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Plastic Waste into Fuel using Pyrolysis Process
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 339 PLASTIC WASTE INTO FUEL USING PYROLYSIS PROCESS Mantesh Basappa Khot1, S Basavarajappa2 1UG STUDENT, University B D T College of Engineering, Davangere 2Professor, University B D T College of Engineering, Davangere Karnataka, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - This paper discuss about the fuel preparation from low density plastic wastes. Plastics have woventheir way into our daily lives and now pose a tremendous threat to the environment. Over a 280 million tone’s of plastics are produced annually worldwide, and the used products have become a common feature at overflowing bins and landfills. Here, the process of converting waste plastic into value added fuels is explained as a viable solution for recycling of plastics. Thus two universal problems such asproblemsof wasteplastic and problems of fuel shortage are being tackled simultaneously. In this study, plastic wastes (low density polyethylene) were used for the pyrolysis to get fuel oil that has the same physical properties as the fuels like petrol, diesel etc. Pyrolysis runs without oxygen and in high temperature of about 300°C. The waste plastics are subjected to pyrolysis to obtain different value added fuelssuchaspetrol, kerosene, and diesel, etc. Converting waste plastics into fuel hold great promise for both the environmental and economic scenarios. Thus, the process of converting plastics to fuel has now turned the problems into an opportunity to make wealth from waste. Key Words: Low density plastic waste, waste plastic oil, Pyrolysis, Thermal cracking. 1. INTRODUCTION Majority of plastics that are used are non-biodegradable in nature, they remain in environment for long period of time which affects the environmental quality. Plastics are non- biodegradable1polymers1[1].1Plastics1contains1mainly1hi gh1density1poly1ethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, low1density polyethylene. According to national survey approximately 10000 tons plastic wastes were produced every day in our country, but out of which only 60% waste plastics are recycled [5]. Economic1growth and changing consumption and production patterns are resulting into rapid increase in generation of waste plastics in the world. Due to the increase in generation, waste plastics are becoming a major stream in solid waste. After food waste and paper waste, plastic waste is the major constitute of municipal and industrial waste in cities. Even the cities with low economic growth have started producing1more plastic waste1due to plastic packaging, plastic1shopping bags, PET bottles and other goods/appliances which uses1plastic as the major1component. This increase has turned into a1major challenge for local1authorities, responsible1for solid waste management and sanitation. Due to lack of integrated solid waste management, most of the plastic waste is neither collected properly nor disposed of in appropriate manner to1avoid its negative impacts on environment1and public health. On the other hand, plastic1waste recyclingcanprovideanopportunitytocollect and1dispose of plastic1waste in the most environmental1friendly way and it can be converted1into a resource. . In general, the1conversion of waste plastic into fuel requires feed stocks1which are non-hazardous and1combustible. The composition1of the plastics used as feedstock may be very different and some plastic articles might contain undesirable Substances1nitrogen, halogens, sulphur1or any other hazardous1substances which pose potential risks to humans and to the1environment [7]. The broad classification of plastic includes high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene [2]. Also, plastics are classified by their1chemical structure of the polymer's1backbone and side chains. Some important1groups in these classifications are the acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics. Plastics can1also be classified by the chemical process used in their1synthesis, such as1condensation, poly1addition, and1cross-linking. Low- density polyethylene (LDPE) is used for its1toughness, 1flexibility, and relative1transparency.LDPEisusedtomake