was a practical concept for use in many antenna
system problems. Different mathematical models were developed for this antenna and its applications were extended to many other fields. The number
of articles published in the journal papers for the last ten years. The microstrip antennas are the first antenna designer's choice. Low dielectric constant
substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. The conducting patch can have many shape but rectangular and circular configurations are
the most commonly used configuration. Amicrostrip antenna is characterized by its length parameter, width parameter, input impedance, and gain and
radiation patterns. Various performance parameters, mathematical calculation and Microstrip feeding technique will be discussed further through this
chapter. Antennas are key components of any wireless communication system and it is a device that provides a way for radiation or receiving
electromagnetic waves. IEEE standard definitions for antenna (IEEE Std 145–1983) defines antenna as a means for radiating or receiving radio wave.
Figure 3.1 shows an antenna as transition device. The arrows displayed in Figure 3.1 shows the electric field lines

Hoc Networks : A New Prototype Of Wireless Communication...
1. INTRODUCTION:
Ad hoc networks are a new prototype of wireless communication for mobile hosts (which we call nodes).In an Ad hoc network, there is no fixed
particular infrastructure such as base stations and mobile nodes. Mobile nodes that are within each other's radio frequency range communicate directly
via wireless links, while those that are far apart depend on other nodes to forward messages as routers. Ad hoc networks are peer to peer networks of
mobile nodes. They are mostly used in sensor networks, habitat monitoring and robotic collaboration. In the recent times, Ad hoc networks have
evoked increasing interest as adjustable distributed application environments. These days many people are using different types of wireless devices,
such as laptops, mobile phones, PDAs (personal digital assistant) and mp3 players, as part of their professional and private lives. For the most part,
these devices are used separately because the network applications do not interact. Ad hoc wireless communication between devices can be defined as
a scheme, often indicated as the Ad hoc network, which allows devices to establish communication between the nodes anytime and anywhere to
transfer data without the aid of a central infrastructure. The concepts of mobile Ad hoc networking along with its applications that can be envisioned
are being described in this report. Ad hoc networking covers different types of positions in a communication. An Ad hoc Network framework can
comprise of a

4g Wireless Mobile Communication Networks
4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile
communication networks should not focus on air interface and data rate, but instead cover advance wireless mobile communication networks and high
speed wireless access system into different platforms.
The era of new wireless communication is evolving and it will soon penetrate into daily life and change the way we live. The key concept is integrating
the 4g capabilities with all of the existing mobile technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of different aspects of 4g
technology which include its features, proposed architecture and key technological enabler. 4G technology will encompass all system from various
network public to private operator driven broadband to personal area and adhoc Networks. 4g technology system will be fully IP based wireless internet
. With 4G technology a range new services and model will be available, this services and model need to be further examine for interface with the
design of 4g technology system. 4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and computational power
etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air interface and data rate, but instead cover advance wireless mobile
communication networks and high speed wireless access system into different platforms. Based on different model, 4G wireless mobile

Wireless Communication Advantages And Disadvantages
ABSTRACT
In this global world of technologies where the communication is being modern day by day, on every other day the new technologies are being
invented so in this vast world of growing technologies the cognitive radio network is another addition and a step toward fast and secure
communication. Cognitive radio network is the network used for wireless communication which uses the spectrum of frequencies. It is an intelligent
network in a sense that it can recognize the channels in use or vacant, the ability of this network is that it can shift the data on vacant channel without
letting the other busy channel get disturbed. CRN is a technology which works on the spectrum of frequencies, sensing the spectrum of frequencies at
receiver's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is an amazing approach toward the wireless technology being used in present era of technology where the radios will be able to use the spectrum of
frequencies in a new and classy way. This technology will be able to sense and identify the changes environmentally in its surrounding and can change
its configuration according to present situations so that CRN can demonstrate the best result which can be achieved. The CRN use most probable
techniques by which the quality of communication can be improved. This technology is able to modify or change the parameters of its transmitter for
an improved communication experience for user. The radios used earlier were carried with an assumption of working on spectrum band considered as
to be idle of interference there was no need of bestowing these radios the ability to change the parameters of its transmitter, channel or spectrum.
Through distinction xMax cognitive radios are able to sense the environment excellently by which then the CRN will notice which spectrum is not used
thus immediately use the vacant spectrum for receiving and sending the data also it will come to know if there is any sort of interference has occurred
on frequencies being used it do pay sharp glimpse on such interference. Whereas Amax hunts out the limitations of interference occurred. The CRN
simply works on four simple techniques, spectrum sensing, spectrum management, spectrum sharing and spectrum mobility. Spectrum sensing is the
first necessary

