Utilizing Fruits and Vegetable Market Wastes

TRIMMING WASTE
(CUTTING DOWN TO
DESIRED SIZE / EXTRA
PORTION REMOVAL)
PEEL WASTES
KITCHEN WASTE
CULL (DIACARDED )
WASTES
DAMAGES LOSSES
DISEASED WASTES
PROCESSING WASTES ;
PEEL, SEED, POMACE

TRIMMING
WASTES
PEEL
CULLED –
DEFECTIVE /
UNATTRACTIVE
DAMAGED –
HARVESTING/
HANDLING /
TRANSPORT
DISEASED
WASTE
KITCHEN
WASTE
PROCESSING
WASTE – SEED,
PEEL, POMACE
UTILIZATION OF APMC MARKET FRUITS AND VEGETABLE WASTES FOR FOOD ,
FEED AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
Dr Jai Singh (ARS)
M Tech Ph D
Former Director ICAR - CIPHET
Jsingh.sre@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
India produces about 90.2 million tonnes of fruits and 169.1 million tonnes of vegetables
annually. These are consumed raw, minimally processed, as well as processed. Estimated
losses (unused or unconsumed parts) and waste in fruits and vegetables are the highest
among all types of foods, and on average may reach up to 60%. The processing operations
of fruits and vegetables also produce significant wastes of by-products, which constitute
about 25% to 30% of a whole commodity group. The waste is composed mainly of seed,
skin, rind, and pomace, containing good sources of potentially valuable food and industrial
products. Losses and waste occur during all phases of the supply and handling chain,
including harvesting, transport to packinghouses or markets before consumption as well as
in hpuseholds. As far as the wastage is concerned, apples generate 10.91% of seed and
pulp as by-products; papaya produces about 8.5% of peel, 6.5% of seeds & 32% unsuable
pulp; citrus generates about 16% of peels and seed; pineapple generates about 14% of
peels, 9% of core, 15% of pulp, 15% of top; mangoes produces about 11% of peels, 13.5%
of seeds, 18% of inoperable pulp (Narashans Alok Sagar, et al, 2018) Fresh fruit and
vegetables contribute to almost 50% of food wasted by households. In India, there are about
2477 APMCs (Agricultural Produce Market Committee) regulated markets and 4843 sub –
market yards dealing with marketing of fruits and vegetables (NHB 2015). Huge quantum
(10.4 million tones) of fresh fruits and vegetables arrive and transacted daily in these APMC
Markets. Waste generated in fruits range from 2.6% to as high as 11.4 % (07 % average)
and in vegetables waste range from 3.15% to 12.6% (07.9 % average). Arrival in selected 11
APMC Markets (Delhi. Mumbai, Pune, jallandhar, Kanpur, Guwahati, Ahmadabad,
Bangalore, Narwal Jammu, Simla Kinnour) were estimated to the tune of 3575459 tonnes
fresh fruits and 6576524 tonnes fresh vegetables annually (2010 -11) generating 250282
tonnes (7 % of fresh weight in fruits) and 519545 tonnes (7.9 % of fresh weight in
vegetables) totaling 769827 tonnes waste per year or 2566 tonnes daily. Taking the whole
country on account the fruits and vegetable wastes have been estimated at 56 lakh tones
per year and currently most of these wastes are disposed of by dumping on the outskirts of
cities. In this presentation utilization of these a wastes as food, feed, fuel and industrial
products has been discussed.
Key Words:
INTRODUCTION
India produces 90.2 million tonnes of fruits and 169.1 million tonnes of vegetables annually
(NHB, 2015 – 16) acquiring second largest position in the world and leader in several
horticultural crops, namely mango, banana, papaya, cashew nut, areca nut, potato, and okra
(ladies finger). The production share of fruits and vegetable has been estimated at 31.3 and
59.4 per cent, respectively (Horticulture Statistics Division, DAC&FW- 2014 -15). This
produce is categorized in the category of semi perishables. Heavy post harvest losses have
been reported in fruits and vegetables from field to consumer (ICAR – CIPHET,2013). The
F&V market is highly fragmented and unorganized up to 96%. Major share of the produce is
sold to consumers through the local shopkeepers, vegetable and fruit vendors, weekly hats
and town and city markets. There are also about 2477 APMCs regulated markets 4843 sub
– market yards in India dealing with marketing of fruits and vegetables (NHB 2015). Huge
quantum (10.4 million tones) of fresh fruits and vegetables arrive and transacted daily in
these APMC Markets. As per traders survey, waste generated in fruits range from 2.6% to
as high as 11.4 % (07 % average) . Wastage in Vegetables range from 3.15% to 12.6%
(07.9 % average). Markets like Azadpur generate approximately 4% wastages of both fruits
and Vegetables. In Azadpur mandi, approximately 1208 tonns of F&V waste need to be
moved from the market daily to make room for new produce to come in. The collection,
transportation and disposal of the waste from the vegetable markets is a herculean task.
Heaps of such waste are spread all over the market place and remain uncollected for days
together and start rotting at the same place. This creates very unhygienic conditions.