bottles that require extra flexibility. To take advantage of its strength and toughness, it is used to produce grocery bags and garbage bags, squeezable bottles, shrink wrap, stretch films, and coating for milk cartons. It can also be found in toys, container lids, and packaging. Polypropylene (PP) is known for1its high melting point, 1which is used to make1containers for yogurt, 1margarine,takeoutmeals,and deli foods. It is also1use for medicine bottles, bottle caps, 1and1some1household items. II. Fuel Demand The present rate of economic growth is1unsustainable1without saving of fossil1energylikecrude oil, natural1gas or coal. International1Energy Outlook 2010 reports1the world consumption of liquid and1petroleum products grows from186.1 millionbarrelsperdayin2007to 92.1 million barrels per day in 20201and1110.6 million barrels per day in12035 and natural gas consumption increases from1108 trillioncubicfeetin20071to156trillion cubic feet in 2035. This way, the oil and gas reserveavailable can meet only 43 and 1671years further. Thus mankind has1to rely1onthealternate/renewable1energysourceslike biomass, hydropower, geothermal1energy, wind1energy,
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 340 solar1energy, nuclear1energy, etc. Waste plastic to liquid1fuel is also an alternate energy1source path, which can1contribute to depletion of fossil1fuel as in this process1liquid. Fuel with similarproperties1asthatofpetrol fuels1is obtained. III. PYROLYSIS Pyrolysis is generally defined as the controlled heating of a material in the absence1of oxygen. In plastics Pyrolysis, the macromolecular1structures of polymers are broken down into smaller molecules and sometimes monomer units. Further degradation of these subsequent molecules1depends on a number of different1conditions including (and not limited to) temperature, residence time, presence of1catalysts and other process conditions. The Pyrolysis reaction can be carried out with or without the presence of catalyst. 1Accordingly, the reaction1will be1thermal and1catalytic1Pyrolysis. Plastic waste is1continuously treated in a cylindrical1chamber. The1plastic is1pyrolised at13000C- 5000C. IV. METHODOLOGY Fig -1: Schematic diagram of Experimental setup IV.I Condenser It cools the entire heated1vapour coming out of the reactor. It has an inlet and an outlet for cold water to run through its outer area. This is usedforcoolingofthe1vapour. The gaseous1hydrocarbons at a temperature1of about 350°C1are condensed to about 30 – 35°C. IV.II Reactor It is a stainless steel cylindricalcontaineroflength11000mm, internal diameter 300m, outer diameter 320mm sealed at one end and an outlet tube at the other end. The whole cylindrical container is placed1inside the reactor. The external heating is carried out using the raw material viz., 1cole, wood, coke, etc., below the container1and inside the reactor. The reactor is made with the following: stainless steel, mild steel andclay forlagging.Thereactorisheatedtoa temperature of about1450°C and more. IV.III Process Description Thermal1cracking process without catalyst was used in converting1waste1plastic into liquid fuel. Only one type of waste plastic is1selected for this particular1experiment i.e., Low density1polyethylene. Waste plastic are solid soft form. Collected waste plastic1was cleaned using liquid soap and1water. Washed waste plastics are cut into 3-5 cm size to fit into the reactor1conservatively.Forexperimentalpurpose we used 6.5 Kg of LDPE. The experiment is carried out under a closed air system with no1vacuum process applied during this thermal cracking1process. We used low density1polypethylene plastics in a batch process system because conversion temperatures for these plastics are relatively low. Heat is applied from 100°C1at start to begin melting1the waste plastics, the melted waste plastic turn1into liquid slurry form when temperature is increased1gradually. When temperature is1increased to1270° C liquid slurry turns into vapour1and the1vapour then passes through a condenser unit. At the end we collect liquid fuel. Between 100º Cand250ºCaround20-30%ofthe fuel is collected and then when raised to 325º C the next40% is collected and finally when held at 400º C the yield is fully completed. During the thermal