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication
Deniz GuМ€revin 041402017
Mehmet Taylan EДџer 041402024
Onat Mert TaЕџcД± 041502036
19.12.2015
MEF University
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Department
EE101
Introduction to Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Abstract
Wireless communication is a field of telecommunication industry which provides an information transfer between two distant points without any need
of wires, cables or electrical conductors. Today it's used in many fields of daily life such as internet, radios, telephones, mobiles, wireless computer
parts, GPS units, satellites, television, remote controls, security systems and many more. Wireless communication has many advantages and a great
importance in today's technology since it helps devices ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I. Introduction
Mankind have been trying to communicate with each other since the beginning of the genesis. That communication, at the beginning, provided by
some cave paintings or gestures and facial expressions. But since the world improved and the places that man could reach got wider, people need to
shrink it. Actually this is what the scientists have been trying to do.
Thanks to wireless communication, the communication is becoming easier and the more technology improves the more it comes into our lives.
According to scientists we could have a world not so much different from a sci–fi movie in a few decades. We may able to talk to people on the other
side of the world in 3D or live in a smart city which includes all connected devices and building through internet. We may not too far these technologies.
II. History of Wireless Communication
The history of electrical communication actually began in the 1700s with invention of electrical telegraph. However wireless communication systems
started to appear later in the early 1800s with the invention of wireless telegraphy.
The oldest electromagnetic wireless system is really similar to and based

Channel Estimation And Blocking Probability For Multi Hop...
The paper presents the design of channel estimation and blocking probability for multi–hop wireless communication network (MH–WCN). This work
proposed a bidirectional network coding 4в€’hop transmission strategy and followed by 2Nв€’hop WCNs. The proposed method follows two steps.
Firstly, assign composite channel coefficients at desired nodes and then derived the MSE performance expression for the proposed LMMSE estimation
scheme, and an optimal training scheme has been designed to minimize MSE. Secondly, Fault–tolerant wavelength assignment algorithm. This method
checks for the establishment of fault–free path, when path established, assign a particular wavelength to the established path. The experimental results
shows the LMMSE, blocking probability and ML estimators have demonstrated effectiveness to improve the estimation accuracy in 4в€’hop WCNs.
Index term:– Fault–tolerant wavelength assignment algorithm, Multi–hop wireless communication networks, mobile social networks, network coding,
channel estimation.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, there has been significant advances in wireless networking. Such advances are improved by the demand of new practical and military
applications as well as advances in wireless communication technology at the communication layer. These new advances at upper and lower layers in
communication have brought many new research problems for networking researchers. Among these problems, a fundamental problem is to determine
performance limits and

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
________________________________________________________
1.1 Communication
Communication is the transfer of information from transmitter to the receiver through a wireless medium or wired medium known as channel. The
transmitter transmits the information and the receiver receives the information. Information is useful data send by transmitter and must be understood
to the receiver. The information is transmitted in the form of radio waves. This useful information is known as signal. Signal is the electric or
electronic variation in voltage with respect to time.
While dealing with communications with the two hardware required, transmitter and receiver
The input signal may beanalog or digital.
The channel may be wired ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to increase in wires complexity and hardware cost also increases
Examples of wired communication include: Telephone network, cable television, internet access or fiber optics communication.
In wireless communication or open space communication there is no requirement of wired. Wireless communication has several advantages over wired
communication like there is less requirement of wire as compared to guided structure communication and wireless communication provide it's user to
move from one space to another without causing interface i.e. its provides freedom to its user, but wireless communication limitation of spectrum.
There has been tremendous growth in wireless network over the last few decades. Wireless devices such as mobiles, laptops are increasing day by day;
hence there is requirement of more frequency bands. The need of allotting different frequencies is due to fact that there should not be any interference.
Interference is caused when two applications are using the same frequency band. In wireless network data is propagated in the form of electromagnetic

Wireless Technology : A Growing Expansion Of Wireless...
A growing expansion of wireless systems and applications operating at centimetre–and millimetre–wave frequencies motivates the development of
effective and affordably–priced technologies for manufacturing cm– and mm–wave components like antennas, filters, directional couplers, etc.
Advances in technology associated with signal processing, R.F. components and batteries have stimulated more innovative applications in wireless that
has in turn stimulate for extensive research to find new solutions to the problems in the antenna engineering.
With the rise in demand for handheld wireless communication equipment, the antenna can be realized as microstrip structure and its realization is
becoming and overall system design requirement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In present scenario, Microstrip patch antennas [3–5] are drawing much attention in broad range of wireless communication systems due to their light
weight, simple structure, easy reproduction, conformability, low manufacturing cost, and very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization,
pattern and impedance at the particular patch shape and model. In its most fundamental form, a microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch
on one side of a dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the other side as shown in figure 1.1. The patch is generally made of conducting
material such as copper and gold and can take any possible shape. The radiating patch and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric
substrate.
In order to simplify analysis and performance prediction, the patch is generally square, rectangular, circular, triangular and elliptical or some other
common shape as shown in figure 1.2. In the work, circular and rectangular microstrip antenna both loaded with U–slot are the ones under
consideration. The height (h) of the dielectric substrate is usually 0.003 О»0 в‰¤ h в‰¤ 0.05 О»0. The dielectric constant of the substrate (Оµr) is
typically in the range 2.2 в‰¤ Оµr в‰¤ 12. Microstrip patch antennas are becoming increasingly useful as they can be printed directly on a circuit
board. There are some important parameters which need to be considered to characterize all antenna designs. These are the voltage standing

4G Wireless Mobile Communication Overview

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