Further, during collection and transportation process it gets mixed with non biodegradable
waste, creating problems during treatment. Arrival in selected 11 APMC Markets (Delhi.
Mumbai, Pune, jallandhar, Kanpur, Guwahati, Ahmadabad, Bangalore, Narwal Jammu,
Simla Kinnour) were estimated to the tune of 3575459 tonnes fresh fruits and 6576524
tonnes fresh vegetables annually (2010 -11) generating 250282 tonnes (7 % of fresh weight
in fruits) and 519545 tonnes (7.9 % of fresh weight in vegetables) totaling 769827 tonnes
waste per year or 2566 tonnes daily. Taking the whole country on account the fruits and
vegetable wastes have been estimated at 56 lakh tones per year and currently most of these
wastes are disposed of by dumping on the outskirts of cities. Studies conducted else where
(ISBN: 978-988-14048-2-4) exhibited that fruits and vegetable market wastes also constitute
about 3 % paper, 1 % plastic, 1 % metal and 1 % wood.
This presentation analysis indicates that use of 11 APMCs F&VMW can produce 121248
tonnes silage satisfying year round feed requirement of 11227 cows utilizing paddy straw
(purali) available from 3638 ha area benefiting 1800 farmers in terms of purali disposal and
the environment pollution.
Nutritional Characteristics of Fruits and Vegetable Market Wastes:
Vegetable wastes (VWs) and by-products such as baby corn, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower,
cucumber, jackfruit, peas, potato, sweet corn (SC), tomato, and radish leaves, are rich in
both protein and energy (Wadhwa M. P. S. Bakshi (2013) Bottle gourd pulp, cabbage
leaves, pea pods (PP), potato vines, pumpkin oil meal, radish leaves, snow peas, sugar beet
leaves and tomato pomace have around or more than 20% crude protein (CP)( M
Wadhwa.2013).
Fruit and vegetable wastes like apple pomace, culled apple, tomato pomace, culled tomato;
citrus, carrot and bottle gourd pulp; banana and mango peels ,etc. are rich source of
nutrients and these can be fed either as such, after drying or ensiling with cereal straws,
without effecting the palatability, nutrient utilization, health or performance of livestock.
(Growel Agrovet. (P) Ltd. 2015. Limited . Fruit and Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed).
The ensiled apple pomace, incorporated up to 30 percent in the diet of lactating cows, did
not show any adverse effects on milk yield or its composition. Dairy cows fed 14−21 kg of
fresh ripe banana peels increased milk production. Citrus pulp can replace 20 percent
concentrate in dairy cattle and up to 30 percent in lactating cows without adversely affecting
DM intake, rumen metabolites, digestibility, milk yield or milk protein and fat contents (Assis
et al., 2004). Cull tomato and tomato pomace (fresh, dry or ensiled) found good as animal
feed. Number of vegetable wastes (VWs) and by-products such as baby corn, cabbage,
carrot, cauliflower, cucumber, jackfruit, peas, potato, sweet corn (SC), tomato, and radish
leaves, are rich in both protein and energy. Bottle gourd pulp, cabbage leaves, pea pods
(PP), potato vines, pumpkin oil meal, radish leaves, snow peas, sugar beet leaves and
tomato pomace have around or more than 20% crude protein (CP). Tomato pomace (fresh,
dry or ensiled) with carrots, pumpkins and potatoes can replace 50 percent of the roughage.
The majority of fruit and vegetable wastes like tomato pomace, bottle gourd pomace, citrus
pulp, carrot pulp, baby corn husk, cabbage, cauliflower leaves, sarson saag waste, pea
pods, pineapple waste and pineapple bran, etc are highly fermentable and perishable,
mainly because of high moisture (80−90 percent), total soluble sugars (6−64 percent) and
crude protein (10−24 percent) contents (Carla Asquer.et.al;(2013). The organic fraction of
fruits and vegetable wastes includes about 75% sugars and hemicelluloses, 9% cellulose
and 5% lignin which is easily biodegradable and anaerobic digestible (Bouallagui et.
el.;2005) . On analysis of three categories of F&V wastes (i) leafy vegetables: cabbage,
spinach, leek, celery, and lettuce, (ii) other vegetables: broccoli, cauliflower, turnip, mange-
tout/snow peas, onion , squash , tomato, carrot, pepper , mushrooms and ginger and (iii)
Fruit samples: apple, banana , clementine , orange , grape , melon , plum and blackberry; it
was observed that the OM and NDF content were comparable, but EE content was highest

in leafy vegetables. The in vitro OM digestibility was highest in leafy vegetables, and ME
availability was comparable in all the three categories of wastes. (ST Ramesh.1970, Mostafa
S. A. Khattab. (2008) concluded that some vegetables and fruits have potential to be used
as a ruminant feed. S. Arvanitoyannis and Theodoros H. Varzakas.( ISBN: 9780123736543)
evaluated FVW (composed of 43% fruit, 30% vegetables and 27% stems, leaves, leaf
wrappers, corn cobs, roots, refuse and others) from a market place in Colombia as bovine
feed. The FVW included up to 18% in the concentrate mixture of high yielding, lactating
Holstein cows did not affect milk yield, but improved milk quality.
Fruits and Vegetable Market Wastes (F&VMWs) Ensiling in Tube Silo :
The mix fruits and vegetable wastes available at different points in APMC Market need
to be collected at Silo Yard identified in Mandi. It is better to wilt it for a day or two. If
wilting is not possible due to space shortage or weather conditions, the waste need to be
washed / cleaned / de metalled / using cylindrical barrel washing machine, fruit and
vegetable waste shredder and magnetic metal dector – cum – arrester. Mix the de
metalled shredded wastes with chaffed paddy straw (purali) or wheat straw, or maize
stovers in a 70:30 ratio. Fill the 3 – 4 m long, 60−80 μ thick, low density polyethylene
(LDPE) tube of 3 feet diameter. It can accommodate about 0.5 tonnes of silage material.
The silo bags are filled and pressed layer by layer to ensure that no air is trapped in the
waste material till the LDPE tube is filled. After packing, seal the tube tightly at the top
end with a nylon string. After about 42 days, take out the silage from the tube as per the
daily requirement and again seal the tube at the top end with a string.
Ensiling F&VMWs in Bunker or Pit Silo :
The green leafy wastes can be conserved in bunker- trench or pit silo, depending on the
quantity of the material to be ensiled. One cubic meter silo volume can accommodate
approximately 0.5 tonnes F&VMWs and accordingly keeping in view the availability of
F&VMW, the size can be adjusted. Preferable size of the pit should be length 10 m ×
width 3 m × depth 1.5 m. Before start of filling the pit / trench, spread on the floor of the
trench or pit a 5−7 centimeter layer of paddy straw or any other poor quality residue to
absorb the effluents released during fermentation. Fill the pit with uniformly mixed
F&VMW paddy straw / stover layer after layer . Ensure that no air is trapped in the
chaffed / shredded waste, till the pit is filled. Seal the silo pit/trench properly with
polyethylene sheet and a layer of mud. Allow it to ferment for 42 days. As the mud
sealing dries up cracks may appear which need to be resealed. Silo opening can start
after 42 days; remove silage as per the daily requirement and cover the pit again with a
polyethylene sheet.
Process:
The fruits and vegetable wastes available from mandies need to be collected and
gathered at a place where it is sorted, washed, shredded, wilted or mixed with dry purali
or wheat or millet stovers to maintain appropriate dry matter content and ensiled in
plastic bags / tubes or pucca silo pit.