cracking process plastic portions are not and finally1when held at 400º C the yield is fully1completed.Duringthethermal1crackingprocessplastic portionsare not broken down1immediatelybecauseplastics haveshortchain1hydrocarbontolongchainhydrocarbon.1st stage of heat applied breaks down1only the short chain hydrocarbon. When temperature1profile is increased the plastic carbon-carbon bond1breakdown slowly. As the temperature is increased the long1chains are breakdown step by step. During in this1thermal cracking process some light gas such as methane, 1ethane,propane1andbutane1are produced. These compounds are not able to condense1because they have negative1boiling point. These light gases could be alkane or alkene group and it can1also contain CO1or CO2 emissions. Light gas production1percentage is about 6%. This gas portion1analysisisunderconsideration.Themethodwhichis considered for treating the light gas is an alkali wash system. After experiment is concluded some solid black residue is collected from the reactor. This1solid black residue percentage is about 4%. Liquid fuel yield percentage is 90%. To purify the liquid fuel a purification system to remove water portion and ash or fuel sediment is1used1And1it1is1also1filtered1with1filter paper to remove some solid waste mixed in fuel while collecting in bottle.Liquid fuel density is 775kg/m3. Finally weobtained4 liters of plasto-fuel.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 341 V. RESULTS and DISCUSSION Physical manifestation may be like a viscous fluid with dim yellowishcolourwithanobnoxiousodor.Flammabilityisthat highly flammable Furthermore smoldered completely without anyleft-over residue.Startingwiththoseoutcomesit camwood make finished up that those specific gravity from claiming plasto fuel will be more than those petrol and less than the diesel Furthermore density of plasto fuel is more than those petrol and less than the diesel may be indicatedin table no. 1. From the fig. 2. Should be obvious that those kinematic viscosity and dynamic viscosity from claiming plasto fuel is more than those petrol and less the diesel, it need closest esteem of the standard petrol. The fig. 3. Indicates that the sulfur content plasto fuel may be About equivalent to diesel more than that of petrolandtherewillbe a absent of carbon residue in plasto-fuel. From the fig.4. we can see that the flash point and fire point of plasto fuel is more than the petrol and less than the diesel. From the fig.5. we can see that the gross calorific value of plasto fuel is less than the petrol and more than the diesel. Fig -2: Comparison of Kinematic and Dynamic viscosity Fig -3: Comparison of flash and fire point Carbon Fig -4: Comparison of gross calorific valve Fig -5:Comparison of Sulfur content and Carbon Residue Table -1: Comparison of obtained Plasto-Fuel with Regular Petrol and Diesel Sl. No. Properties Regular Petrol Regular Diesel Plasto– Fuel 1. Specific Gravity 0.742 0.85 0.775 2. Density (Kg/m3) 742 850 775 3. Kinematic1Viscos ity(centistoke) 2.42 3.05 2.525 4. Dynamic Viscosity (centiPoise) 1.796 2.592 1.957 5. Gross Calorific Value (KJ/Kg) 46858 42000 42686 6. Flash1Point ( 0C) 23 50 29 7. Fire1Point ( 0C) 29 56 36 8. Sulphur1 (% 0.0015 < 0.002 0.002 0 2 4 Kinematic Viscosity in Centistoke Dynamic Viscosity in Centi poise Comparison of Kinematic Viscosity & Dynamic Viscosity Petrol Diesel Plasto-fuel 0 0.005 0.01 Sulphur Carbon residue Comparison of Sulphur content and Carbon Residue Petrol Diesel Plasto fuel 0 20 40 60 Flash Point Fire Point Comparisonof Flashpoint and Fire point in oc Petrol Diesel Plasto-fuel
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 342 w/w) 9. Carbon1residue (% w/w) < 0.01 0.01 Nil CONCLUSIONS In view of survey for our project, it may be closed that those waste plastic pyrolyzed oil represents a good alternative for diesel and petrol engine, subsequently must make thought seriously about laterontotransportationreasonforexisting. Plastics present a major threat to today's society and environment. Over 14 million tons of plastics are dumped into the oceans annually, killing about 1,000,000 species of oceanic life. The transformation about these waste plastic under fuel serves us will spare the sea marine an aggregation. The oil