SN PRODUCT IMAGES
1
CITRUS: 60%
waste
Peel: Candies.
Flavouring
material, dietary
fiber, feed,
antioxidants,
Powder
,Essential oil,
Citric acid, ,
Mosquito
repellent, pectin,
Seed: oil,
powder, feed
A Scene of Azadpur
Mandi, Delhi
Mandi wastes Mixed wastes Mandi wastes
Melon wastes Mandi wastes Manua sorting Manual sorting
Manual sorting sorting
Washing machine Washing machine

Washing machine
Waste shredding Shredded waste
De matelling waste
Filling in plastic bags for
ensining
Cement concrete silo
structure
Mechanical; filling trench
silo
Paddy straw layering
after each 50 cm
Pit Silo structire Silage ready to feed Cows eating F&V waste
silage
Avoid to burn purali
Avoid to burn wheat straw
after combining
Conversion of unusabe
waste in to manure
FOOD AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS FROM FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLE
MARKET WASTES AND BY PRODUCTS
SN PRODUCT IMAGES
1 CITRUS: 60% waste
Peel: Candies.
antioxidant, Powder
,Essential oil, Citric acid,
Flavouring material,
Mosquito repellent,
pectin, dietary fiber, feed
Seed: oil, powder, feed
2 Pine Apple:- 30 – 40 %
waste. Pectin, Vinegar,
candy, sugar, wines,
animal
feed, decomposable
nursery pots, bags,
Bromelain enzyme ,

3 PEACH, PEER, APRICOT
:- 10 – 15 % Waste.
Vinegar, cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals (cancer
fighting)
4 MANGO:- damaged fruits,
mango seeds, peels and
fibrous waste- 40-50 %.
Peel- amchhor, jam, jelly.
Stone: feed, baby creams,
suncare balms, hair
products, and other
moisturizing products , oil
Powder - antioxidant, dietary
fiber, confectionery,
cosmetics,
pharmaceutical products
moisturizer, soap, oil, Oliv
oil, butter,
5 PAPAYA:- 20 – 25 %.
Waste
Peel - peel powder,
peel paste, cosmetics
Green Fruit:Papain,
Pectin
Seed:Powder
6 BANANA :- 80 % wastes.
Peel : Pectin,feed, cheese,
pulp
Pseudostem: starch,
cellulose,feed ,pulp,
bioactive material for
preservation
Inflorescence: bio color
Leaves: plates, cups, cones,
boxes, writing paper and
envelopes

7 JACKFRUIT:- 70 % waste.
Peel: pectin, jam, jellies,
marmalades
Seed: Powder, Rind
powder,
8 CARROT: 20 Waste
PEEL :- Peel -
antioxidant dietary fiber
powder,
Top Green – salad
9 CAULIFLOWER LEAVES
HEAD:- 40 to 60 % thrown.
Perfectly edible Dried
roasted chips, powder,
salad, biosorption of heavy
metals from industry,
nutrient rich broccoli and
cauliflower pills; Dehydrated
leaves powder used in
mathri and sev.
10 TOMATO:- Up to 40 % are as
skin, pulp and seeds.
Products - bio-based
lacquers coating for metal
packaging; bio-resin;
varnish for food-contact;
bioactive constituents as
lycopene, beta-carotene,
glutamic acid or aspartic
acid ; functional ingredients,
etc.
11 POTATO :- 12–20 per cent of
the total produce. Packaging
material, animal feed, compost,
starch
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION OF APMC FRESH FRUITS AND VETABLE
WASTES ENSILING FOR ANIMAL FEED

FRUTS AND
VEGETABLE
WASTES IN
APMCs
Mixed F & V wastes Cauliflower wastes Melon wastes
Washing and
shredding the
wastes
Waste washing
machine
Waste shredding
machine
Shredded waste
Metal detection
and ensiling
waste
Metal detection and
arresting
Filling shredded waste
in LDPE silo bags for
ensiling
Trench silo for ensiling

Filling silos
with clean,
metal and
plastic free
shredded F&V
wastes
Chopping and silo
filling
Paddy straw layering
after each 50 cm
Preventing paddy
straw burning
F&VMW Heap
Caoliflower Waste Melon Waste Mix F&VMW Heap
F&VMW Washing F&VMW shredder
Inside View of
F&VMW Shredder
Shredded F&VMW
Metal Detector –
cum - Arrester
LDPE Silo Bags Trench Silo
Pit Silo
Shredded F&VMW Layering Trench Silo
with Paddy Straw
Filling Trench Silo

Save Paddy Straw
Burning
Save Wheat Straw
Burning
Some Properties of F&VMW ( Fruits & Vegetable Market Wastes) Silage and
Factors Effecting Project
Engineering Property Quantity / Amount
Optimum moisture content of material at ensiling
stage
 65 - 75 % (WB)
Optimum moisture content of material for Bag Silo  58 – 68 %
Optimum Dry Matter Content of product to be
ensiled
30 - 35 %.
Wet Density of Silage (kg / cubic meter) 400 – 550
Dry Matter density of silage ( kg / cubic meter) 120 – 170
Moisture content range of available F&VMWs,% 75 – 85
Moisture content range of available F&VMWs,% 0.5 cum / tone
Bulk density of F&VMWs garbage (kg / cum) 315
Packing factor average packing tractor weight, packing
time, and dry matter content
Total F&VMW generated / year in 11 APMCs (tones) 769827
Volume of F&VMW Generated in 11 APMCs (cum) 384913.5
Weight of 11 APMCs F&VMW(tones) 121248
Silage to be fed to one cow / day (kg) 3o
Number of cows can be fed year round from 11 APMCs
F&VMW Silage
11227
Requirement of Paddy straw ( purali) @ 15 % of F&VW
)kg)
18187163
Paddy Straw loose density kg/cum 75

Paddy straw production / ha (tones) 05
Paddy straw usable for ensiling 11 APMCs F&VMW
from area (ha)
3638
Number of paddy farmers (2 ha holder) benefitting by
ensiling F&VMWs of 11 APMCs
1819
REFERENCES:
1. Assis et al., 2004. Rev. Bras. Zootec., 33 (1): 242-250.
2. Avinash Dubey. (2012).fruit waste management and Entrepreneurship ideas.
3. Carla Asquer.et.al;(2013). CHARACTERIZATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE WASTES AS A
SINGLE SUBSTRATE FOR THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
4. DEEPANSHU TREHAN. DEVIKA. (2017) FOOD WASTAGE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT.A
WORKSHOP AT IIT .
5. H Bouallagui. et. al.;2005. Bioreactor performance in anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable
wastes
6. Karkoodi.et.al.; (2012). Ensiling Fruit And Vegetable Residues In Summer Season As Ruminants
Feed.
7. M. Wadhwa M. P. S. Bakshi (2013) Utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as livestock feed and
as substrates for generation of other value-added products
8. M Wadhwa.(2013) Fruit and Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed - FAO
9. Mostafa S. A. Khattab. (2008).Preparation of Silage from Vegetable and Fruits Market Wastes
Treated with some additives and its effect on the productive performance of lactating animals.
10. Narashans Alok Sagar, et al.(2018). Fruit and Vegetable Waste: Bioactive Compounds,
Their Extraction, and Possible Utilization.
11. N.G.Das et. Al. (2018). Study of chemical composition and nutritional values of vegetable
wastes in Bangladesh.
12. NIAM , GOI, JAIPUR. (2011 – 12). HANDLING OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN APMCs
Research Study RESEARCH REPORT
13. ST RAMESH, S JAYANTHI (1970)FEASIBILITY STUDY ON ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
GARBAGE USING LIME PRETREATMENT.
14. S. Arvanitoyannis and Theodoros H. Varzakas. ISBN: 9780123736543. Vegetable Waste
Management: Treatment Methods and Potential Uses of Treated Waste .

In India, presently markets in agricultural products are regulated
under the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act.
There are about 2477 principal regulated markets based on
geography (the APMCs) and 4843 sub-market yards regulated by
the respective APMCs. There are 18 State Agricultural Marketing
Boards / Directorates . for developing
the Agricultural Marketing Systems I India
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS FROM FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLE MARKET
WASTES AND BY PRODUCTS
SN PRODUCT IMAGES
1 CITRUS: 60% waste
Peel: Candies.
antioxidant, Powder
,Essential oil, Citric acid,
Flavouring material,
Mosquito repellent,
pectin, dietary fiber, feed
Seed: oil, powder, feed
2 Pine Apple:- 30 – 40 %
waste. Pectin, Vinegar,
candy, sugar, wines,
animal
feed, decomposable
nursery pots, bags,
Bromelain enzyme ,

3 PEACH, PEER,
APRICOT :- 10 – 15 %
Waste. Vinegar,
cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals
(cancer fighting)
4 MANGO:- damaged fruits,
mango seeds, peels and
fibrous waste- 40-50 %.
Peel- amchhor, jam, jelly.
Stone: feed, baby creams,
suncare balms, hair
products, and other
moisturizing products , oil
Powder - antioxidant, dietary
fiber, confectionery,
cosmetics,
pharmaceutical products
moisturizer, soap, oil, Oliv
oil, butter,
5 PAPAYA:- 20 – 25 %.
Waste
Peel - peel powder,
peel paste, cosmetics
Green Fruit:Papain,
Pectin
Seed:Powder
6 BANANA :- 80 % wastes.
Peel : Pectin,feed, cheese,
pulp
Pseudostem: starch,
cellulose,feed ,pulp,
bioactive material for
preservation
Inflorescence: bio color
Leaves: plates, cups, cones,
boxes, writing paper and
envelopes

7 JACKFRUIT:- 70 % waste.
Peel: pectin, jam, jellies,
marmalades
Seed: Powder, Rind
powder,
8 CARROT: 20 Waste
PEEL :- Peel -
antioxidant dietary fiber
powder,
Top Green – salad
9 CAULIFLOWER LEAVES
HEAD:- 40 to 60 % thrown.
Perfectly edible Dried
roasted chips, powder,
salad, biosorption of heavy
metals from industry,
nutrient rich broccoli and
cauliflower pills; Dehydrated
leaves powder used in
mathri and sev.
10 TOMATO:- Up to 40 % are as
skin, pulp and seeds.
Products - bio-based
lacquers coating for metal
packaging; bio-resin;
varnish for food-contact;
bioactive constituents as
lycopene, beta-carotene,
glutamic acid or aspartic
acid ; functional ingredients,
etc.
11 POTATO :- 12–20 per cent of
the total produce. Packaging
material, animal feed, compost,
starch
DISCARDED PORTION
(e.g. mango 30-50%, banana 20%, pineapple 40-50% and orange 30-50%).

1. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
2. COMPOSTING
3. 3. Pectin from apple pomace
4. ethnol

UTILIZATION OF APMC MARKET FRUITS AND VEGETABLE WASTES FOR
FOOD , FEED AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
Dr Jai Singh (ARS)
M Tech Ph D
Former Director ICAR - CIPHET
ABSTRACT
India produces about 90.2 million tonnes of fruits and 169.1 million tonnes
of vegetables annually. These are consumed raw, minimally processed, as well as
processed. Estimated losses (unused or unconsumed parts) and waste in fruits and
vegetables are the highest among all types of foods, and on average may reach up
to 60%. The processing operations of fruits and vegetables also produce significant
wastes of by-products, which constitute about 25% to 30% of a whole commodity
group. The waste is composed mainly of seed, skin, rind, and pomace, containing
good sources of potentially valuable food and industrial products. Losses and waste
occur during all phases of the supply and handling chain, including harvesting,
transport to packinghouses or markets before consumption as well as in hpuseholds.
As far as the wastage is concerned, apples generate 10.91% of seed and pulp as
by-products; papaya produces about 8.5% of peel, 6.5% of seeds & 32% unsuable
pulp; citrus generates about 16% of peels and seed; pineapple generates about 14%
of peels, 9% of core, 15% of pulp, 15% of top; mangoes produces about 11% of
peels, 13.5% of seeds, 18% of inoperable pulp (Narashans Alok Sagar, et al, 2018) Fresh
fruit and vegetables contribute to almost 50% of food wasted by households. In
India, there are about 2477 APMCs (Agricultural Produce Market Committee)
regulated markets and 4843 sub – market yards dealing with marketing of fruits and
vegetables (NHB 2015). Huge quantum (10.4 million tones) of fresh fruits and
vegetables arrive and transacted daily in these APMC Markets. Waste generated in
fruits range from 2.6% to as high as 11.4 % (07 % average) and in vegetables waste
range from 3.15% to 12.6% (07.9 % average). Arrival in selected 11 APMC Markets
(Delhi. Mumbai, Pune, jallandhar, Kanpur, Guwahati, Ahmadabad, Bangalore,
Narwal Jammu, Simla Kinnour) were estimated to the tune of 3575459 tonnes fresh

fruits and 6576524 tonnes fresh vegetables annually (2010 -11) generating 250282
vegetables) totaling 769827 tonnes waste per year or 2566 tonnes daily. Taking the
whole country on account the fruits and vegetable wastes have been estimated at 56
lakh tones per year and currently most of these wastes are disposed of by dumping
on the outskirts of cities. In this presentation utilization of these a wastes as food,
feed, fuel and industrial products has been discussed.
Key Words:
Ref= Fruit and Vegetable Waste: Bioactive Compounds, Their Extraction, and Possible Utilization
Narashans Alok Sagar, Sunil Pareek, Sunil Sharma, Elhadi M. Yahia , and Maria Gloria Lobo(2018)
INTRODUCTION
India produces 90.2 million tonnes of fruits and 169.1 million tonnes of vegetables
annually (NHB, 2015 – 16) acquiring second largest position in the world and leader
in several horticultural crops, namely mango, banana, papaya, cashew nut, areca
nut, potato, and okra (ladies finger). The production share of fruits and vegetable
has been estimated at 31.3 and 59.4 per cent, respectively (Horticulture Statistics
Division, DAC&FW- 2014 -15). This produce is categorized in the category of semi
perishables. Heavy post harvest losses have been reported in fruits and vegetables
from field to consumer (ICAR – CIPHET,2013). The F&V market is highly
fragmented and unorganized up to 96%. Major share of the produce is sold to
consumers through the local shopkeepers, vegetable and fruit vendors, weekly hats
and town and city markets. There are also about 2477 APMCs regulated markets
4843 sub – market yards in India dealing with marketing of fruits and vegetables
(NHB 2015). Huge quantum (10.4 million tones) of fresh fruits and vegetables arrive
and transacted daily in these APMC Markets. As per traders survey, waste
generated in fruits range from 2.6% to as high as 11.4 % (07 % average) . Wastage
in Vegetables range from 3.15% to 12.6% (07.9 % average). Markets like Azadpur
generate approximately 4% wastages of both fruits and Vegetables. In Azadpur
mandi, approximately 1208 tonns of F&V waste need to be moved from the market
daily to make room for new produce to come in. The collection, transportation and
disposal of the waste from the vegetable markets is a herculean task. Heaps of such
waste are spread all over the market place and remain uncollected for days together
and start rotting at the same place. This creates very unhygienic conditions. Further,
during collection and transportation process it gets mixed with non biodegradable
waste, creating problems during treatment. Arrival in selected 11 APMC Markets
on the outskirts of cities. Studies conducted else where (ISBN: 978-988-14048-2-4)
exhibited that fruits and vegetable market wastes also constitute about 3 % paper,
1 % plastic, 1 % metal and 1 % wood.