that has been generated by the LDPE plastic by prescribed experimental process shows that the properties are very much comparable to the petrol. Ultimately, pyrolysis of LDPE does not only recover the energy contained in the plastic, but also manage the environment by alternate disposal technique of the waste plastic. This double beneficiary, if will exist just Concerning illustration long Likewise the waste plastics last, in any case will definitely gatherings give a solid stagetouswithexpand on a sustainable, clean and green future. By taking under record the budgetary profits of such An project, it might a chance to be an incredible help will our economy. REFERENCES 1) Santosh UKumar, Ketan Nalawade, Anil Jadhav&T.Vijay Kumar, “ Extraction of Plastic Oil From Plastic Oil From Plastic By De-Polymerization Technique as an Alternative Fuel”. International Journal of Applied Engineering &Research (2013). 2) Roopa Farshi, Chirayu Belthur,AnjanAthreyas &George Jeevan, Ramesh, “Catalytic Degradation Of Municipal Waste Plastics To Produce Fuel Range Hydrocarbons Using Bentonnite”. DepartmentofChemical Engineering DSCE, Bangalore. International Journal of Current Engineering &Technology (2013). 3) Yasabie Abatneh, Omprakash Sahu, “Preliminary Study On The Conversion Of Different Waste Plastics Into Fuel Oil”. ISSN (2013). 4) Anup T J, Vilas Watwe, “Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil As Alternative For SI And CI Engines”,International Journal of Innovative Research In Science, Engineering and Technology (2014). 5) Dr. P.V. Thorata, Miss. Sandhya Warulkara ,Miss.Harshal Sathonea, “Thermo fuel Pyrolysis Of Waste Plastic To Produce Liquid Hydroocarbons”, Advances in Polymer Science and Technology: An International Journal ISSN 2277 – 7164. 6) Gaurav, Madhukar M, Arunkumar K.N., N Lingegowda1“Conversion Of LDPE Plastic Waste Into Liquid Fuel By Thermal Degradation”, International Journal of Mechanical andProductionEngineering,ISSN: 2320-2092. 7) Pawar Harshal R. and Lawankar Shailendra M., “Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Alternative Fuel for CI Engine”, A Review Research Journal of Engineering Sciences ISSN 2278 – 9472Vol. 2(2), 26-30, February (2013). 8) Dipak Kumar Shaw, Pranav Sahni, “Plastic To Oil”, IOSR Journal Of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR- JMCE) E-ISSN: 2278-1684, P-ISSN:2320-334X PP46-48. 9) Y B Sonawane, MR Shindikar, MY Khaladkar,Onsite, 1 “Conversion Of Thermoplastic Waste Into Fuel By Catalytic Pyrolysis”, International Journal of Innovative Research In Science, Engineering and Technology. 10) K Naima and A. Liazid, “Waste Oils As Alternative Fuel For Diesel Engine Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels”, Vol. 4(3), Pp. 30-43, March 2013. 11) Mohammad I. Jahirul, Mohammad G. Rasul ,Ashfaque Ahmed Chowdhury and Nanjappa Ashwath, “Biofuels Production Through Biomass Pyrolysis”, A Technological Review Energies 2012. 12) Antony Raja and Advaith Murali, “Conversion of Plastic Wastes Into Fuels”, Journal Of Materials Science and Engineering B 1 (2011) 86-89 . Formerly PartOfJournal Of Materials Science And Engineering, ISSN 1934-8959. 13) C Wongkhorsub, N. Chindaprasert, “A Comparison Of The Use Of Pyrolysis Oils In Diesel Engine Energy And Power Engineering”, 2013, 5, 350-355. 14) Dr.S.Vinothkumar, P.Sudarventhan, “Production of Crude Oil from the Plastic Bag”s SSRG International Journal of Chemical Engineering Research(SSRG-IJCER) – volume 1 Issue1 Nov 2011. 15) Moinuddin Sarker, Mohammad MamunorRashid,“First Simple And Easy Process of Thermal Degrading Municipal Waste Plastics Into Fuel”, Resource IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) E-ISSN:2250-3021,P- ISSN: 2278-8719. 16) M.Ringer, V.Putsche, and J.Scahill “Large-ScalePyrolysis Oil Production”ATechnologyAssessmentandEconomic Analysis A national laboratory of the U.S.Departmentof Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. 17) Manish Chand Sharma , 2,Neelesh Soni “Production of Alternative Diesel Fuel from WasteOilsandComparison with Fresh Diesel” A Review The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES) Volume 3,Issue 4, Pages 54-58, 2013 ISSN(e):2319 – 1813ISSN(p):2319– 1805.
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