This presentation analysis indicates that use of 11 APMCs F&VMW can produce
121248 tonnes silage satisfying year round feed requirement of 11227 cows utilizing
paddy straw (purali) available from 3638 ha area benefiting 1800 farmers in terms of
purali disposal and the environment pollution.
Vegetable wastes (VWs) and by-products such as baby corn, cabbage, carrot,
cauliflower, cucumber, jackfruit, peas, potato, sweet corn (SC), tomato, and radish
leaves, are rich in both protein and energy (Wadhwa M. P. S. Bakshi (2013) Bottle
gourd pulp, cabbage leaves, pea pods (PP), potato vines, pumpkin oil meal, radish
leaves, snow peas, sugar beet leaves and tomato pomace have around or more than
20% crude protein (CP)( M Wadhwa.2013).
Fruit and vegetable wastes like apple pomace, culled apple, tomato pomace, culled
tomato; citrus, carrot and bottle gourd pulp; banana and mango peels ,etc. are rich
source of nutrients and these can be fed either as such, after drying or ensiling with
cereal straws, without effecting the palatability, nutrient utilization, health or
performance of livestock. (Growel Agrovet. (P) Ltd. 2015. Limited . Fruit and
Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed). The ensiled apple pomace, incorporated up
to 30 percent in the diet of lactating cows, did not show any adverse effects on milk
yield or its composition. Dairy cows fed 14−21 kg of fresh ripe banana peels
increased milk production. Citrus pulp can replace 20 percent concentrate in dairy
cattle and up to 30 percent in lactating cows without adversely affecting DM intake,
rumen metabolites, digestibility, milk yield or milk protein and fat contents (Assis et
al., 2004). Cull tomato and tomato pomace (fresh, dry or ensiled) found good as
animal feed. Number of vegetable wastes (VWs) and by-products such as baby
corn, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, cucumber, jackfruit, peas, potato, sweet corn
(SC), tomato, and radish leaves, are rich in both protein and energy. Bottle gourd
pulp, cabbage leaves, pea pods (PP), potato vines, pumpkin oil meal, radish leaves,
snow peas, sugar beet leaves and tomato pomace have around or more than 20%
crude protein (CP). Tomato pomace (fresh, dry or ensiled) with carrots, pumpkins
and potatoes can replace 50 percent of the roughage. The majority of fruit and
vegetable wastes like tomato pomace, bottle gourd pomace, citrus pulp, carrot pulp,
baby corn husk, cabbage, cauliflower leaves, sarson saag waste, pea pods,
pineapple waste and pineapple bran, etc are highly fermentable and perishable,
mainly because of high moisture (80−90 percent), total soluble sugars (6−64
percent) and crude protein (10−24 percent) contents (Carla Asquer.et.al;(2013).
The organic fraction of fruits and vegetable wastes includes about 75% sugars and
hemicelluloses, 9% cellulose and 5% lignin which is easily biodegradable and
anaerobic digestible (Bouallagui et. al.;2005) . On analysis of three categories of
F&V wastes (i) leafy vegetables: cabbage, spinach, leek, celery, and lettuce, (ii)
other vegetables: broccoli, cauliflower, turnip, mange-tout/snow peas, onion , squash
, tomato, carrot, pepper , mushrooms and ginger and (iii) Fruit samples: apple,
banana , clementine , orange , grape , melon , plum and blackberry; it was observed
that the OM and NDF content were comparable, but EE content was highest in leafy
vegetables. The in vitro OM digestibility was highest in leafy vegetables, and ME
availability was comparable in all the three categories of wastes. (ST Ramesh.1970,
Mostafa S. A. Khattab. (2008) concluded that some vegetables and fruits have
potential to be used as a ruminant feed. S. Arvanitoyannis and Theodoros H.
Varzakas.( ISBN: 9780123736543) evaluated FVW (composed of 43% fruit, 30%

vegetables and 27% stems, leaves, leaf wrappers, corn cobs, roots, refuse and
others) from a market place in Colombia as bovine feed. The FVW included up to
18% in the concentrate mixture of high yielding, lactating Holstein cows did not affect
milk yield, but improved milk quality.
The mix fruits and vegetable wastes available at different points in APMC Market
need to be collected at Silo Yard identified in Mandi. It is better to wilt it for a day
or two. If wilting is not possible due to space shortage or weather conditions, the
waste need to be washed / cleaned / dematled / using cylindrical barrel washing
machine, fruit and vegetable waste shredder and magnetic metal dector – cum –
arrester. Mix the demattled shredded wastes with chaffed paddy straw (purali) or
wheat straw, or maize stovers in a 70:30 ratio. Fill the 3 – 4 m long, 60−80 μ
thick, low density polyethylene (LDPE) tube of 3 feet diameter. It can
accommodate about 0.5 tonnes of silage material. The silo bags are filled and
pressed layer by layer to ensure that no air is trapped in the waste material till the
LDPE tube is filled. After packing, seal the tube tightly at the top end with a nylon
string. After about 42 days, take out the silage from the tube as per the daily
requirement and again seal the tube at the top end with a string.
F&VMW Heap
Inside View of
F&VMW Shredder
Shredded F&VMW

Metal Detector –
cum - Arrester
Pit Silo
with Paddy Straw
Filling Trench Silo
Save Paddy Straw
Burning
Save Wheat Straw
Burning
Ensiling F&VMWs in Bunker or Pit silo :
The green leafy wastes can be conserved in bunker- trench or pit silo, depending
on the quantity of the material to be ensiled. One cubic meter silo volume can
accommodate approximately 0.5 tonnes F&VMWs and accordingly keeping in
view the availability of F&VMW, the size can be adjusted. Preferable size of the
pit should be length 10 m × width 3 m × depth 1.5 m. Before start of filling the pit
/ trench, spread on the floor of the trench or pit a 5−7 centimeter layer of paddy
straw or any other poor quality residue to absorb the effluents released during
fermentation. Fill the pit with uniformly mixed F&VMW paddy straw / stover layer
after layer . Ensure that no air is trapped in the chaffed / shredded waste, till the
pit is filled. Seal the silo pit/trench properly with polyethylene sheet and a layer of
mud. Allow it to ferment for 42 days. As the mud sealing dries up cracks may
appear which need to be resealed. Silo opening can start after 42 days; remove
silage as per the daily requirement and cover the pit again with a polyethylene
sheet.
Some Properties of F&VMW ( Fruits & Vegetable Market Wastes) Silage and
Factors Effecting Project
Optimum moisture content of material at ensiling  65 - 75 % (WB)

stage
ensiled
30 - 35 %.
F&VMW Silage
11227
)kg)
18187163
from area (ha)
3638
1819
REFERENCES:
3. Carla Asquer.et.al;(2013). CHARACTERIZATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE WASTES
AS A SINGLE SUBSTRATE FOR THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

4. DEEPANSHU TREHAN. DEVIKA. (2017) FOOD WASTAGE AND WASTE
MANAGEMENT.A WORKSHOP AT IIT .
5. H Bouallagui. et. al.;2005. Bioreactor performance in anaerobic digestion of fruit and
vegetable wastes
6. Karkoodi.et.al.; (2012). Ensiling Fruit And Vegetable Residues In Summer Season As
Ruminants Feed.
7. M. Wadhwa M. P. S. Bakshi (2013) Utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as livestock
feed and as substrates for generation of other value-added products
9. Mostafa S. A. Khattab. (2008).Preparation of Silage from Vegetable and Fruits Market
Wastes Treated with some additives and its effect on the productive performance of lactating
animals.
10. N.G.Das et. Al. (2018). Study of chemical composition and nutritional values of
vegetable wastes in Bangladesh.
11. NIAM , GOI, JAIPUR. (2011 – 12). HANDLING OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN
APMCs Research Study RESEARCH REPORT
12. ST RAMESH, S JAYANTHI (1970)FEASIBILITY STUDY ON ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
OF GARBAGE USING LIME PRETREATMENT.
13. S. Arvanitoyannis and Theodoros H. Varzakas. ISBN: 9780123736543. Vegetable
Waste Management: Treatment Methods and Potential Uses of Treated Waste .
In India, presently markets in agricultural products are regulated
under the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act.
There are about 2477 principal regulated markets based on
geography (the APMCs) and 4843 sub-market yards regulated by
the respective APMCs. There are 18 State Agricultural Marketing
Boards / Directorates . for developing
the Agricultural Marketing Systems I India
ENSILING APMC MARKET FRUITS AND VEGETABLE WASTES FOR
LIVESTOCK FEED
Dr Jai Singh (ARS)
M Tech Ph D

Former HOD (ENGG)
ICAR – IGFRI, Jhansi
INTRODUCTION
India produces 90.2 million tonnes of fruits and 169.1 million tonnes of vegetables
annually (NHB, 2015 – 16) acquiring second largest position in the world and leader
in several horticultural crops, namely mango, banana, papaya, cashew nut, areca
nut, potato, and okra (ladies finger). The production share of fruits and vegetable
has been estimated at 31.3 and 59.4 per cent, respectively (Horticulture Statistics
Division, DAC&FW- 2014 -15). This produce is categorized in the category of semi
perishables. Heavy post harvest losses have been reported in fruits and vegetables
from field to consumer (ICAR – CIPHET,2013). The F&V market is highly
fragmented and unorganized up to 96%. Major share of the produce is sold to
consumers through the local shopkeepers, vegetable and fruit vendors, weekly hats
and town and city markets. There are also about 2477 APMCs regulated markets
4843 sub – market yards in India dealing with marketing of fruits and vegetables
(NHB 2015). Huge quantum (10.4 million tones) of fresh fruits and vegetables arrive
and transacted daily in these APMC Markets. As per traders survey, waste
generated in fruits range from 2.6% to as high as 11.4 % (07 % average) . Wastage
in Vegetables range from 3.15% to 12.6% (07.9 % average). Markets like Azadpur
generate approximately 4% wastages of both fruits and Vegetables. In Azadpur
mandi, approximately 1208 tonns of F&V waste need to be moved from the market
daily to make room for new produce to come in. The collection, transportation and
disposal of the waste from the vegetable markets is a herculean task. Heaps of such
waste are spread all over the market place and remain uncollected for days together
and start rotting at the same place. This creates very unhygienic conditions. Further,
during collection and transportation process it gets mixed with non biodegradable
waste, creating problems during treatment. Arrival in selected 11 APMC Markets
on the outskirts of cities. Studies conducted else where (ISBN: 978-988-14048-2-4)
exhibited that fruits and vegetable market wastes also constitute about 3 % paper,
1 % plastic, 1 % metal and 1 % wood.
This presentation analysis indicates that use of 11 APMCs F&VMW can produce
121248 tonnes silage satisfying year round feed requirement of 11227 cows utilizing
paddy straw (purali) available from 3638 ha area benefiting 1800 farmers in terms of
purali disposal and the environment pollution.
Vegetable wastes (VWs) and by-products such as baby corn, cabbage, carrot,
cauliflower, cucumber, jackfruit, peas, potato, sweet corn (SC), tomato, and radish
leaves, are rich in both protein and energy (Wadhwa M. P. S. Bakshi (2013) Bottle
gourd pulp, cabbage leaves, pea pods (PP), potato vines, pumpkin oil meal, radish

leaves, snow peas, sugar beet leaves and tomato pomace have around or more than
20% crude protein (CP)( M Wadhwa.2013).
Fruit and vegetable wastes like apple pomace, culled apple, tomato pomace, culled
tomato; citrus, carrot and bottle gourd pulp; banana and mango peels ,etc. are rich
source of nutrients and these can be fed either as such, after drying or ensiling with
cereal straws, without effecting the palatability, nutrient utilization, health or
performance of livestock. (Growel Agrovet. (P) Ltd. 2015. Limited . Fruit and
Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed). The ensiled apple pomace, incorporated up
to 30 percent in the diet of lactating cows, did not show any adverse effects on milk
yield or its composition. Dairy cows fed 14−21 kg of fresh ripe banana peels
increased milk production. Citrus pulp can replace 20 percent concentrate in dairy
cattle and up to 30 percent in lactating cows without adversely affecting DM intake,
rumen metabolites, digestibility, milk yield or milk protein and fat contents (Assis et
al., 2004). Cull tomato and tomato pomace (fresh, dry or ensiled) found good as
animal feed. Number of vegetable wastes (VWs) and by-products such as baby
corn, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, cucumber, jackfruit, peas, potato, sweet corn
(SC), tomato, and radish leaves, are rich in both protein and energy. Bottle gourd
pulp, cabbage leaves, pea pods (PP), potato vines, pumpkin oil meal, radish leaves,
snow peas, sugar beet leaves and tomato pomace have around or more than 20%
crude protein (CP). Tomato pomace (fresh, dry or ensiled) with carrots, pumpkins
and potatoes can replace 50 percent of the roughage. The majority of fruit and
vegetable wastes like tomato pomace, bottle gourd pomace, citrus pulp, carrot pulp,
baby corn husk, cabbage, cauliflower leaves, sarson saag waste, pea pods,
pineapple waste and pineapple bran, etc are highly fermentable and perishable,
mainly because of high moisture (80−90 percent), total soluble sugars (6−64
percent) and crude protein (10−24 percent) contents (Carla Asquer.et.al;(2013).
The organic fraction of fruits and vegetable wastes includes about 75% sugars and
hemicelluloses, 9% cellulose and 5% lignin which is easily biodegradable and
anaerobic digestible (Bouallagui et. al.;2005) . On analysis of three categories of
F&V wastes (i) leafy vegetables: cabbage, spinach, leek, celery, and lettuce, (ii)
other vegetables: broccoli, cauliflower, turnip, mange-tout/snow peas, onion , squash
, tomato, carrot, pepper , mushrooms and ginger and (iii) Fruit samples: apple,
banana , clementine , orange , grape , melon , plum and blackberry; it was observed
that the OM and NDF content were comparable, but EE content was highest in leafy
vegetables. The in vitro OM digestibility was highest in leafy vegetables, and ME
availability was comparable in all the three categories of wastes. (ST Ramesh.1970,
Mostafa S. A. Khattab. (2008) concluded that some vegetables and fruits have
potential to be used as a ruminant feed. S. Arvanitoyannis and Theodoros H.
Varzakas.( ISBN: 9780123736543) evaluated FVW (composed of 43% fruit, 30%
vegetables and 27% stems, leaves, leaf wrappers, corn cobs, roots, refuse and
others) from a market place in Colombia as bovine feed. The FVW included up to
18% in the concentrate mixture of high yielding, lactating Holstein cows did not affect
milk yield, but improved milk quality.

The mix fruits and vegetable wastes available at different points in APMC Market
need to be collected at Silo Yard identified in Mandi. It is better to wilt it for a day
or two. If wilting is not possible due to space shortage or weather conditions, the
waste need to be washed / cleaned / dematled / using cylindrical barrel washing
machine, fruit and vegetable waste shredder and magnetic metal dector – cum –
arrester. Mix the demattled shredded wastes with chaffed paddy straw (purali) or
wheat straw, or maize stovers in a 70:30 ratio. Fill the 3 – 4 m long, 60−80 μ
thick, low density polyethylene (LDPE) tube of 3 feet diameter. It can
accommodate about 0.5 tonnes of silage material. The silo bags are filled and
pressed layer by layer to ensure that no air is trapped in the waste material till the
LDPE tube is filled. After packing, seal the tube tightly at the top end with a nylon
string. After about 42 days, take out the silage from the tube as per the daily
requirement and again seal the tube at the top end with a string.
F&VMW Heap
Inside View of
F&VMW Shredder
Shredded F&VMW
Metal Detector –
cum - Arrester
Pit Silo

with Paddy Straw
Filling Trench Silo
Save Paddy Straw
Burning
Save Wheat Straw
Burning
Ensiling F&VMWs in Bunker or Pit silo :
The green leafy wastes can be conserved in bunker- trench or pit silo, depending
on the quantity of the material to be ensiled. One cubic meter silo volume can
accommodate approximately 0.5 tonnes F&VMWs and accordingly keeping in
view the availability of F&VMW, the size can be adjusted. Preferable size of the
pit should be length 10 m × width 3 m × depth 1.5 m. Before start of filling the pit
/ trench, spread on the floor of the trench or pit a 5−7 centimeter layer of paddy
straw or any other poor quality residue to absorb the effluents released during
fermentation. Fill the pit with uniformly mixed F&VMW paddy straw / stover layer
after layer . Ensure that no air is trapped in the chaffed / shredded waste, till the
pit is filled. Seal the silo pit/trench properly with polyethylene sheet and a layer of
mud. Allow it to ferment for 42 days. As the mud sealing dries up cracks may
appear which need to be resealed. Silo opening can start after 42 days; remove
silage as per the daily requirement and cover the pit again with a polyethylene
sheet.
Some Engineering Properties of F&VMW Silage and Factors Effecting
Project
Optimum moisture content of material at ensiling
stage
 65 - 75 % (WB)
ensiled
30 - 35 %.

F&VMW Silage
11227
)kg)
18187163
from area (ha)
3638
1819
REFERENCES:
3. Carla Asquer.et.al;(2013). CHARACTERIZATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE WASTES
AS A SINGLE SUBSTRATE FOR THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
4. DEEPANSHU TREHAN. DEVIKA. (2017) FOOD WASTAGE AND WASTE
MANAGEMENT.A WORKSHOP AT IIT .
5. H Bouallagui. et. al.;2005. Bioreactor performance in anaerobic digestion of fruit and
vegetable wastes
6. Karkoodi.et.al.; (2012). Ensiling Fruit And Vegetable Residues In Summer Season As
Ruminants Feed.

7. M. Wadhwa M. P. S. Bakshi (2013) Utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as livestock
feed and as substrates for generation of other value-added products
9. Mostafa S. A. Khattab. (2008).Preparation of Silage from Vegetable and Fruits Market
Wastes Treated with some additives and its effect on the productive performance of lactating
animals.
10. N.G.Das et. Al. (2018). Study of chemical composition and nutritional values of
vegetable wastes in Bangladesh.
11. NIAM , GOI, JAIPUR. (2011 – 12). HANDLING OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN
APMCs Research Study RESEARCH REPORT
12. ST RAMESH, S JAYANTHI (1970)FEASIBILITY STUDY ON ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
OF GARBAGE USING LIME PRETREATMENT.
13. S. Arvanitoyannis and Theodoros H. Varzakas. ISBN: 9780123736543. Vegetable
Waste Management: Treatment Methods and Potential Uses of Treated Waste .
In India, presently markets in agricultural products are regulated under
the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act. There are
about 2477 principal regulated markets based on geography
(the APMCs) and 4843 sub-market yards regulated by the
respective APMCs. There are 18 State Agricultural Marketing
Boards / Directorates . for developing the Agricultural Marketing
System in the country

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